FLEX(1)

NAME
flex - fast lexical analyzer generator

SYNOPSIS
flex [-bcdfhilnpstvwBFILTV78+ -C[aefFmr] -Pprefix -Sskeleton] [filename ...]

DESCRIPTION
flex is a tool for generating scanners: programs which recognized lexical patterns in text. flex reads the given input files, or its standard input if no file names are given, for a description of a scanner to generate. The description is in the form of pairs of regular expressions and C code, called rules. flex generates as output a C source file, lex.yy.c, which defines a routine yylex(). This file is compiled and linked with the -lfl library to produce an executable. When the executable is run, it analyzes its input for occurrences of the regular expressions. Whenever it finds one, it executes the corresponding C code.

For full documentation, see flexdoc(1). This manual entry is intended for use as a quick reference.

OPTIONS
flex has the following options:

-b  generate backing-up information to lex.backup. This is a list of scanner states which require backing up and the input characters on which they do so. By adding rules one can remove backing-up states. If all backing-up states are eliminated and -Cf or -CF is used, the generated scanner will run faster.

-c  is a do-nothing, deprecated option included for POSIX compliance.

    NOTE: in previous releases of flex -c specified table-compression options. This functionality is now given by the -C flag. To ease the the impact of this change, when flex encounters -c, it currently issues a warning message and assumes that -C was desired instead. In the future this "promotion" of -c to -C will go away in the name of full POSIX compliance (unless the POSIX meaning is removed first).

-d  makes the generated scanner run in debug mode. Whenever a pattern is recognized and the global yy_flex_debug is non-zero (which is the default), the scanner will write to stderr a line of the form:
        --accepting rule at line 53 ("the matched text")
    The line number refers to the location of the rule in the file defining the scanner (i.e., the file that was fed to flex). Messages are also generated when the scanner backs up, accepts the default rule, reaches the end of its input buffer (or encounters a NUL; the two look the same as far as the scanner's concerned), or reaches an end-of-file.

-f  specifies fast scanner. No table compression is done and stdio is bypassed. The result is large but fast. This option is equivalent to -Cfr (see below).

-h  generates a "help" summary of flex's options to stderr and then exits.

-i  instructs flex to generate a case-insensitive scanner. The case of letters given in the flex input patterns will be ignored, and tokens in the input will be matched regardless of case. The matched text given in yytext will have the preserved case (i.e., it will not be folded).

-l  turns on maximum compatibility with the original AT&T lex implementation, at a considerable performance cost. This option is incompatible with -+, -f, -F, -Cf, or -CF. See flexdoc(1) for details.

-n  is another do-nothing, deprecated option included only for POSIX compliance.

-p  generates a performance report to stderr. The report consists of comments regarding features of the flex input file which will cause a loss of performance in the resulting scanner. If you give the flag twice, you will also get comments regarding features that lead to minor performance losses.

-s  causes the default rule (that unmatched scanner input is echoed to stdout) to be suppressed. If the scanner encounters input that does not match any of its rules, it aborts with an error.

-t  instructs flex to write the scanner it generates to standard output instead of lex.yy.c.

-v  specifies that flex should write to stderr a summary of statistics regarding the scanner it generates.

-w  suppresses warning messages.

-B  instructs flex to generate a batch scanner instead of an interactive scanner (see -I below). See flexdoc(1) for details. Scanners using -Cf or -CF compression options automatically specify this option, too.

-F  specifies that the fast scanner table representation should be used (and stdio bypassed). This representation is about as fast as the full table representation (-f), and for some sets of patterns will be considerably smaller (and for others, larger). It cannot be used with the -+ option. See flexdoc(1) for more details.

    This option is equivalent to -CFr (see below).

-I  instructs flex to generate an interactive scanner, that is, a scanner which stops immediately rather than looking ahead if it knows that the currently scanned text cannot be part of a longer rule's match. This is the opposite of batch scanners (see -B above). See flexdoc(1) for details.

    Note, -I cannot be used in conjunction with full or fast tables, i.e., the -f, -F, -Cf, or -CF flags. For other table compression options, -I is the default.

-L  instructs flex not to generate #line directives in lex.yy.c. The default is to generate such directives so error messages in the actions will be correctly located with respect to the original flex input file, and not to the fairly meaningless line numbers of lex.yy.c.

-T  makes flex run in trace mode. It will generate a lot of messages to stderr concerning the form of the input and the resultant non-deterministic and deterministic finite automata. This option is mostly for use in maintaining flex.

-V  prints the version number to stderr and exits.

-7  instructs flex to generate a 7-bit scanner, which can save considerable table space, especially when using -Cf or -CF (and, at most sites, -7 is on by default for these options. To see if this is the case, use the -v verbose flag and check the flag summary it reports).

-8  instructs flex to generate an 8-bit scanner. This is the default except for the -Cf and -CF compression options, for which the default is site-dependent, and can be checked by inspecting the flag summary generated by the -v option.

-+  specifies that you want flex to generate a C++ scanner class. See the section on Generating C++ Scanners in flexdoc(1) for details.

-C[aefFmr]
    controls the degree of table compression and scanner optimization.

    -Ca trade off larger tables in the generated scanner for faster performance because the elements of the tables are better aligned for memory access and computation. This option can double the size of the tables used by your scanner.

    -Ce directs flex to construct equivalence classes, i.e., sets of characters which have identical lexical properties. Equivalence classes usually give dramatic reductions in the final table/object file sizes (typically a factor of 2-5) and are pretty cheap performance-wise (one array look-up per character scanned).

    -Cf specifies that the full scanner tables should be generated - flex should not compress the tables by taking advantages of similar transition functions for different states.

    -CF specifies that the alternate fast scanner representation (described in flexdoc(1)) should be used. This option cannot be used with -+.

    -Cm directs flex to construct meta-equivalence classes, which are sets of equivalence classes (or characters, if equivalence classes are not being used) that are commonly used together. Meta-equivalence classes are often a big win when using compressed tables, but they have a moderate performance impact (one or two "if" tests and one array look-up per character scanned).

    -Cr causes the generated scanner to bypass using stdio for input. In general this option results in a minor performance gain only worthwhile if used in conjunction with -Cf or -CF. It can cause surprising behavior if you use stdio yourself to read from yyin prior to calling the scanner.

    A lone -C specifies that the scanner tables should be compressed but neither equivalence classes nor meta-equivalence classes should be used.

    The options -Cf or -CF and -Cm do not make sense together - there is no opportunity for meta-equivalence classes if the table is not being compressed. Otherwise the options may be freely mixed.

    The default setting is -Cem, which specifies that flex should generate equivalence classes and meta-equivalence classes. This setting provides the highest degree of table compression. You can trade off faster-executing scanners at the cost of larger tables with the following generally being true:
        slowest & smallest
              -Cem
              -Cm
              -Ce
              -C
              -C{f,F}e
              -C{f,F}
              -C{f,F}a
        fastest & largest

    -C options are cumulative.

-Pprefix
    changes the default yy prefix used by flex to be prefix instead. See flexdoc(1) for a description of all the global variables and file names that this affects.

-Sskeleton_file
    overrides the default skeleton file from which flex constructs its scanners. You'll never need this option unless you are doing flex maintenance or development.

SUMMARY OF FLEX REGULAR EXPRESSIONS
The patterns in the input are written using an extended set of regular expressions. These are:
    x          match the character 'x'
    .          any character except newline
    [xyz]      a "character class"; in this case, the pattern
                 matches either an 'x', a 'y', or a 'z'
    [abj-oZ]   a "character class" with a range in it; matches
                 an 'a', a 'b', any letter from 'j' through 'o',
                 or a 'Z'
    [^A-Z]     a "negated character class", i.e., any character
                 but those in the class.  In this case, any
                 character EXCEPT an uppercase letter.
    [^A-Z\n]   any character EXCEPT an uppercase letter or
                 a newline
    r*         zero or more r's, where r is any regular expression
    r+         one or more r's
    r?         zero or one r's (that is, "an optional r")
    r{2,5}     anywhere from two to five r's
    r{2,}      two or more r's
    r{4}       exactly 4 r's
    {name}     the expansion of the "name" definition
               (see above)
    "[xyz]\"foo"
               the literal string: [xyz]"foo
    \X         if X is an 'a', 'b', 'f', 'n', 'r', 't', or 'v',
                 then the ANSI-C interpretation of \x.
                 Otherwise, a literal 'X' (used to escape
                 operators such as '*')
    \123       the character with octal value 123
    \x2a       the character with hexadecimal value 2a
    (r)        match an r; parentheses are used to override
                 precedence (see below)
    rs         the regular expression r followed by the
                 regular expression s; called "concatenation"
    r|s        either an r or an s
    r/s        an r but only if it is followed by an s.  The
                 s is not part of the matched text.  This type
                 of pattern is called as "trailing context".
    ^r         an r, but only at the beginning of a line
    r$         an r, but only at the end of a line.  Equivalent
                 to "r/\n".
    <s>r       an r, but only in start condition s (see
               below for discussion of start conditions)
    <s1,s2,s3>r
               same, but in any of start conditions s1,
               s2, or s3
    <*>r       an r in any start condition, even an exclusive one.
    <<EOF>>    an end-of-file
    <s1,s2><<EOF>>
               an end-of-file when in start condition s1 or s2
The regular expressions listed above are grouped according to precedence, from highest precedence at the top to lowest at the bottom. Those grouped together have equal precedence.

Some notes on patterns:

-   Negated character classes match newlines unless "\n" (or an equivalent escape sequence) is one of the characters explicitly present in the negated character class (e.g., "[^A-Z\n]").

-   A rule can have at most one instance of trailing context (the '/' operator or the '$' operator). The start condition, '^', and "<<EOF>>" patterns can only occur at the beginning of a pattern, and, as well as with '/' and '$', cannot be grouped inside parentheses. The following are all illegal:
        foo/bar$
        foo|(bar$)
        foo|^bar
        <sc1>foo<sc2>bar

SUMMARY OF SPECIAL ACTIONS
In addition to arbitrary C code, the following can appear in actions:

-   ECHO copies yytext to the scanner's output.

-   BEGIN followed by the name of a start condition places the scanner in the corresponding start condition.

-   REJECT directs the scanner to proceed on to the "second best" rule which matched the input (or a prefix of the input). yytext and yyleng are set up appropriately. Note that REJECT is a particularly expensive feature in terms scanner performance; if it is used in any of the scanner's actions it will slow down all of the scanner's matching. Furthermore, REJECT cannot be used with the -f or -F options.

    Note also that unlike the other special actions, REJECT is a branch; code immediately following it in the action will not be executed.

-   yymore() tells the scanner that the next time it matches a rule, the corresponding token should be appended onto the current value of yytext rather than replacing it.

-   yyless(n) returns all but the first n characters of the current token back to the input stream, where they will be rescanned when the scanner looks for the next match. yytext and yyleng are adjusted appropriately (e.g., yyleng will now be equal to n ).

-   unput(c) puts the character c back onto the input stream. It will be the next character scanned.

-   input() reads the next character from the input stream (this routine is called yyinput() if the scanner is compiled using C++).

-   yyterminate() can be used in lieu of a return statement in an action. It terminates the scanner and returns a 0 to the scanner's caller, indicating "all done".

    By default, yyterminate() is also called when an end-of-file is encountered. It is a macro and may be redefined.

-   YY_NEW_FILE is an action available only in <<EOF>> rules. It means "Okay, I've set up a new input file, continue scanning". It is no longer required; you can just assign yyin to point to a new file in the <<EOF>> action.

-   yy_create_buffer( file, size ) takes a FILE pointer and an integer size. It returns a YY_BUFFER_STATE handle to a new input buffer large enough to accomodate size characters and associated with the given file. When in doubt, use YY_BUF_SIZE for the size.

-   yy_switch_to_buffer( new_buffer ) switches the scanner's processing to scan for tokens from the given buffer, which must be a YY_BUFFER_STATE.

-   yy_delete_buffer( buffer ) deletes the given buffer.

VALUES AVAILABLE TO THE USER

-   char *yytext holds the text of the current token. It may be modified but not lengthened (you cannot append characters to the end). Modifying the last character may affect the activity of rules anchored using '^' during the next scan; see flexdoc(1) for details.

    If the special directive %array appears in the first section of the scanner description, then yytext is instead declared char yytext[YYLMAX], where YYLMAX is a macro definition that you can redefine in the first section if you don't like the default value (generally 8KB). Using %array results in somewhat slower scanners, but the value of yytext becomes immune to calls to input() and unput(), which potentially destroy its value when yytext is a character pointer. The opposite of %array is %pointer, which is the default.

    You cannot use %array when generating C++ scanner classes (the -+ flag).

-   int yyleng holds the length of the current token.

-   FILE *yyin is the file which by default flex reads from. It may be redefined but doing so only makes sense before scanning begins or after an EOF has been encountered. Changing it in the midst of scanning will have unexpected results since flex buffers its input; use yyrestart() instead. Once scanning terminates because an end-of-file has been seen, you can assign yyin at the new input file and then call the scanner again to continue scanning.

-   void yyrestart( FILE *new_file ) may be called to point yyin at the new input file. The switch-over to the new file is immediate (any previously buffered-up input is lost). Note that calling yyrestart() with yyin as an argument thus throws away the current input buffer and continues scanning the same input file.

-   FILE *yyout is the file to which ECHO actions are done. It can be reassigned by the user.

-   YY_CURRENT_BUFFER returns a YY_BUFFER_STATE handle to the current buffer.

-   YY_START returns an integer value corresponding to the current start condition. You can subsequently use this value with BEGIN to return to that start condition.

MACROS AND FUNCTIONS YOU CAN REDEFINE

-   YY_DECL controls how the scanning routine is declared. By default, it is "int yylex()", or, if prototypes are being used, "int yylex(void)". This definition may be changed by redefining the "YY_DECL" macro. Note that if you give arguments to the scanning routine using a K&R-style/non-prototyped function declaration, you must terminate the definition with a semi-colon (;).

-   The nature of how the scanner gets its input can be controlled by redefining the YY_INPUT macro. YY_INPUT's calling sequence is "YY_INPUT(buf,result,max_size)". Its action is to place up to max_size characters in the character array buf and return in the integer variable result either the number of characters read or the constant YY_NULL (0 on Unix systems) to indicate EOF. The default YY_INPUT reads from the global file-pointer "yyin". A sample redefinition of YY_INPUT (in the definitions section of the input file):
        %{
        #undef YY_INPUT
        #define YY_INPUT(buf,result,max_size) \
            { \
            int c = getchar(); \
            result = (c == EOF) ? YY_NULL : (buf[0] = c, 1); \
            }
        %}

-   When the scanner receives an end-of-file indication from YY_INPUT, it then checks the function yywrap() function. If yywrap() returns false (zero), then it is assumed that the function has gone ahead and set up yyin to point to another input file, and scanning continues. If it returns true (non-zero), then the scanner terminates, returning 0 to its caller.

    The default yywrap() always returns 1.

-   YY_USER_ACTION can be redefined to provide an action which is always executed prior to the matched rule's action.

-   The macro YY_USER_INIT may be redefined to provide an action which is always executed before the first scan.

-   In the generated scanner, the actions are all gathered in one large switch statement and separated using YY_BREAK, which may be redefined. By default, it is simply a "break", to separate each rule's action from the following rule's.

FILES

-lfl
    library with which to link scanners to obtain the default versions of yywrap() and/or main().

lex.yy.c
    generated scanner (called lexyy.c on some systems).

lex.yy.cc
    generated C++ scanner class, when using -+.

<FlexLexer.h>
    header file defining the C++ scanner base class, FlexLexer, and its derived class, yyFlexLexer.

flex.skl
    skeleton scanner. This file is only used when building flex, not when flex executes.

lex.backup
    backing-up information for -b flag (called lex.bck on some systems).

SEE ALSO

flexdoc(1), lex(1), yacc(1), sed(1), awk(1).

M. E. Lesk and E. Schmidt, LEX - Lexical Analyzer Generator

DIAGNOSTICS

reject_used_but_not_detected undefined or

yymore_used_but_not_detected undefined - These errors can occur at compile time. They indicate that the scanner uses REJECT or yymore() but that flex failed to notice the fact, meaning that flex scanned the first two sections looking for occurrences of these actions and failed to find any, but somehow you snuck some in (via a #include file, for example). Make an explicit reference to the action in your flex input file. (Note that previously flex supported a %used/%unused mechanism for dealing with this problem; this feature is still supported but now deprecated, and will go away soon unless the author hears from people who can argue compellingly that they need it.)

flex scanner jammed - a scanner compiled with -s has encountered an input string which wasn't matched by any of its rules.

warning, rule cannot be matched indicates that the given rule cannot be matched because it follows other rules that will always match the same text as it. See flexdoc(1) for an example.

warning, -s option given but default rule can be matched means that it is possible (perhaps only in a particular start condition) that the default rule (match any single character) is the only one that will match a particular input. Since

scanner input buffer overflowed - a scanner rule matched more text than the available dynamic memory.

token too large, exceeds YYLMAX - your scanner uses %array and one of its rules matched a string longer than the YYLMAX constant (8K bytes by default). You can increase the value by #define'ing YYLMAX in the definitions section of your flex input.

scanner requires -8 flag to use the character 'x' - Your scanner specification includes recognizing the 8-bit character 'x' and you did not specify the -8 flag, and your scanner defaulted to 7-bit because you used the -Cf or -CF table compression options.

flex scanner push-back overflow - you used unput() to push back so much text that the scanner's buffer could not hold both the pushed-back text and the current token in yytext. Ideally the scanner should dynamically resize the buffer in this case, but at present it does not.

input buffer overflow, can't enlarge buffer because scanner uses REJECT - the scanner was working on matching an extremely large token and needed to expand the input buffer. This doesn't work with scanners that use REJECT.

fatal flex scanner internal error--end of buffer missed - This can occur in an scanner which is reentered after a long-jump has jumped out (or over) the scanner's activation frame. Before reentering the scanner, use:
    yyrestart( yyin );
or use C++ scanner classes (the -+ option), which are fully reentrant.

AUTHOR
Vern Paxson, with the help of many ideas and much inspiration from Van Jacobson. Original version by Jef Poskanzer.

See flexdoc(1) for additional credits and the address to send comments to.

DEFICIENCIES / BUGS

Some trailing context patterns cannot be properly matched and generate warning messages ("dangerous trailing context"). These are patterns where the ending of the first part of the rule matches the beginning of the second part, such as "zx*/xy*", where the 'x*' matches the 'x' at the beginning of the trailing context. (Note that the POSIX draft states that the text matched by such patterns is undefined.)

For some trailing context rules, parts which are actually fixed-length are not recognized as such, leading to the abovementioned performance loss. In particular, parts using '|' or {n} (such as "foo{3}") are always considered variable-length.

Combining trailing context with the special '|' action can result in fixed trailing context being turned into the more expensive variable trailing context. For example, in the following:
    %%
    abc      |
    xyz/def

Use of unput() or input() invalidates yytext and yyleng, unless the %array directive or the -l option has been used.

Use of unput() to push back more text than was matched can result in the pushed-back text matching a beginning-of-line ('^') rule even though it didn't come at the beginning of the line (though this is rare!).

Pattern-matching of NUL's is substantially slower than matching other characters.

Dynamic resizing of the input buffer is slow, as it entails rescanning all the text matched so far by the current (generally huge) token.

flex does not generate correct #line directives for code internal to the scanner; thus, bugs in flex.skl yield bogus line numbers.

Due to both buffering of input and read-ahead, you cannot intermix calls to <stdio.h> routines, such as, for example, getchar(), with flex rules and expect it to work. Call input() instead.

The total table entries listed by the -v flag excludes the number of table entries needed to determine what rule has been matched. The number of entries is equal to the number of DFA states if the scanner does not use REJECT, and somewhat greater than the number of states if it does.

REJECT cannot be used with the -f or -F options.

The flex internal algorithms need documentation.