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Subject: comments on draft-ietf-cat-kerberos-set-passwd-02.txt
References: <200002251132.GAA04976@ietf.org>
From: joda@pdc.kth.se (Johan Danielsson)
Date: 03 Mar 2000 14:21:07 +0100
In-Reply-To: Internet-Drafts@ietf.org's message of "Fri, 25 Feb 2000 06:32:01 -0500"
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>   KRB-PRIV message (see [3]) This KRB-PRIV message must be generated
>   using the subkey from the authenticator in the AP-REQ data.
>
>   The user-data component of the message consists of the following
>   ASN.1 structure encoded as an OCTET STRING:

I feel very strongly that ASN.1 shouldn't be used for new protocols
defined by the IETF. Especially so, since this defines a new construct
(CHOICE) that is not part of RFC1510.

Btw, what does `encoded as an OCTET STRING' mean?

>   In the cleartext password case, if the old password is sent in the
>   request, the request is defined to be a change password request.

Why do you want the old password?

>      result string - from [4]:
>         This field is a UTF-8 encoded string which should be displayed
>         to the user by the client.

Why suddenly UTF-8? All strings in RFC1510 are of type GeneralString.

/Johan
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In the current draft of the IETF Adelaide agenda, the CAT-WG session has
been shifted from Monday AM, 0930-1130 to Monday PM, 1530-1730.  This Draft
2 agenda reflects this shift, but includes no other changes. 

CAT-WG Adelaide Agenda, Draft 2 as of 3 March February 2000
Session on Monday, 27 March, 1530-1730

1530-1540: Opening remarks
1540-1605: Kerberos-Revisions (Cliff Neuman)
1605-1620: Kerberos PK-Init (Cliff Neuman)
1620-1640: Kerberos DNS-Locate (Ken Hornstein)
1640-1650: GAA-API (Cliff Neuman)
1650-1720: Other business as needed
1720-1730: Status review and closing remarks

--jl








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From owner-ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU  Tue Mar  7 07:05:46 2000
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--NextPart

A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories.
This draft is a work item of the Common Authentication Technology Working Group of the IETF.

	Title		: The Kerberos Version 5 GSSAPI Mechanism, Version 2
	Author(s)	: T. Yu
	Filename	: draft-ietf-cat-krb5gss-mech2-03.txt
	Pages		: 23
	Date		: 06-Mar-00
	
This document defines protocols, procedures, and conventions to be
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From owner-ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU  Tue Mar  7 14:22:39 2000
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From: "Vishal Goenka" <vgoenka@campuspipeline.com>
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Subject: Single Sign-On
Date: Tue, 7 Mar 2000 11:54:22 -0700
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Does anyone know if there is a working group that has single sign-on (sso)
as its area of interest? I haven't seen much discussion about sso in this WG
so far. If anyone is interested, I have posted an internet-draft on sso
architecture, which I would like to have to relevant WG take a look at.

The draft is named draft-goenka-single-sign-on-arch-00.txt

-Vishal

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From owner-ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU  Tue Mar  7 21:42:48 2000
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To: joda@pdc.kth.se (Johan Danielsson), ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU
From: Jonathan Trostle <jtrostle@cisco.com>
Subject: Re: comments on draft-ietf-cat-kerberos-set-passwd-02.txt
In-Reply-To: <xofr9dsnq9o.fsf@blubb.pdc.kth.se>
References: <Internet-Drafts@ietf.org's message of "Fri, 25 Feb 2000 06:32:01 -0500">
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At 02:21 PM 3/3/00 +0100, Johan Danielsson wrote:
>
>>   KRB-PRIV message (see [3]) This KRB-PRIV message must be generated
>>   using the subkey from the authenticator in the AP-REQ data.
>>
>>   The user-data component of the message consists of the following
>>   ASN.1 structure encoded as an OCTET STRING:
>
>I feel very strongly that ASN.1 shouldn't be used for new protocols
>defined by the IETF. Especially so, since this defines a new construct
>(CHOICE) that is not part of RFC1510.

Other people feel strongly that ASN.1 is a good choice since it's standard and there are many commercial compilers for it now.

>
>Btw, what does `encoded as an OCTET STRING' mean?

That's a mistake that I will fix. Thanks for catching it.
>
>>   In the cleartext password case, if the old password is sent in the
>>   request, the request is defined to be a change password request.
>
>Why do you want the old password?

The old password can be used for additional password policy checking - e.g., to make sure the new and old passwords are sufficiently different. 

>
>>      result string - from [4]:
>>         This field is a UTF-8 encoded string which should be displayed
>>         to the user by the client.
>
>Why suddenly UTF-8? All strings in RFC1510 are of type GeneralString.

It's a carryover from change password version 1, if I recall correctly.
Jonathan

>
>/Johan
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From owner-ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU  Wed Mar  8 01:24:05 2000
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To: ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU
Subject: Re: comments on draft-ietf-cat-kerberos-set-passwd-02.txt 
In-reply-to: Your message of "Tue, 07 Mar 2000 18:15:50 PST."
             <4.1.20000307180917.00bb9310@nsm-mail2> 
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>>I feel very strongly that ASN.1 shouldn't be used for new protocols
>>defined by the IETF. Especially so, since this defines a new construct
>>(CHOICE) that is not part of RFC1510.
>
>Other people feel strongly that ASN.1 is a good choice since it's standard
>and there are many commercial compilers for it now.

Didn't Ted T'so post a long message about the use of ASN.1 for Kerberos
that ended with the line, "Friends don't let friends use ASN.1"? :-)

I would have to agree with Johan on this one.  I don't know if there
was ever a formal IETF statement on the use of ASN.1 for new protocols,
but I always thought it was "discouraged".

--Ken
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From owner-ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU  Wed Mar  8 15:52:04 2000
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To: Jonathan Trostle <jtrostle@cisco.com>
Cc: ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU
Subject: Re: comments on draft-ietf-cat-kerberos-set-passwd-02.txt
References: <Internet-Drafts@ietf.org's message of "Fri, 25 Feb 2000 06:32:01 -0500"> <200002251132.GAA04976@ietf.org> <4.1.20000307180917.00bb9310@nsm-mail2>
From: joda@pdc.kth.se (Johan Danielsson)
Date: 08 Mar 2000 21:18:40 +0100
In-Reply-To: Jonathan Trostle's message of "Tue, 07 Mar 2000 18:15:50 -0800"
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Jonathan Trostle <jtrostle@cisco.com> writes:

> Other people feel strongly that ASN.1 is a good choice since it's
> standard and there are many commercial compilers for it now.

It's a horribly complicated standard that also isn't freely available.
There are various crash-course documents describing small subsets of
it, but I don't think that it's a good idea to build public standards
on them.  The fact that someone is selling compilers is only a proof
that there are consumers, not that it's a good idea.

I'd rather see the use of something like XDR that has a wide
acceptance (you'll find a compiler for it on the nearest unix
machine), and is trivial to implement (and it still has all the
features we want).

I personally think that ASN.1 is evil.

> It's a carryover from change password version 1, if I recall correctly.

You're right, I must have completely missed that. Anyhow I'm not sure
it's a good idea to start using UTF-8 here, if the rest of the
Kerberos standard is using 10646 (I believe this is the implication of
the use of GeneralString, right?).

/Johan
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To: Ken Hornstein <kenh@cmf.nrl.navy.mil>
Cc: ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU
Subject: Re: comments on draft-ietf-cat-kerberos-set-passwd-02.txt
References: <200003080556.AAA03108@ginger.cmf.nrl.navy.mil>
From: Tom Yu <tlyu@mit.edu>
Date: 08 Mar 2000 15:26:54 -0500
In-Reply-To: Ken Hornstein's message of "Wed, 08 Mar 2000 00:56:10 -0500"
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>>>>> "kenh" == Ken Hornstein <kenh@cmf.nrl.navy.mil> writes:

>>> I feel very strongly that ASN.1 shouldn't be used for new
>>> protocols defined by the IETF. Especially so, since this defines a
>>> new construct (CHOICE) that is not part of RFC1510.
>> 
>> Other people feel strongly that ASN.1 is a good choice since it's
>> standard and there are many commercial compilers for it now.

Commercial compilers are often not a viable option for low-budget
projects and open-source code.

kenh> Didn't Ted T'so post a long message about the use of ASN.1 for
kenh> Kerberos that ended with the line, "Friends don't let friends
kenh> use ASN.1"? :-)

I seem to recall that...

kenh> I would have to agree with Johan on this one.  I don't know if
kenh> there was ever a formal IETF statement on the use of ASN.1 for
kenh> new protocols, but I always thought it was "discouraged".

Perhaps a working group should be formed to discuss the lack of an
IETF presentation layer... I'm only partially joking.

I have been contemplating the wisdom of using ASN.1 or any other of
various encodings that has the function of a "presentation layer".
There seems to have a fair amount of near-religious fervor against
ASN.1, and some not-quite-as-fervent support for ASN.1.  There are a
number of valid reasons both for and against the use of ASN.1 in IETF
protocols.  Most IETF protocols do not need the complexity that ASN.1
comes with, and can be addressed by XDR, line-oriented ASCII, XML
(yuck), etc.  One could argue that Kerberos and related protocols
aren't really deserving of the capabilities of ASN.1, but it is kind
of a toss-up in my opinion.

The main issues that I see are that the primary standards documents
relating to ASN.1 aren't widely available, and there is no extensive
guids on how to avoid certain common pitfalls associated with using
ASN.1.  The latter point I intend to address by writing an
Informational or BCP RFC about it.  The former isn't likely to get
fixed until we can convince the ITU-T or the ISO (less likely) to
release certain documents that IETF standards depend on for free to
the IETF community.

---Tom
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From owner-ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU  Wed Mar  8 16:23:10 2000
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Date: Wed, 8 Mar 2000 12:49:16 -0800 (PST)
From: Mike Eisler <mre@Eng.Sun.COM>
Reply-To: Mike Eisler <mre@Eng.Sun.COM>
Subject: Re: comments on draft-ietf-cat-kerberos-set-passwd-02.txt
To: Johan Danielsson <joda@pdc.kth.se>
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> I'd rather see the use of something like XDR that has a wide
> acceptance (you'll find a compiler for it on the nearest unix
> machine), and is trivial to implement (and it still has all the
> features we want).

Might as well go the full distance and use ONC RPC too. The MIT krb5 1.0
wad includes a complete RPC-based protocol to allow administrators to set
passwords, and more, and lets users change their password as well.

	-mre

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Subject: Re: comments on draft-ietf-cat-kerberos-set-passwd-02.txt
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From: joda@pdc.kth.se (Johan Danielsson)
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Mike Eisler <mre@Eng.Sun.COM> writes:

> The MIT krb5 1.0 wad includes a complete RPC-based protocol to allow
> administrators to set passwords, and more, and lets users change
> their password as well.

Yes, but it's complex and at least somewhat undocumented. These drafts
are attempts at simpler interfaces.

/Johan
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Cc: Jonathan Trostle <jtrostle@cisco.com>, ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU
Subject: Re: comments on draft-ietf-cat-kerberos-set-passwd-02.txt
References: <Internet-Drafts@ietf.org's message of "Fri, 25 Feb 2000 06:32:01 -0500"> <200002251132.GAA04976@ietf.org> <4.1.20000307180917.00bb9310@nsm-mail2> <xofln3tcj1b.fsf@blubb.pdc.kth.se>
From: Tom Yu <tlyu@mit.edu>
Date: 08 Mar 2000 16:37:05 -0500
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>>>>> "joda" == Johan Danielsson <joda@pdc.kth.se> writes:

joda> It's a horribly complicated standard that also isn't freely
joda> available.  There are various crash-course documents describing
joda> small subsets of it, but I don't think that it's a good idea to
joda> build public standards on them.

I will agree that the crash-course documents are no substitute for
reading the actual spec, if you can find it or afford it.  I don't
think anyone should be allowed to use ASN.1 in an IETF protocol unless
they've read and *understood* the actual spec, as opposed to random
crash-course documents that may be misleading in ways.

joda> I'd rather see the use of something like XDR that has a wide
joda> acceptance (you'll find a compiler for it on the nearest unix
joda> machine), and is trivial to implement (and it still has all the
joda> features we want).

XDR is likely more useful than ASN.1 for many things,  though I
suspect that there may be some existing sentiment against XDR due to
its use in RPC, which people may dislike due to security holes in its
implementations.  For what it's worth, I don't think that I've found
many security problems in XDR, and the bulk of the nasty bugs I've
found have been within the RPC framework itself or within the
implementations of RPC services.

joda> You're right, I must have completely missed that. Anyhow I'm not
joda> sure it's a good idea to start using UTF-8 here, if the rest of
joda> the Kerberos standard is using 10646 (I believe this is the
joda> implication of the use of GeneralString, right?).

It's worse than that.  GeneralString isn't ISO-10646.  It's ISO-2022,
I believe, with associated things like 7 or 8 bits of encoding per
character, locking and non-locking shifts, G0, C0, G1, C1, etc.  Just
think back to the way VT100 terminals handle character sets.  yuck.

I believe there's a movement to use UTF8String tagged as GeneralString
for the 1510 revision, though the notation "[UNIVERAL 27] IMPLICIT
UTF8String" isn't compliant, technically.

I think the original idea was to use UniversalString or BMPString
which are ISO-10646, but someone perhaps got confused with the
plethora of character string types in ASN.1.  *sigh*

---Tom
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From owner-ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU  Wed Mar  8 17:19:22 2000
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Date: Wed, 8 Mar 2000 13:54:57 -0800 (PST)
From: Mike Eisler <mre@Eng.Sun.COM>
Reply-To: Mike Eisler <mre@Eng.Sun.COM>
Subject: Re: comments on draft-ietf-cat-kerberos-set-passwd-02.txt
To: Johan Danielsson <joda@pdc.kth.se>
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> > The MIT krb5 1.0 wad includes a complete RPC-based protocol to allow
> > administrators to set passwords, and more, and lets users change
> > their password as well.
> 
> Yes, but it's complex and at least somewhat undocumented. These drafts
> are attempts at simpler interfaces.

It's more complex than a protocol to let admin or users change a user's
password, which in turn is more complex than a protocol to let a user change
his own password. It also is complete solution.

The set-passwd protocol is simply a step down the road to more remote
administration. If an admin wants to set a password, won't he also want to
set other attributes of a principal? If so, will he use the proposed
protocol, or will he used whatever proprietary protocol his vendor (possibly
based on or equal to the MIT protocol) the system vendor provides?

> [...] and at least somewhat undocumented. 

So document it, or something that else that is equivalent.

	-mre

	-mre

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From owner-ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU  Wed Mar  8 17:25:34 2000
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Subject: Re: comments on draft-ietf-cat-kerberos-set-passwd-02.txt
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G'day,

Tom Yu wrote:

> The main issues that I see are that the primary standards documents
> relating to ASN.1 aren't widely available, and there is no extensive
> guids on how to avoid certain common pitfalls associated with using
> ASN.1.  The latter point I intend to address by writing an
> Informational or BCP RFC about it.  The former isn't likely to get
> fixed until we can convince the ITU-T or the ISO (less likely) to
> release certain documents that IETF standards depend on for free to
> the IETF community.

I agree about the standards not being freely available -- I
*desparately* need to look at the semantic model for ASN.1 types (as
type equivalency is not defined in the latest X.680 specification), and
that document is only available "for subscription holders only". Here's
my credit card, there's the document, but I cannot get it. I've got a
good idea about what's in the semantic model, but no way of confirming
it unless I get a subscription to the ITU-T :-( 

There's also the issue of some parts of the specification being "a guide
to tool implementors", rather than being clearly defined (as I have
since found out).

I'm trying to wrangle an airfare to Geneva for the next ASN.1 standards
meeting, and I will (hopefully) be raising the points you mention
(especially about protocols being written by people who have no real
understanding of the standards, as the standards cost money).

There is a downloadable ASN.1 textbook available though -- John
Larmouth's "ASN.1 Complete" (see
http://www.nokalva.com/asn1/larmouth.html) which supplements the
X.680-X.683 specifications quite well. However, it does not mention how
to avoid the "common pitfalls" of using ASN.1. Publishing a document on
this topic is an excellent idea.

Cheers,
Geoff
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From owner-ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU  Wed Mar  8 17:53:26 2000
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To: joda@pdc.kth.se (Johan Danielsson)
Cc: Jonathan Trostle <jtrostle@cisco.com>, ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU
Subject: Re: comments on draft-ietf-cat-kerberos-set-passwd-02.txt
References: <Internet-Drafts@ietf.org's message of "Fri, 25 Feb 2000 06:32:01 -0500"> <200002251132.GAA04976@ietf.org> <4.1.20000307180917.00bb9310@nsm-mail2> <xofln3tcj1b.fsf@blubb.pdc.kth.se> <ldvwvndywhq.fsf@saint-elmos-fire.mit.edu>
From: Tom Yu <tlyu@mit.edu>
Date: 08 Mar 2000 17:21:53 -0500
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following up to my own post. :-)

>>>>> "tlyu" == Tom Yu <tlyu@MIT.EDU> writes:

tlyu> For what it's worth, I don't think that I've found many security
tlyu> problems in XDR

Sorry, I meant I don't think I've found *any* security problems in
XDR, but I haven't looked all that closely yet.

---Tom
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Mike Eisler <mre@Eng.Sun.COM> writes:

>> [...kadmin protocol...]
> It's more complex than a protocol to let admin or users change a user's
> password, which in turn is more complex than a protocol to let a user change
> his own password. It also is complete solution.

Taking the kadmin code, regenerating a .x file for it, and putting it
on top of RPCSEC_GSS might be a good start for standardizing an admin
protocol.

> The set-passwd protocol is simply a step down the road to more remote
> administration. If an admin wants to set a password, won't he also want to
> set other attributes of a principal? If so, will he use the proposed

This is why I'd be opposed to the set-passwd changes.  The
change-passwd spec as is fills a gap required by the basic Kerberos
protocol (the "must change password" response); it's not a remote
administration tool.  Well, maybe it's borderline, but set-passwd is
clearly on the admin-tool side, and not directly needed by anything in
the core protocol.  Let's do it right, and not tack it on the side of
the basic change-passwd protocol.

Maybe we could alter the change-passwd spec to support other
administrative functions, but it needs to have the right extensibility
hook, which IIRC it didn't.  (But I'm on a bad net connection at
connectathon right now and can't easily check, sorry.)  I don't think
altering it to support *one* admin function, and still requiring a
separate protocol for the others, makes much sense.

Ken
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To: Geoff Elgey <elgey@dstc.qut.edu.au>
Cc: ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU
Subject: Re: comments on draft-ietf-cat-kerberos-set-passwd-02.txt
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From: Tom Yu <tlyu@mit.edu>
Date: 08 Mar 2000 22:40:17 -0500
In-Reply-To: Geoff Elgey's message of "Thu, 09 Mar 2000 07:57:11 +1000"
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>>>>> "elgey" == Geoff Elgey <elgey@dstc.qut.edu.au> writes:

elgey> I'm trying to wrangle an airfare to Geneva for the next ASN.1
elgey> standards meeting, and I will (hopefully) be raising the points
elgey> you mention (especially about protocols being written by people
elgey> who have no real understanding of the standards, as the
elgey> standards cost money).

You know, this is one thing that the supposed new alliance between the
IETF and the ITU-T should help with, in theory. :-)  I really wish
that some practical benefit would arrise from the cooperation of the
IETF and the ITU-T.

elgey> There is a downloadable ASN.1 textbook available though -- John
elgey> Larmouth's "ASN.1 Complete" (see
elgey> http://www.nokalva.com/asn1/larmouth.html) which supplements
elgey> the X.680-X.683 specifications quite well. However, it does not
elgey> mention how to avoid the "common pitfalls" of using
elgey> ASN.1. Publishing a document on this topic is an excellent
elgey> idea.

I have skimmed John Larmouth's book, which seems to be reasonably well
written.  I am in the process of writing up a document describing the
common pitfalls that I have encountered in the use of ASN.1 in IETF
protocols.  Hopefully I can get it in before the draft cut-off for
Adelaide.

---Tom
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Subject: Re: comments on draft-ietf-cat-kerberos-set-passwd-02.txt
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From: joda@pdc.kth.se (Johan Danielsson)
Date: 09 Mar 2000 10:27:43 +0100
In-Reply-To: Geoff Elgey's message of "Thu, 09 Mar 2000 07:57:11 +1000"
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Geoff Elgey <elgey@dstc.qut.edu.au> writes:

> There is a downloadable ASN.1 textbook available though -- John
> Larmouth's "ASN.1 Complete" (see
> http://www.nokalva.com/asn1/larmouth.html) which supplements the
> X.680-X.683 specifications quite well. However, it does not mention how
> to avoid the "common pitfalls" of using ASN.1. Publishing a document on
> this topic is an excellent idea.

It's also more of a technical overview than a document you can use to
implement anything. It only helps you a small amount if you want to
implement a ASN.1 parser.

/Johan
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To: Ken Raeburn <raeburn@mit.edu>
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Subject: Re: comments on draft-ietf-cat-kerberos-set-passwd-02.txt
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Ken Raeburn <raeburn@mit.edu> writes:

> This is why I'd be opposed to the set-passwd changes.  The
> change-passwd spec as is fills a gap required by the basic Kerberos
> protocol (the "must change password" response); it's not a remote
> administration tool.

I agree.

Are you (as in someone at MIT) going to brush up the OV kadmin spec
and submit it as a draft?

/Johan
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From owner-ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU  Thu Mar  9 11:27:59 2000
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Tom,

Tom Yu wrote:
> 
> >>>>> "kenh" == Ken Hornstein <kenh@cmf.nrl.navy.mil> writes:
> 
> >>> I feel very strongly that ASN.1 shouldn't be used for new
> >>> protocols defined by the IETF. Especially so, since this defines a
> >>> new construct (CHOICE) that is not part of RFC1510.
> >>
> >> Other people feel strongly that ASN.1 is a good choice since it's
> >> standard and there are many commercial compilers for it now.
> 
> Commercial compilers are often not a viable option for low-budget
> projects and open-source code.
> 

from http://oscar.dstc.qut.edu.au/

"DSTC modified version of SNACC released.  We have released a modified
version of the SNACC ASN.1 compiler which supports Big Integers and DER.
This compiler has been released under the GPL and is available for
download."

This work was done so that SNACC could support X.509.  

> kenh> Didn't Ted T'so post a long message about the use of ASN.1 for
> kenh> Kerberos that ended with the line, "Friends don't let friends
> kenh> use ASN.1"? :-)

I'd be interested in seeing that message.  Is there a web archive of
this list that is available?

thanks,

David
mcgrew@cisco.com
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From owner-ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU  Thu Mar  9 11:47:41 2000
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From: "Linn, John" <jlinn@rsasecurity.com>
To: "'David A. McGrew'" <mcgrew@cisco.com>
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Subject: RE: comments on draft-ietf-cat-kerberos-set-passwd-02.txt
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David writes, excerpting: 

> 
> I'd be interested in seeing that message.  Is there a web archive of
> this list that is available?

The currently live archive of the CAT WG list can be found at the IETF
secretariat, in ftp://ftp.ietf.org/ietf-mail-archive/cat/.  It's subdivided
by months, and has been backfilled to the beginning of 1998.  Earlier
archive spools are available at ftp://bitsy.mit.edu/cat-ietf/archive. 

--jl
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From owner-ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU  Thu Mar  9 12:00:01 2000
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From: "Linn, John" <jlinn@rsasecurity.com>
To: "'Vishal Goenka'" <vgoenka@campuspipeline.com>,
        ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU
Subject: RE: Single Sign-On
Date: Thu, 9 Mar 2000 11:31:43 -0500 
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Vishal,

I don't believe that single sign-on, per se, is included within the charter
of any current IETF working groups. 

--jl

> -----Original Message-----
> From: Vishal Goenka [mailto:vgoenka@campuspipeline.com]
> Sent: Tuesday, March 07, 2000 1:54 PM
> To: ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU
> Subject: Single Sign-On
> 
> 
> Does anyone know if there is a working group that has single 
> sign-on (sso)
> as its area of interest? I haven't seen much discussion about 
> sso in this WG
> so far. If anyone is interested, I have posted an 
> internet-draft on sso
> architecture, which I would like to have to relevant WG take 
> a look at.
> 
> The draft is named draft-goenka-single-sign-on-arch-00.txt
> 
> -Vishal
> 
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From owner-ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU  Thu Mar  9 13:37:33 2000
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Why invent another admin protocol for dealing with account admin? LDAP can
be used for this. There are already examples of this both commercially and
opensource (LDAP+Heimdal).

Given the wide availability of LDAP based account management tools, it would
seem that the most useful admin protocol would follow along the lines of
LDAP.

This missing part would be to define a LDAP schema definition that includes
the needed principal attributes for dealing with Kerberos.

The one problem with LDAP is that it isn't good for setting passwords due to
the general nature of the protocol with regard to encryption. This is a
reason for having a specific password management protocol. This would allow
an implementor to be able to use the strongest encryption available to
protect the user's passwords independant of what general encryption can be
used for general account management.

> -----Original Message-----
> From: joda@pdc.kth.se [mailto:joda@pdc.kth.se]
> Sent: Thursday, March 09, 2000 1:23 AM
> To: Ken Raeburn
> Cc: ietf-cat-wg@lists.stanford.edu
> Subject: Re: comments on draft-ietf-cat-kerberos-set-passwd-02.txt
> 
> 
> Ken Raeburn <raeburn@mit.edu> writes:
> 
> > This is why I'd be opposed to the set-passwd changes.  The
> > change-passwd spec as is fills a gap required by the basic Kerberos
> > protocol (the "must change password" response); it's not a remote
> > administration tool.
> 
> I agree.
> 
> Are you (as in someone at MIT) going to brush up the OV kadmin spec
> and submit it as a draft?
> 
> /Johan
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Subject: TLS/SSL implementation support for RFC2712?
To: ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU
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I'm curious about who all's TLS/SSL implementations support RFC2712 "Addition 
of Kerberos Cipher Suites to Transport Layer Security (TLS)".

Anyone know of any that do off-hand? thanks,

JeffH


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From owner-ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU  Thu Mar  9 17:35:49 2000
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To: ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU
Subject: Re: TLS/SSL implementation support for RFC2712? 
In-reply-to: Your message of "Thu, 09 Mar 2000 13:36:44 PST."
             <200003092136.NAA16238@breakaway.Stanford.EDU> 
X-Face: "Evs"_GpJ]],xS)b$T2#V&{KfP_i2`TlPrY$Iv9+TQ!6+`~+l)#7I)0xr1>4hfd{#0B4
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Date: Thu, 09 Mar 2000 17:08:33 -0500
From: Ken Hornstein <kenh@cmf.nrl.navy.mil>
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>I'm curious about who all's TLS/SSL implementations support RFC2712 "Addition 
>of Kerberos Cipher Suites to Transport Layer Security (TLS)".
>
>Anyone know of any that do off-hand? thanks,

I have a distribution (that I keep meaning to put up on an FTP site) that
does one for OpenSSL.  I didn't do the work (just saying that up front,
so everyone understands I'm not trying to take credit for it).

--Ken
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From owner-ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU  Thu Mar  9 18:23:26 2000
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Date: Thu, 9 Mar 2000 17:49:15 EST
From: Jeffrey Altman <jaltman@columbia.edu>
Reply-To: jaltman@columbia.edu
To: Ken Hornstein <kenh@cmf.nrl.navy.mil>
Cc: ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU
Subject: Re: TLS/SSL implementation support for RFC2712?
In-Reply-To: Your message of Thu, 09 Mar 2000 17:08:33 -0500
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> >I'm curious about who all's TLS/SSL implementations support RFC2712 "Addition 
> >of Kerberos Cipher Suites to Transport Layer Security (TLS)".
> >
> >Anyone know of any that do off-hand? thanks,
> 
> I have a distribution (that I keep meaning to put up on an FTP site) that
> does one for OpenSSL.  I didn't do the work (just saying that up front,
> so everyone understands I'm not trying to take credit for it).

Please forward me this code so that I can get it added to 0.9.6





    Jeffrey Altman * Sr.Software Designer * Kermit-95 for Win32 and OS/2
                 The Kermit Project * Columbia University
              612 West 115th St #716 * New York, NY * 10025
  http://www.kermit-project.org/k95.html * kermit-support@kermit-project.org


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From owner-ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU  Thu Mar  9 18:32:50 2000
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To: jaltman@columbia.edu
cc: ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU
Subject: Re: TLS/SSL implementation support for RFC2712? 
In-reply-to: Your message of "Thu, 09 Mar 2000 17:49:15 EST."
             <CMM.0.90.4.952642155.jaltman@watsun.cc.columbia.edu> 
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Date: Thu, 09 Mar 2000 17:58:40 -0500
From: Ken Hornstein <kenh@cmf.nrl.navy.mil>
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>Please forward me this code so that I can get it added to 0.9.6

According to the author, the code isn't in the best shape (and I'm not
100% sure it's interoperable with the spec).  Let me check with him to see
if he's got something newer first.

--Ken
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From owner-ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU  Thu Mar  9 18:35:09 2000
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Date: Thu, 9 Mar 2000 18:03:22 EST
From: Jeffrey Altman <jaltman@columbia.edu>
Reply-To: jaltman@columbia.edu
To: Ken Hornstein <kenh@cmf.nrl.navy.mil>
Cc: ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU
Subject: Re: TLS/SSL implementation support for RFC2712?
In-Reply-To: Your message of Thu, 09 Mar 2000 17:58:40 -0500
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> >Please forward me this code so that I can get it added to 0.9.6
> 
> According to the author, the code isn't in the best shape (and I'm not
> 100% sure it's interoperable with the spec).  Let me check with him to see
> if he's got something newer first.

Let me have it anyway.  I can always fix the code to match the spec.



    Jeffrey Altman * Sr.Software Designer * Kermit-95 for Win32 and OS/2
                 The Kermit Project * Columbia University
              612 West 115th St #716 * New York, NY * 10025
  http://www.kermit-project.org/k95.html * kermit-support@kermit-project.org


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From owner-ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU  Thu Mar  9 18:40:11 2000
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To: jaltman@columbia.edu
cc: ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU
Subject: Re: TLS/SSL implementation support for RFC2712? 
In-reply-to: Your message of "Thu, 09 Mar 2000 18:03:22 EST."
             <CMM.0.90.4.952643002.jaltman@watsun.cc.columbia.edu> 
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Date: Thu, 09 Mar 2000 18:07:36 -0500
From: Ken Hornstein <kenh@cmf.nrl.navy.mil>
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>Let me have it anyway.  I can always fix the code to match the spec.

Well, I can't give it to you and not give it to everyone else, now
can I? :-)

ftp://ftp.cmf.nrl.navy.mil/pub/kerberos5/kssl-0.1a.tgz

--Ken
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From owner-ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU  Fri Mar 10 11:51:36 2000
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To: "Vishal Goenka" <vgoenka@campuspipeline.com>
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Vishal,

The Open Group has published a standard for SSO architecture and API which is
based on Sun's
PAM technology.  You can find it at:

     http://www.opengroup.org/online-pubs?DOC=008329799

--bob

Bob Blakley
Chief Scientist
Tivoli SecureWay Business Unit


"Vishal Goenka" <vgoenka@campuspipeline.com> on 03/07/2000 12:54:22 PM

To:   ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU
cc:    (bcc: George Robert Blakley III/Tivoli Systems)
Subject:  Single Sign-On




Does anyone know if there is a working group that has single sign-on (sso)
as its area of interest? I haven't seen much discussion about sso in this WG
so far. If anyone is interested, I have posted an internet-draft on sso
architecture, which I would like to have to relevant WG take a look at.

The draft is named draft-goenka-single-sign-on-arch-00.txt

-Vishal

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From owner-ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU  Fri Mar 10 12:00:54 2000
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To: "IETF CAT fanciers \(E-mail\)" <ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU>
Cc: "Mike Spreitzer \(E-mail\)" <spreitze@parc.xerox.com>
Subject: 1510bis?
Message-ID: <005f01bf8aae$b31bf640$1776020d@parc.xerox.com>
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What's the deal on 1510bis?  Can I see a current draft?  With deltas from
RFC 1510 highlighted?

Thanks,
Mike

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From owner-ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU  Fri Mar 10 12:39:32 2000
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From: Clifford Neuman <bcn@isi.edu>
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A new draft will be submitted today before the deadline.

Clifford Neuman

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   What's the deal on 1510bis?  Can I see a current draft?  With deltas from
   RFC 1510 highlighted?

   Thanks,
   Mike

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To: ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU
Subject: Re: Single Sign-On 
In-reply-to: Your message of "Fri, 10 Mar 2000 10:17:26 CST."
             <8625689E.004C455C.00@tivmta4.tivoli.com> 
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From: Ken Hornstein <kenh@cmf.nrl.navy.mil>
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>The Open Group has published a standard for SSO architecture and API which is
>based on Sun's PAM technology.  You can find it at:

I think you've got it a bit backwards .... There was an original OSF
RFC which specified PAM, which Sun based _their_ PAM implementation on.

--Ken
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From: "Salz, Rich" <SalzR@certco.com>
To: "'Ken Hornstein'" <kenh@cmf.nrl.navy.mil>, ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU
Subject: RE: Single Sign-On 
Date: Fri, 10 Mar 2000 15:27:48 -0500
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>There was an original OSF
>RFC which specified PAM, which Sun based _their_ PAM implementation on.

No, Bob has it correct.  (He usually does for all values of "it" :)

The CDE project realized they needed an extensible login mechanism.
One that would allow a single "login screen" to look basically the same
on all machines, yet be extensible (via dynamic libs or whatever) to
handle /etc/passwd, YP/NIS/NIS+, KRB5, etc.

The vendors all sat around and said "I've got one."  Sun had PAM,
Digital had something like /etc/svc.order, and I forgot what the
other CDE members had.  They met, evaluated, and chose PAM.  Sun
agreed to contribute the technology, including public documentation.
You can find the Oct 95 "OSF RFC" (deliberately modelled after the
IETF RFC's) at:
	http://www.opengroup.org/rfc/index.html#rfc86
One of the co-authors of that document is Roland Schemers, a (past?)
contributor to this WG.

Hope this helps.
	/r$
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From owner-ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU  Fri Mar 10 16:23:57 2000
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From: schemers@stanford.edu
To: Ken Hornstein <kenh@cmf.nrl.navy.mil>
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Subject: Re: Single Sign-On 
In-Reply-To: <200003101911.OAA29682@elvis.cmf.nrl.navy.mil>
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Ken Hornstein writes:
> >The Open Group has published a standard for SSO architecture and API which is
> >based on Sun's PAM technology.  You can find it at:
> 
> I think you've got it a bit backwards .... There was an original OSF
> RFC which specified PAM, which Sun based _their_ PAM implementation on.
> 

Its been while since I worked on this stuff, but here is my recollection:

- versions of Solaris < 2.6 had a variant of PAM in them that wasn't
  for public consumption and didn't offer the "stacking" features of
  current versions of PAM

- while working on DCE at SunSoft, I helped the security group at
  SunSoft add features like stacking, etc.

- the OSF was looking to add PAM-like functionality to CDE, and
  PAM beat out other proposals by Digital and IBM. We then 
  started working on PAM with HP for the CDE project.

- Vipin Sumar and I wrote the OSF RFC at some point during all this

- I left SunSoft and worked continued on PAM and it ended up being
  used in the SSO stuff. I've never looked at the SSO spec so 
  I'm not sure how much it looks like the PAM that is in use
  in Solaris >2.6, Linux, etc.

roland

 
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To: "Salz, Rich" <SalzR@certco.com>
cc: ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU
Subject: Re: Single Sign-On 
In-reply-to: Your message of "Fri, 10 Mar 2000 15:27:48 EST."
             <AAD0807E1794D311A54000A0C99609B913C51F@macertco-srv1.ma.certco.com> 
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Date: Fri, 10 Mar 2000 16:03:39 -0500
From: Ken Hornstein <kenh@cmf.nrl.navy.mil>
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>>There was an original OSF
>>RFC which specified PAM, which Sun based _their_ PAM implementation on.
>
>No, Bob has it correct.  (He usually does for all values of "it" :)

(Open mouth, remove foot).  My apologies!

--Ken
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Ken,

Thanks for the correction.  What I meant was that TOG XSSO took as its base
document the
Sun PAM specification; I don't know the previous history of the technology.

--bob

Bob Blakley
Chief Scientist
Tivoli SecureWay Business Unit


Ken Hornstein <kenh@cmf.nrl.navy.mil> on 03/10/2000 01:11:11 PM

To:   ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU
cc:    (bcc: George Robert Blakley III/Tivoli Systems)
Subject:  Re: Single Sign-On




>The Open Group has published a standard for SSO architecture and API which is
>based on Sun's PAM technology.  You can find it at:

I think you've got it a bit backwards .... There was an original OSF
RFC which specified PAM, which Sun based _their_ PAM implementation on.

--Ken
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From owner-ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU  Fri Mar 10 18:36:05 2000
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To: George_Robert_Blakley_III@tivoli.com
cc: ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU
Subject: Re: Single Sign-On 
In-reply-to: Your message of "Fri, 10 Mar 2000 16:26:03 CST."
             <8625689E.006E71BB.00@tivmta4.tivoli.com> 
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>Thanks for the correction.  What I meant was that TOG XSSO took as its base
>document the Sun PAM specification; I don't know the previous history of
>the technology.

Well, it turns out you were more "right" than I was anyway :-)

--Ken
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From owner-ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU  Sun Mar 12 16:35:39 2000
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From: "Vishal Goenka" <vgoenka@campuspipeline.com>
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Subject: Re: Single Sign-On
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Bob,

Thanks for pointing it out. I have been aware of the Open Group's work, and
infact, I have discussed the PAM based approach to SSO in my paper as well.

I agree that a industry standard API for SSO (the approach taken by the Open
Group) is the right way to go, as long as,  every application developer is
writing to an API like that. Unfortunately, most applications around are
either not SSO enabled for lack of a standard API set, or still written to a
vendor specific API.

In my paper I have presented an alternative approach for applications that
are NOT written to a standard API set for whatever reasons, or are not SSO
enabled. I therefore, believe that my paper compliments the Open Group's
work, instead of competing with it.

-Vishal



-----Original Message-----
From: George_Robert_Blakley_III@tivoli.com
<George_Robert_Blakley_III@tivoli.com>
To: Vishal Goenka <vgoenka@campuspipeline.com>
Cc: ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU <ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU>
Date: Friday, March 10, 2000 9:19 AM
Subject: Re: Single Sign-On


>
>
>Vishal,
>
>The Open Group has published a standard for SSO architecture and API which
is
>based on Sun's
>PAM technology.  You can find it at:
>
>     http://www.opengroup.org/online-pubs?DOC=008329799
>
>--bob
>
>Bob Blakley
>Chief Scientist
>Tivoli SecureWay Business Unit
>
>
>"Vishal Goenka" <vgoenka@campuspipeline.com> on 03/07/2000 12:54:22 PM
>
>To:   ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU
>cc:    (bcc: George Robert Blakley III/Tivoli Systems)
>Subject:  Single Sign-On
>
>
>
>
>Does anyone know if there is a working group that has single sign-on (sso)
>as its area of interest? I haven't seen much discussion about sso in this
WG
>so far. If anyone is interested, I have posted an internet-draft on sso
>architecture, which I would like to have to relevant WG take a look at.
>
>The draft is named draft-goenka-single-sign-on-arch-00.txt
>
>-Vishal
>
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>
>
>
>

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A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories.
This draft is a work item of the Common Authentication Technology Working Group of the IETF.

	Title		: Generic Authorization and Access control Application 
                          Program Interface C-bindings
	Author(s)	: T. Ryutov, C. Neuman 
	Filename	: draft-ietf-cat-gaa-cbind-03.txt
	Pages		: 14
	Date		: 13-Mar-00
	
The Generic Authorization and Access control Application Programming
Interface (GAA API) provides access control services to calling
applications.
It facilitates access control decisions for applications and allows
applications to discover access control policies associated with a
targeted resource. The GAA API is usable by multiple applications
supporting different kinds of protected objects.
The GAA API design supports: 
- a variety of security mechanisms based on public or secret key
cryptosystems
- different authorization models
- heterogeneous security policies
- various access rights 
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is described at a language-independent conceptual level in
draft-ietf-cat-acc-cntrl-frmw-01.txt

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A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories.
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	Title		: Access Control Framework for Distributed Applications
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 	Filename	: draft-ietf-cat-acc-cntrl-frmw-03.txt
	Pages		: 14
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A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories.
This draft is a work item of the Common Authentication Technology Working Group of the IETF.

	Title		: Distributing Kerberos KDC and Realm Information with 
                          DNS
	Author(s)	: K. Hornstein, J. Altman
	Filename	: draft-ietf-cat-krb-dns-locate-02.txt
	Pages		: 6
	Date		: 14-Mar-00
	
Neither the Kerberos V5 protocol [RFC1510] nor the Kerberos V4 proto-
col [RFC????] describe any mechanism for clients to learn critical
configuration information necessary for proper operation of the pro-
tocol.  Such information includes the location of Kerberos key dis-
tribution centers or a mapping between DNS domains and Kerberos
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From owner-ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU  Wed Mar 15 15:23:25 2000
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Regarding case sensitivity: The first thing that comes to mind is, "aaahh!!" :-)

The second is, would the administrator of foobar.ibm.com really have
the ability to create entries under "=i=b=m.=c=o=m." for other sites
to see?  I don't think so.  And, as you say, TXT response data is
case-preserving, so it's only in the query that this matters.

I still think the right answer is just to assert that this method
won't work for sites that bend the guidelines so far as to have two
realm names differing only in case and having different servers, and
even then, I can think of at least one way to try to work around it.
The special case of two realm names differing only by case might make
sense if a site is attempting to transition from DCE lower-case mode
to "real" krb5, for example.  But in that case, it might still be
possible for a single server to serve up both realms, though maybe not
with the DCE KDC itself.


Security issues: The second exploit described is an exploit of the MIT
implementation, not the Kerberos design.  The Kerberos model itself
provides no way of determining the realm of a host.  In fact, I don't
think it makes any requirement that multiple services running on a
single host (even without multiple hostnames etc) use the same local
realm.


A random thought: You mention both krb4 and krb5 in the abstract, but
do we have any way of distinguishing a v4-only vs v5-only vs v4+v5
site without having the info stored locally?

Ken
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From owner-ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU  Wed Mar 15 16:14:40 2000
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> The second is, would the administrator of foobar.ibm.com really have
> the ability to create entries under "=i=b=m.=c=o=m." for other sites
> to see?  I don't think so.  And, as you say, TXT response data is
> case-preserving, so it's only in the query that this matters.

You know.  That is a very good point.  This is what I get for drinking
too much DrPepper in order to counter balance the lack of sleep.

Clearly, this won't work, and yes.  I now agree with you.  Upper case
realm names only.  Of course, this is going to break the default names
that Windows 2000 generates, but ....


> Security issues: The second exploit described is an exploit of the MIT
> implementation, not the Kerberos design.  The Kerberos model itself
> provides no way of determining the realm of a host.  In fact, I don't
> think it makes any requirement that multiple services running on a
> single host (even without multiple hostnames etc) use the same local
> realm.

The problem is that there needs to be a way for the realm of a host to
be determined.  That is why the DNS TXT record is used; and why MIT
placed host/domain to realm mappings into the config files.  Of
course, the Kerberos model does not provide any description of how
this should be done because from the authentication perspective it is 
not necessary.  But because these mappings are necessary and we do not
have secure way of performing them, the exploit is an issue for all 
Kerberos implementations.  Of course, if no host to realm mappings
provided the exploit goes away.

> 
> A random thought: You mention both krb4 and krb5 in the abstract, but
> do we have any way of distinguishing a v4-only vs v5-only vs v4+v5
> site without having the info stored locally?

No.  There is nothing to distinguish a K4 KDC from a K5 KDC, and from
my experience at Columbia there is no need to.  We distributed 10,000
clients last Fall to users that supported K4 and K5 when our KDC was
K4 only.  In December, we switched from K4 to K5 1.1 without the users
even noticing.  The only thing that changed was that they now got both
K4 and K5 tickets when they used Leash32.



    Jeffrey Altman * Sr.Software Designer * Kermit-95 for Win32 and OS/2
                 The Kermit Project * Columbia University
              612 West 115th St #716 * New York, NY * 10025
  http://www.kermit-project.org/k95.html * kermit-support@kermit-project.org


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To: Ken Raeburn <raeburn@mit.edu>
cc: ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU
Subject: Re: comments on draft-ietf-cat-krb-dns-locate-02.txt 
In-reply-to: Your message of "15 Mar 2000 14:35:57 EST."
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Date: Wed, 15 Mar 2000 16:34:13 -0500
From: Ken Hornstein <kenh@cmf.nrl.navy.mil>
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>The second is, would the administrator of foobar.ibm.com really have
>the ability to create entries under "=i=b=m.=c=o=m." for other sites
>to see?  I don't think so.  And, as you say, TXT response data is
>case-preserving, so it's only in the query that this matters.

Urrrk, good point.

>I still think the right answer is just to assert that this method
>won't work for sites that bend the guidelines so far as to have two
>realm names differing only in case and having different servers, and
>even then, I can think of at least one way to try to work around it.
>The special case of two realm names differing only by case might make
>sense if a site is attempting to transition from DCE lower-case mode
>to "real" krb5, for example.  But in that case, it might still be
>possible for a single server to serve up both realms, though maybe not
>with the DCE KDC itself.

I think Jeff covered that one; I think that we _can_ do either uppercase,
lowercase, or some mixed case if you really want it; the limitation is
that there is room for only _one_ realm in any case within the DNS.

>Security issues: The second exploit described is an exploit of the MIT
>implementation, not the Kerberos design.  The Kerberos model itself
>provides no way of determining the realm of a host.  In fact, I don't
>think it makes any requirement that multiple services running on a
>single host (even without multiple hostnames etc) use the same local
>realm.

I'm sure we all recall the big flamewar on this, but I can only say
that perhaps it is an "unspecified" area of the specification.  You
certainly have to do something.

>A random thought: You mention both krb4 and krb5 in the abstract, but
>do we have any way of distinguishing a v4-only vs v5-only vs v4+v5
>site without having the info stored locally?

No ... and I know we had the big meta-discussion about the amount of
V4 out there versus V5-only sites.  I would agree with Jeff: "Not
necessary" (besides, are people going to do that much reengineering on
V4 clients to make them support this stuff?).

--Ken
-++**==--++**==--++**==--++**==--++**==--++**==--++**==
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From owner-ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU  Wed Mar 15 18:52:08 2000
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Date: Wed, 15 Mar 2000 15:13:48 -0800
From: Brian Tung <brian@zot.isi.edu>
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To: ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU
Subject: draft-ietf-cat-kerberos-pk-init-11.txt
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-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----
Hash: SHA1

This is the draft, almost precisely as it went out to ietf.org last Friday
at about 12:30 PST.  The one change is to correct Sasha Medvinsky's phone
number at the end of the draft.

We would like to push for working group last call.  The active parties
have reached consensus.

b

*****

INTERNET-DRAFT                                                Brian Tung
draft-ietf-cat-kerberos-pk-init-11.txt                   Clifford Neuman
Updates: RFC 1510                                                USC/ISI
expires September 15, 2000                                   Matthew Hur
                                                   CyberSafe Corporation
                                                           Ari Medvinsky
                                                          Keen.com, Inc.
                                                         Sasha Medvinsky
                                                                Motorola
                                                               John Wray
                                                   Iris Associates, Inc.
                                                        Jonathan Trostle
                                                                   Cisco

    Public Key Cryptography for Initial Authentication in Kerberos

0.  Status Of This Memo

    This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
    all provisions of Section 10 of RFC 2026.  Internet-Drafts are
    working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF),
    its areas, and its working groups.  Note that other groups may also
    distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts.

    Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six
    months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other
    documents at any time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts
    as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in
    progress."

    The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
    http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt

    The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
    http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.

    To learn the current status of any Internet-Draft, please check
    the "1id-abstracts.txt" listing contained in the Internet-Drafts
    Shadow Directories on ftp.ietf.org (US East Coast),
    nic.nordu.net (Europe), ftp.isi.edu (US West Coast), or
    munnari.oz.au (Pacific Rim).

    The distribution of this memo is unlimited.  It is filed as
    draft-ietf-cat-kerberos-pk-init-11.txt, and expires September 15,
    2000.  Please send comments to the authors.

1.  Abstract

    This document defines extensions (PKINIT) to the Kerberos protocol
    specification (RFC 1510 [1]) to provide a method for using public
    key cryptography during initial authentication.  The methods
    defined specify the ways in which preauthentication data fields and
    error data fields in Kerberos messages are to be used to transport
    public key data.

2.  Introduction

    The popularity of public key cryptography has produced a desire for
    its support in Kerberos [2].  The advantages provided by public key
    cryptography include simplified key management (from the Kerberos
    perspective) and the ability to leverage existing and developing
    public key certification infrastructures.

    Public key cryptography can be integrated into Kerberos in a number
    of ways.  One is to associate a key pair with each realm, which can
    then be used to facilitate cross-realm authentication; this is the
    topic of another draft proposal.  Another way is to allow users with
    public key certificates to use them in initial authentication.  This
    is the concern of the current document.

    PKINIT utilizes ephemeral-ephemeral Diffie-Hellman keys in
    combination with digital signature keys as the primary, required
    mechanism.  It also allows for the use of RSA keys and/or (static)
    Diffie-Hellman certificates.  Note in particular that PKINIT supports
    the use of separate signature and encryption keys.

    PKINIT enables access to Kerberos-secured services based on initial
    authentication utilizing public key cryptography.  PKINIT utilizes
    standard public key signature and encryption data formats within the
    standard Kerberos messages.  The basic mechanism is as follows:  The
    user sends an AS-REQ message to the KDC as before, except that if that
    user is to use public key cryptography in the initial authentication
    step, his certificate and a signature accompany the initial request
    in the preauthentication fields.  Upon receipt of this request, the
    KDC verifies the certificate and issues a ticket granting ticket
    (TGT) as before, except that the encPart from the AS-REP message
    carrying the TGT is now encrypted utilizing either a Diffie-Hellman
    derived key or the user's public key.  This message is authenticated
    utilizing the public key signature of the KDC.

    Note that PKINIT does not require the use of certificates.  A KDC
    may store the public key of a principal as part of that principal's
    record.  In this scenario, the KDC is the trusted party that vouches
    for the principal (as in a standard, non-cross realm, Kerberos
    environment).  Thus, for any principal, the KDC may maintain a
    secret key, a public key, or both.

    The PKINIT specification may also be used as a building block for
    other specifications.  PKCROSS [3] utilizes PKINIT for establishing
    the inter-realm key and associated inter-realm policy to be applied
    in issuing cross realm service tickets.  As specified in [4],
    anonymous Kerberos tickets can be issued by applying a NULL
    signature in combination with Diffie-Hellman in the PKINIT exchange.
    Additionally, the PKINIT specification may be used for direct peer
    to peer authentication without contacting a central KDC. This
    application of PKINIT is described in PKTAPP [5] and is based on
    concepts introduced in [6, 7]. For direct client-to-server
    authentication, the client uses PKINIT to authenticate to the end
    server (instead of a central KDC), which then issues a ticket for
    itself.  This approach has an advantage over TLS [8] in that the
    server does not need to save state (cache session keys).
    Furthermore, an additional benefit is that Kerberos tickets can
    facilitate delegation (see [9]).

3.  Proposed Extensions

    This section describes extensions to RFC 1510 for supporting the
    use of public key cryptography in the initial request for a ticket
    granting ticket (TGT).

    In summary, the following change to RFC 1510 is proposed:

        * Users may authenticate using either a public key pair or a
          conventional (symmetric) key.  If public key cryptography is
          used, public key data is transported in preauthentication
          data fields to help establish identity.  The user presents
          a public key certificate and obtains an ordinary TGT that may
          be used for subsequent authentication, with such
          authentication using only conventional cryptography.

    Section 3.1 provides definitions to help specify message formats.
    Section 3.2 describes the extensions for the initial authentication
    method.

3.1.  Definitions

    The extensions involve new preauthentication fields; we introduce
    the following preauthentication types:

        PA-PK-AS-REQ                            14
        PA-PK-AS-REP                            15

    The extensions also involve new error types; we introduce the
    following types:

        KDC_ERR_CLIENT_NOT_TRUSTED              62
        KDC_ERR_KDC_NOT_TRUSTED                 63
        KDC_ERR_INVALID_SIG                     64
        KDC_ERR_KEY_TOO_WEAK                    65
        KDC_ERR_CERTIFICATE_MISMATCH            66
        KDC_ERR_CANT_VERIFY_CERTIFICATE         70
        KDC_ERR_INVALID_CERTIFICATE             71
        KDC_ERR_REVOKED_CERTIFICATE             72
        KDC_ERR_REVOCATION_STATUS_UNKNOWN       73
        KDC_ERR_REVOCATION_STATUS_UNAVAILABLE   74
        KDC_ERR_CLIENT_NAME_MISMATCH            75
        KDC_ERR_KDC_NAME_MISMATCH               76

    We utilize the following typed data for errors:

        TD-PKINIT-CMS-CERTIFICATES             101
        TD-KRB-PRINCIPAL                       102
        TD-KRB-REALM                           103
        TD-TRUSTED-CERTIFIERS                  104
        TD-CERTIFICATE-INDEX                   105

    We utilize the following encryption types (which map directly to
    OIDs):

        dsaWithSHA1-CmsOID                       9
        md5WithRSAEncryption-CmsOID             10
        sha1WithRSAEncryption-CmsOID            11
        rc2CBC-EnvOID                           12
        rsaEncryption-EnvOID (PKCS#1 v1.5)      13
        rsaES-OAEP-ENV-OID   (PKCS#1 v2.0)      14
        des-ede3-cbc-Env-OID                    15

    These mappings are provided so that a client may send the
    appropriate enctypes in the AS-REQ message in order to indicate
    support for the corresponding OIDs (for performing PKINIT).

    In many cases, PKINIT requires the encoding of the X.500 name of a
    certificate authority as a Realm.  When such a name appears as
    a realm it will be represented using the "other" form of the realm
    name as specified in the naming constraints section of RFC1510.
    For a realm derived from an X.500 name, NAMETYPE will have the value
    X500-RFC2253.  The full realm name will appear as follows:

        <nametype> + ":" + <string>

    where nametype is "X500-RFC2253" and string is the result of doing
    an RFC2253 encoding of the distinguished name, i.e.

        "X500-RFC2253:" + RFC2253Encode(DistinguishedName)

    where DistinguishedName is an X.500 name, and RFC2253Encode is a
    function returing a readable UTF encoding of an X.500 name, as
    defined by RFC 2253 [14] (part of LDAPv3 [18]).

    To ensure that this encoding is unique, we add the following rule
    to those specified by RFC 2253:

        The order in which the attributes appear in the RFC 2253
        encoding must be the reverse of the order in the ASN.1
        encoding of the X.500 name that appears in the public key
        certificate. The order of the relative distinguished names
        (RDNs), as well as the order of the AttributeTypeAndValues
        within each RDN, will be reversed. (This is despite the fact
        that an RDN is defined as a SET of AttributeTypeAndValues, where
        an order is normally not important.)

    Similarly, in cases where the KDC does not provide a specific
    policy based mapping from the X.500 name or X.509 Version 3
    SubjectAltName extension in the user's certificate to a Kerberos
    principal name, PKINIT requires the direct encoding of the X.500
    name as a PrincipalName.  In this case, the name-type of the
    principal name shall be set to KRB_NT-X500-PRINCIPAL.  This new
    name type is defined in RFC 1510 as:

        KRB_NT_X500_PRINCIPAL    6

    The name-string shall be set as follows:

        RFC2253Encode(DistinguishedName)

    as described above.  When this name type is used, the principal's
    realm shall be set to the certificate authority's distinguished
    name using the X500-RFC2253 realm name format described earlier in
    this section

    RFC 1510 specifies the ASN.1 structure for PrincipalName as follows:

        PrincipalName ::=   SEQUENCE {
                        name-type[0]     INTEGER,
                        name-string[1]   SEQUENCE OF GeneralString
        }

    For the purposes of encoding an X.500 name as a Kerberos name for
    use in Kerberos structures, the name-string shall be encoded as a
    single GeneralString.  The name-type should be KRB_NT_X500_PRINCIPAL,
    as noted above.  All Kerberos names must conform to validity
    requirements as given in RFC 1510.  Note that name mapping may be
    required or optional, based on policy.

    We also define the following similar ASN.1 structure:

        CertPrincipalName ::= SEQUENCE {
                        name-type[0]     INTEGER,
                        name-string[1]   SEQUENCE OF UTF8String
        }

    When a Kerberos PrincipalName is to be placed within an X.509 data
    structure, the CertPrincipalName structure is to be used, with the
    name-string encoded as a single UTF8String.  The name-type should be
    as identified in the original PrincipalName structure.  The mapping
    between the GeneralString and UTF8String formats can be found in
    [19].

    The following rules relate to the the matching of PrincipalNames (or
    corresponding CertPrincipalNames) with regard to the PKI name
    constraints for CAs as laid out in RFC 2459 [15].  In order to be
    regarded as a match (for permitted and excluded name trees), the
    following must be satisfied.

        1.  If the constraint is given as a user plus realm name, or
            as a user plus instance plus realm name (as specified in
            RFC 1510), the realm name must be valid (see 2.a-d below)
            and the match must be exact, byte for byte.

        2.  If the constraint is given only as a realm name, matching
            depends on the type of the realm:

            a.  If the realm contains a colon (':') before any equal
                sign ('='), it is treated as a realm of type Other,
                and must match exactly, byte for byte.

            b.  Otherwise, if the realm contains an equal sign, it
                is treated as an X.500 name.  In order to match, every
                component in the constraint MUST be in the principal
                name, and have the same value.  For example, 'C=US'
                matches 'C=US/O=ISI' but not 'C=UK'.

            c.  Otherwise, if the realm name conforms to rules regarding
                the format of DNS names, it is considered a realm name of
                type Domain.  The constraint may be given as a realm
                name 'FOO.BAR', which matches any PrincipalName within
                the realm 'FOO.BAR' but not those in subrealms such as
                'CAR.FOO.BAR'.  A constraint of the form '.FOO.BAR'
                matches PrincipalNames in subrealms of the form
                'CAR.FOO.BAR' but not the realm 'FOO.BAR' itself.

            d.  Otherwise, the realm name is invalid and does not match
                under any conditions.

3.1.1.  Encryption and Key Formats

    In the exposition below, we use the terms public key and private
    key generically.  It should be understood that the term "public
    key" may be used to refer to either a public encryption key or a
    signature verification key, and that the term "private key" may be
    used to refer to either a private decryption key or a signature
    generation key.  The fact that these are logically distinct does
    not preclude the assignment of bitwise identical keys for RSA
    keys.

    In the case of Diffie-Hellman, the key shall be produced from the
    agreed bit string as follows:

        * Truncate the bit string to the appropriate length.
        * Rectify parity in each byte (if necessary) to obtain the key.

    For instance, in the case of a DES key, we take the first eight
    bytes of the bit stream, and then adjust the least significant bit
    of each byte to ensure that each byte has odd parity.

3.1.2. Algorithm Identifiers

    PKINIT does not define, but does permit, the algorithm identifiers
    listed below.

3.1.2.1. Signature Algorithm Identifiers

    The following signature algorithm identifiers specified in [11] and
    in [15] shall be used with PKINIT:

    id-dsa-with-sha1       (DSA with SHA1)
    md5WithRSAEncryption   (RSA with MD5)
    sha-1WithRSAEncryption (RSA with SHA1)

3.1.2.2 Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement Algorithm Identifier

    The following algorithm identifier shall be used within the
    SubjectPublicKeyInfo data structure: dhpublicnumber

    This identifier and the associated algorithm parameters are
    specified in RFC 2459 [15].

3.1.2.3. Algorithm Identifiers for RSA Encryption

    These algorithm identifiers are used inside the EnvelopedData data
    structure, for encrypting the temporary key with a public key:

        rsaEncryption (RSA encryption, PKCS#1 v1.5)
        id-RSAES-OAEP (RSA encryption, PKCS#1 v2.0)

    Both of the above RSA encryption schemes are specified in [16].
    Currently, only PKCS#1 v1.5 is specified by CMS [11], although the
    CMS specification says that it will likely include PKCS#1 v2.0 in
    the future.  (PKCS#1 v2.0 addresses adaptive chosen ciphertext
    vulnerability discovered in PKCS#1 v1.5.)

3.1.2.4. Algorithm Identifiers for Encryption with Secret Keys

    These algorithm identifiers are used inside the EnvelopedData data
    structure in the PKINIT Reply, for encrypting the reply key with the
    temporary key:
        des-ede3-cbc (3-key 3-DES, CBC mode)
        rc2-cbc      (RC2, CBC mode)

    The full definition of the above algorithm identifiers and their
    corresponding parameters (an IV for block chaining) is provided in
    the CMS specification [11].

3.2.  Public Key Authentication

    Implementation of the changes in this section is REQUIRED for
    compliance with PKINIT.

3.2.1.  Client Request

    Public keys may be signed by some certification authority (CA), or
    they may be maintained by the KDC in which case the KDC is the
    trusted authority.  Note that the latter mode does not require the
    use of certificates.

    The initial authentication request is sent as per RFC 1510, except
    that a preauthentication field containing data signed by the user's
    private key accompanies the request:

    PA-PK-AS-REQ ::= SEQUENCE {
                                -- PA TYPE 14
        signedAuthPack          [0] SignedData
                                    -- Defined in CMS [11];
                                    -- AuthPack (below) defines the
                                    -- data that is signed.
        trustedCertifiers       [1] SEQUENCE OF TrustedCas OPTIONAL,
                                    -- This is a list of CAs that the
                                    -- client trusts and that certify
                                    -- KDCs.
        kdcCert                 [2] IssuerAndSerialNumber OPTIONAL
                                    -- As defined in CMS [11];
                                    -- specifies a particular KDC
                                    -- certificate if the client
                                    -- already has it.
        encryptionCert          [3] IssuerAndSerialNumber OPTIONAL
                                    -- For example, this may be the
                                    -- client's Diffie-Hellman
                                    -- certificate, or it may be the
                                    -- client's RSA encryption
                                    -- certificate.
    }

    TrustedCas ::= CHOICE {
        principalName         [0] KerberosName,
                                  -- as defined below
        caName                [1] Name
                                  -- fully qualified X.500 name
                                  -- as defined by X.509
        issuerAndSerial       [2] IssuerAndSerialNumber
                                  -- Since a CA may have a number of
                                  -- certificates, only one of which
                                  -- a client trusts
    }

    Usage of SignedData:

        The SignedData data type is specified in the Cryptographic
        Message Syntax, a product of the S/MIME working group of the
        IETF.  The following describes how to fill in the fields of
        this data:

        1.  The encapContentInfo field must contain the PKAuthenticator
            and, optionally, the client's Diffie Hellman public value.

            a.  The eContentType field shall contain the OID value for
                pkdata: iso (1) org (3) dod (6) internet (1) security (5)
                kerberosv5 (2) pkinit (3) pkdata (1)

            b.  The eContent field is data of the type AuthPack (below).

        2.  The signerInfos field contains the signature of AuthPack.

        3.  The Certificates field, when non-empty, contains the client's
            certificate chain.  If present, the KDC uses the public key
            from the client's certificate to verify the signature in the
            request.  Note that the client may pass different certificate
            chains that are used for signing or for encrypting.  Thus,
            the KDC may utilize a different client certificate for
            signature verification than the one it uses to encrypt the
            reply to the client.  For example, the client may place a
            Diffie-Hellman certificate in this field in order to convey
            its static Diffie Hellman certificate to the KDC to enable
            static-ephemeral Diffie-Hellman mode for the reply; in this
            case, the client does NOT place its public value in the
            AuthPack (defined below).  As another example, the client may
            place an RSA encryption certificate in this field.  However,
            there must always be (at least) a signature certificate.

    AuthPack ::= SEQUENCE {
        pkAuthenticator         [0] PKAuthenticator,
        clientPublicValue       [1] SubjectPublicKeyInfo OPTIONAL
                                    -- if client is using Diffie-Hellman
                                    -- (ephemeral-ephemeral only)
    }

    PKAuthenticator ::= SEQUENCE {
        kdcName                 [0] PrincipalName,
        kdcRealm                [1] Realm,
        cusec                   [2] INTEGER,
                                    -- for replay prevention as in RFC1510
        ctime                   [3] KerberosTime,
                                    -- for replay prevention as in RFC1510
        nonce                   [4] INTEGER
    }

    SubjectPublicKeyInfo ::= SEQUENCE {
        algorithm                   AlgorithmIdentifier,
                                    -- dhKeyAgreement
        subjectPublicKey            BIT STRING
                                    -- for DH, equals
                                    -- public exponent (INTEGER encoded
                                    -- as payload of BIT STRING)
    }   -- as specified by the X.509 recommendation [10]

    AlgorithmIdentifier ::= SEQUENCE {
        algorithm                   ALGORITHM.&id,
        parameters                  ALGORITHM.&type
    }   -- as specified by the X.509 recommendation [10]

    If the client passes an issuer and serial number in the request,
    the KDC is requested to use the referred-to certificate.  If none
    exists, then the KDC returns an error of type
    KDC_ERR_CERTIFICATE_MISMATCH.  It also returns this error if, on the
    other hand, the client does not pass any trustedCertifiers,
    believing that it has the KDC's certificate, but the KDC has more
    than one certificate.  The KDC should include information in the
    KRB-ERROR message that indicates the KDC certificate(s) that a
    client may utilize.  This data is specified in the e-data, which
    is defined in RFC 1510 revisions as a SEQUENCE of TypedData:

    TypedData ::=  SEQUENCE {
                    data-type      [0] INTEGER,
                    data-value     [1] OCTET STRING,
    } -- per Kerberos RFC 1510 revisions

    where:
    data-type = TD-PKINIT-CMS-CERTIFICATES = 101
    data-value = CertificateSet // as specified by CMS [11]

    The PKAuthenticator carries information to foil replay attacks, and
    to bind the request and response.  The PKAuthenticator is signed
    with the client's signature key.

3.2.2.  KDC Response

    Upon receipt of the AS_REQ with PA-PK-AS-REQ pre-authentication
    type, the KDC attempts to verify the user's certificate chain
    (userCert), if one is provided in the request.  This is done by
    verifying the certification path against the KDC's policy of
    legitimate certifiers.  This may be based on a certification
    hierarchy, or it may be simply a list of recognized certifiers in a
    system like PGP.

    If the client's certificate chain contains no certificate signed by
    a CA trusted by the KDC, then the KDC sends back an error message
    of type KDC_ERR_CANT_VERIFY_CERTIFICATE.  The accompanying e-data
    is a SEQUENCE of one TypedData (with type TD-TRUSTED-CERTIFIERS=104)
    whose data-value is an OCTET STRING which is the DER encoding of

        TrustedCertifiers ::= SEQUENCE OF PrincipalName
                              -- X.500 name encoded as a principal name
                              -- see Section 3.1

    If while verifying a certificate chain the KDC determines that the
    signature on one of the certificates in the CertificateSet from
    the signedAuthPack fails verification, then the KDC returns an
    error of type KDC_ERR_INVALID_CERTIFICATE.  The accompanying
    e-data is a SEQUENCE of one TypedData (with type
    TD-CERTIFICATE-INDEX=105) whose data-value is an OCTET STRING
    which is the DER encoding of the index into the CertificateSet
    ordered as sent by the client.

        CertificateIndex  ::= INTEGER
                              -- 0 = 1st certificate,
                              --     (in order of encoding)
                              -- 1 = 2nd certificate, etc

    The KDC may also check whether any of the certificates in the
    client's chain has been revoked.  If one of the certificates has
    been revoked, then the KDC returns an error of type
    KDC_ERR_REVOKED_CERTIFICATE; if such a query reveals that
    the certificate's revocation status is unknown or not
    available, then if required by policy, the KDC returns the
    appropriate error of type KDC_ERR_REVOCATION_STATUS_UNKNOWN or
    KDC_ERR_REVOCATION_STATUS_UNAVAILABLE.  In any of these three
    cases, the affected certificate is identified by the accompanying
    e-data, which contains a CertificateIndex as described for
    KDC_ERR_INVALID_CERTIFICATE.

    If the certificate chain can be verified, but the name of the
    client in the certificate does not match the client's name in the
    request, then the KDC returns an error of type
    KDC_ERR_CLIENT_NAME_MISMATCH.  There is no accompanying e-data
    field in this case.

    Finally, if the certificate chain is verified, but the KDC's name
    or realm as given in the PKAuthenticator does not match the KDC's
    actual principal name, then the KDC returns an error of type
    KDC_ERR_KDC_NAME_MISMATCH.  The accompanying e-data field is again
    a SEQUENCE of one TypedData (with type TD-KRB-PRINCIPAL=102 or
    TD-KRB-REALM=103 as appropriate) whose data-value is an OCTET
    STRING whose data-value is the DER encoding of a PrincipalName or
    Realm as defined in RFC 1510 revisions.

    Even if all succeeds, the KDC may--for policy reasons--decide not
    to trust the client.  In this case, the KDC returns an error message
    of type KDC_ERR_CLIENT_NOT_TRUSTED.  One specific case of this is
    the presence or absence of an Enhanced Key Usage (EKU) OID within
    the certificate extensions.  The rules regarding acceptability of
    an EKU sequence (or the absence of any sequence) are a matter of
    local policy.  For the benefit of implementers, we define a PKINIT
    EKU OID as the following: iso (1) org (3) dod (6) internet (1)
    security (5) kerberosv5 (2) pkinit (3) pkekuoid (2).

    If a trust relationship exists, the KDC then verifies the client's
    signature on AuthPack.  If that fails, the KDC returns an error
    message of type KDC_ERR_INVALID_SIG.  Otherwise, the KDC uses the
    timestamp (ctime and cusec) in the PKAuthenticator to assure that
    the request is not a replay.  The KDC also verifies that its name
    is specified in the PKAuthenticator.

    If the clientPublicValue field is filled in, indicating that the
    client wishes to use Diffie-Hellman key agreement, then the KDC
    checks to see that the parameters satisfy its policy.  If they do
    not (e.g., the prime size is insufficient for the expected
    encryption type), then the KDC sends back an error message of type
    KDC_ERR_KEY_TOO_WEAK.  Otherwise, it generates its own public and
    private values for the response.

    The KDC also checks that the timestamp in the PKAuthenticator is
    within the allowable window and that the principal name and realm
    are correct.  If the local (server) time and the client time in the
    authenticator differ by more than the allowable clock skew, then the
    KDC returns an error message of type KRB_AP_ERR_SKEW as defined in 1510.

    Assuming no errors, the KDC replies as per RFC 1510, except as
    follows.  The user's name in the ticket is determined by the
    following decision algorithm:

        1.  If the KDC has a mapping from the name in the certificate
            to a Kerberos name, then use that name.
            Else
        2.  If the certificate contains the SubjectAltName extention
            and the local KDC policy defines a mapping from the
            SubjectAltName to a Kerberos name, then use that name.
            Else
        3.  Use the name as represented in the certificate, mapping
            mapping as necessary (e.g., as per RFC 2253 for X.500
            names).  In this case the realm in the ticket shall be the
            name of the certifier that issued the user's certificate.

    Note that a principal name may be carried in the subject alt name
    field of a certificate. This name may be mapped to a principal
    record in a security database based on local policy, for example
    the subject alt name may be kerberos/principal@realm format.  In
    this case the realm name is not that of the CA but that of the
    local realm doing the mapping (or some realm name chosen by that
    realm).

    If a non-KDC X.509 certificate contains the principal name within
    the subjectAltName version 3 extension , that name may utilize
    KerberosName as defined below, or, in the case of an S/MIME
    certificate [17], may utilize the email address.  If the KDC
    is presented with an S/MIME certificate, then the email address
    within subjectAltName will be interpreted as a principal and realm
    separated by the "@" sign, or as a name that needs to be
    canonicalized.  If the resulting name does not correspond to a
    registered principal name, then the principal name is formed as
    defined in section 3.1.

    The trustedCertifiers field contains a list of certification
    authorities trusted by the client, in the case that the client does
    not possess the KDC's public key certificate.  If the KDC has no
    certificate signed by any of the trustedCertifiers, then it returns
    an error of type KDC_ERR_KDC_NOT_TRUSTED.

    KDCs should try to (in order of preference):
    1. Use the KDC certificate identified by the serialNumber included
       in the client's request.
    2. Use a certificate issued to the KDC by the client's CA (if in the
       middle of a CA key roll-over, use the KDC cert issued under same
       CA key as user cert used to verify request).
    3. Use a certificate issued to the KDC by one of the client's
       trustedCertifier(s);
    If the KDC is unable to comply with any of these options, then the
    KDC returns an error message of type KDC_ERR_KDC_NOT_TRUSTED to the
    client.

    The KDC encrypts the reply not with the user's long-term key, but
    with the Diffie Hellman derived key or a random key generated
    for this particular response which is carried in the padata field of
    the TGS-REP message.

    PA-PK-AS-REP ::= CHOICE {
                            -- PA TYPE 15
        dhSignedData       [0] SignedData,
                            -- Defined in CMS and used only with
                            -- Diffie-Hellman key exchange (if the
                            -- client public value was present in the
                            -- request).
                            -- This choice MUST be supported
                            -- by compliant implementations.
        encKeyPack         [1] EnvelopedData,
                            -- Defined in CMS
                            -- The temporary key is encrypted
                            -- using the client public key
                            -- key
                            -- SignedReplyKeyPack, encrypted
                            -- with the temporary key, is also
                            -- included.
    }

    Usage of SignedData:

        When the Diffie-Hellman option is used, dhSignedData in
        PA-PK-AS-REP provides authenticated Diffie-Hellman parameters
        of the KDC.  The reply key used to encrypt part of the KDC reply
        message is derived from the Diffie-Hellman exchange:

        1.  Both the KDC and the client calculate a secret value
            (g^ab mod p), where a is the client's private exponent and
            b is the KDC's private exponent.

        2.  Both the KDC and the client take the first N bits of this
            secret value and convert it into a reply key.  N depends on
            the reply key type.

        3.  If the reply key is DES, N=64 bits, where some of the bits
            are replaced with parity bits, according to FIPS PUB 74.

        4.  If the reply key is (3-key) 3-DES, N=192 bits, where some
            of the bits are replaced with parity bits, according to
            FIPS PUB 74.

        5.  The encapContentInfo field must contain the KdcDHKeyInfo as
            defined below.

            a.  The eContentType field shall contain the OID value for
                pkdata: iso (1) org (3) dod (6) internet (1) security (5)
                kerberosv5 (2) pkinit (3) pkdata (1)

            b.  The eContent field is data of the type KdcDHKeyInfo
                (below).

        6.  The certificates field must contain the certificates
            necessary for the client to establish trust in the KDC's
            certificate based on the list of trusted certifiers sent by
            the client in the PA-PK-AS-REQ.  This field may be empty if
            the client did not send to the KDC a list of trusted
            certifiers (the trustedCertifiers field was empty, meaning
            that the client already possesses the KDC's certificate).

        7.  The signerInfos field is a SET that must contain at least
            one member, since it contains the actual signature.

    KdcDHKeyInfo ::= SEQUENCE {
                              -- used only when utilizing Diffie-Hellman
      nonce                 [0] INTEGER,
                                -- binds responce to the request
      subjectPublicKey      [2] BIT STRING
                                -- Equals public exponent (g^a mod p)
                                -- INTEGER encoded as payload of
                                -- BIT STRING
    }

    Usage of EnvelopedData:

        The EnvelopedData data type is specified in the Cryptographic
        Message Syntax, a product of the S/MIME working group of the
        IETF.  It contains a temporary key encrypted with the PKINIT
        client's public key.  It also contains a signed and encrypted
        reply key.

        1.  The originatorInfo field is not required, since that
            information may be presented in the signedData structure
            that is encrypted within the encryptedContentInfo field.

        2.  The optional unprotectedAttrs field is not required for
            PKINIT.

        3.  The recipientInfos field is a SET which must contain exactly
            one member of the KeyTransRecipientInfo type for encryption
            with an RSA public key.

            a.  The encryptedKey field (in KeyTransRecipientInfo)
                contains the temporary key which is encrypted with the
                PKINIT client's public key.

        4.  The encryptedContentInfo field contains the signed and
            encrypted reply key.

            a.  The contentType field shall contain the OID value for
                id-signedData: iso (1) member-body (2) us (840)
                rsadsi (113549) pkcs (1) pkcs7 (7) signedData (2)

            b.  The encryptedContent field is encrypted data of the CMS
                type signedData as specified below.

                i.  The encapContentInfo field must contains the
                    ReplyKeyPack.

                    * The eContentType field shall contain the OID value
                      for pkdata: iso (1) org (3) dod (6) internet (1)
                      security (5) kerberosv5 (2) pkinit (3) pkdata (1)

                    * The eContent field is data of the type ReplyKeyPack
                      (below).

                ii.  The certificates field must contain the certificates
                     necessary for the client to establish trust in the
                     KDC's certificate based on the list of trusted
                     certifiers sent by the client in the PA-PK-AS-REQ.
                     This field may be empty if the client did not send
                     to the KDC a list of trusted certifiers (the
                     trustedCertifiers field was empty, meaning that the
                     client already possesses the KDC's certificate).

                iii.  The signerInfos field is a SET that must contain at
                      least one member, since it contains the actual
                      signature.

    ReplyKeyPack ::= SEQUENCE {
                              -- not used for Diffie-Hellman
        replyKey             [0] EncryptionKey,
                                 -- used to encrypt main reply
                                 -- ENCTYPE is at least as strong as
                                 -- ENCTYPE of session key
        nonce                [1] INTEGER,
                                 -- binds response to the request
                                 -- must be same as the nonce
                                 -- passed in the PKAuthenticator
    }

    Since each certifier in the certification path of a user's
    certificate is equivalent to a separate Kerberos realm, the name
    of each certifier in the certificate chain must be added to the
    transited field of the ticket.  The format of these realm names is
    defined in Section 3.1 of this document.  If applicable, the
    transit-policy-checked flag should be set in the issued ticket.

    The KDC's certificate(s) must bind the public key(s) of the KDC to
    a name derivable from the name of the realm for that KDC.  X.509
    certificates shall contain the principal name of the KDC
    (defined in section 8.2 of RFC 1510) as the SubjectAltName version
    3 extension. Below is the definition of this version 3 extension,
    as specified by the X.509 standard:

        subjectAltName EXTENSION ::= {
            SYNTAX GeneralNames
            IDENTIFIED BY id-ce-subjectAltName
        }

        GeneralNames ::= SEQUENCE SIZE(1..MAX) OF GeneralName

        GeneralName ::= CHOICE {
            otherName       [0] OtherName,
            ...
        }

        OtherName ::= SEQUENCE {
            type-id         OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
            value           [0] EXPLICIT ANY DEFINED BY type-id
        }

    For the purpose of specifying a Kerberos principal name, the value
    in OtherName shall be a KerberosName as defined in RFC 1510, but with
    the PrincipalName replaced by CertPrincipalName as mentioned in
    Section 3.1:

        KerberosName ::= SEQUENCE {
            realm           [0] Realm,
            principalName   [1] CertPrincipalName  -- defined above
        }

    This specific syntax is identified within subjectAltName by setting
    the type-id in OtherName to krb5PrincipalName, where (from the
    Kerberos specification) we have

        krb5 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { iso (1)
                                     org (3)
                                     dod (6)
                                     internet (1)
                                     security (5)
                                     kerberosv5 (2) }

        krb5PrincipalName OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { krb5 2 }

    (This specification may also be used to specify a Kerberos name
    within the user's certificate.)  The KDC's certificate may be signed
    directly by a CA, or there may be intermediaries if the server resides
    within a large organization, or it may be unsigned if the client
    indicates possession (and trust) of the KDC's certificate.

    The client then extracts the random key used to encrypt the main
    reply.  This random key (in encPaReply) is encrypted with either the
    client's public key or with a key derived from the DH values
    exchanged between the client and the KDC.  The client uses this
    random key to decrypt the main reply, and subsequently proceeds as
    described in RFC 1510.

3.2.3. Required Algorithms

    Not all of the algorithms in the PKINIT protocol specification have
    to be implemented in order to comply with the proposed standard.
    Below is a list of the required algorithms:

    * Diffie-Hellman public/private key pairs
        * utilizing Diffie-Hellman ephemeral-ephemeral mode
    * SHA1 digest and DSA for signatures
    * 3-key triple DES keys derived from the Diffie-Hellman Exchange
    * 3-key triple DES Temporary and Reply keys

4.  Logistics and Policy

    This section describes a way to define the policy on the use of
    PKINIT for each principal and request.

    The KDC is not required to contain a database record for users
    who use public key authentication.  However, if these users are
    registered with the KDC, it is recommended that the database record
    for these users be modified to an additional flag in the attributes
    field to indicate that the user should authenticate using PKINIT.
    If this flag is set and a request message does not contain the
    PKINIT preauthentication field, then the KDC sends back as error of
    type KDC_ERR_PREAUTH_REQUIRED indicating that a preauthentication
    field of type PA-PK-AS-REQ must be included in the request.

5.  Security Considerations

    PKINIT raises a few security considerations, which we will address
    in this section.

    First of all, PKINIT introduces a new trust model, where KDCs do not
    (necessarily) certify the identity of those for whom they issue
    tickets.  PKINIT does allow KDCs to act as their own CAs, in the
    limited capacity of self-signing their certificates, but one of the
    additional benefits is to align Kerberos authentication with a global
    public key infrastructure.  Anyone using PKINIT in this way must be
    aware of how the certification infrastructure they are linking to
    works.

    Secondly, PKINIT also introduces the possibility of interactions
    between different cryptosystems, which may be of widely varying
    strengths.  Many systems, for instance, allow the use of 512-bit
    public keys.  Using such keys to wrap data encrypted under strong
    conventional cryptosystems, such as triple-DES, is inappropriate;
    it adds a weak link to a strong one at extra cost.  Implementors
    and administrators should take care to avoid such wasteful and
    deceptive interactions.

    Lastly, PKINIT calls for randomly generated keys for conventional
    cryptosystems.  Many such systems contain systematically "weak"
    keys.  PKINIT implementations MUST avoid use of these keys, either
    by discarding those keys when they are generated, or by fixing them
    in some way (e.g., by XORing them with a given mask).  These
    precautions vary from system to system; it is not our intention to
    give an explicit recipe for them here.

6.  Transport Issues

    Certificate chains can potentially grow quite large and span several
    UDP packets; this in turn increases the probability that a Kerberos
    message involving PKINIT extensions will be broken in transit.  In
    light of the possibility that the Kerberos specification will
    require KDCs to accept requests using TCP as a transport mechanism,
    we make the same recommendation with respect to the PKINIT
    extensions as well.

7.  Bibliography

    [1] J. Kohl, C. Neuman.  The Kerberos Network Authentication Service
    (V5).  Request for Comments 1510.

    [2] B.C. Neuman, Theodore Ts'o. Kerberos: An Authentication Service
    for Computer Networks, IEEE Communications, 32(9):33-38.  September
    1994.

    [3] B. Tung, T. Ryutov, C. Neuman, G. Tsudik, B. Sommerfeld,
    A. Medvinsky, M. Hur.  Public Key Cryptography for Cross-Realm
    Authentication in Kerberos.  draft-ietf-cat-kerberos-pk-cross-04.txt

    [4] A. Medvinsky, J. Cargille, M. Hur.  Anonymous Credentials in
    Kerberos.  draft-ietf-cat-kerberos-anoncred-00.txt

    [5] Ari Medvinsky, M. Hur, Alexander Medvinsky, B. Clifford Neuman.
    Public Key Utilizing Tickets for Application Servers (PKTAPP).
    draft-ietf-cat-pktapp-02.txt

    [6] M. Sirbu, J. Chuang.  Distributed Authentication in Kerberos
    Using Public Key Cryptography.  Symposium On Network and Distributed
    System Security, 1997.

    [7] B. Cox, J.D. Tygar, M. Sirbu.  NetBill Security and Transaction
    Protocol.  In Proceedings of the USENIX Workshop on Electronic
    Commerce, July 1995.

    [8] T. Dierks, C. Allen.  The TLS Protocol, Version 1.0
    Request for Comments 2246, January 1999.

    [9] B.C. Neuman, Proxy-Based Authorization and Accounting for
    Distributed Systems.  In Proceedings of the 13th International
    Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, May 1993.

    [10] ITU-T (formerly CCITT) Information technology - Open Systems
    Interconnection - The Directory: Authentication Framework
    Recommendation X.509 ISO/IEC 9594-8

    [11] R. Housley. Cryptographic Message Syntax.
    draft-ietf-smime-cms-13.txt, April 1999, approved for publication
    as RFC.

    [12] PKCS #7: Cryptographic Message Syntax Standard,
    An RSA Laboratories Technical Note Version 1.5
    Revised November 1, 1993

    [13] R. Rivest, MIT Laboratory for Computer Science and RSA Data
    Security, Inc. A Description of the RC2(r) Encryption Algorithm
    March 1998.
    Request for Comments 2268.

    [14] M. Wahl, S. Kille, T. Howes. Lightweight Directory Access
    Protocol (v3): UTF-8 String Representation of Distinguished Names.
    Request for Comments 2253.

    [15] R. Housley, W. Ford, W. Polk, D. Solo. Internet X.509 Public
    Key Infrastructure, Certificate and CRL Profile, January 1999.
    Request for Comments 2459.

    [16] B. Kaliski, J. Staddon. PKCS #1: RSA Cryptography
    Specifications, October 1998.  Request for Comments 2437.

    [17] S. Dusse, P. Hoffman, B. Ramsdell, J. Weinstein.  S/MIME
    Version 2 Certificate Handling, March 1998.  Request for
    Comments 2312.

    [18] M. Wahl, T. Howes, S. Kille.  Lightweight Directory Access
    Protocol (v3), December 1997.  Request for Comments 2251.

    [19] ITU-T (formerly CCITT) Information Processing Systems - Open
    Systems Interconnection - Specification of Abstract Syntax Notation
    One (ASN.1) Rec. X.680 ISO/IEC 8824-1

8.  Acknowledgements

    Some of the ideas on which this proposal is based arose during
    discussions over several years between members of the SAAG, the IETF
    CAT working group, and the PSRG, regarding integration of Kerberos
    and SPX.  Some ideas have also been drawn from the DASS system.
    These changes are by no means endorsed by these groups.  This is an
    attempt to revive some of the goals of those groups, and this
    proposal approaches those goals primarily from the Kerberos
    perspective.  Lastly, comments from groups working on similar ideas
    in DCE have been invaluable.

9.  Expiration Date

    This draft expires September 15, 2000.

10. Authors

    Brian Tung
    Clifford Neuman
    USC Information Sciences Institute
    4676 Admiralty Way Suite 1001
    Marina del Rey CA 90292-6695
    Phone: +1 310 822 1511
    E-mail: {brian, bcn}@isi.edu

    Matthew Hur
    CyberSafe Corporation
    1605 NW Sammamish Road
    Issaquah WA 98027-5378
    Phone: +1 425 391 6000
    E-mail: matt.hur@cybersafe.com

    Ari Medvinsky
    Keen.com, Inc.
    150 Independence Drive
    Menlo Park CA 94025
    Phone: +1 650 289 3134
    E-mail: ari@keen.com

    Sasha Medvinsky
    Motorola
    6450 Sequence Drive
    San Diego, CA 92121
    +1 858 404 2367 [this is correct--changed from the submitted version]
    E-mail: smedvinsky@gi.com

    John Wray
    Iris Associates, Inc.
    5 Technology Park Dr.
    Westford, MA 01886
    E-mail: John_Wray@iris.com

    Jonathan Trostle
    170 W. Tasman Dr.
    San Jose, CA 95134
    E-mail: jtrostle@cisco.com

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Ken Hornstein <kenh@cmf.nrl.navy.mil> writes:
> I think Jeff covered that one; I think that we _can_ do either uppercase,
> lowercase, or some mixed case if you really want it; the limitation is
> that there is room for only _one_ realm in any case within the DNS.

Room for one domain name entry, you mean.

What if I start with:

	myrealm.foobar.com = {
		kdc = dce-1.foobar.com:88
		kdc = dce-2.foobar.com:88
	}
	MYREALM.FOOBAR.COM = {
		kdc = kerberos-1.foobar.com:88
	}

and produce

	$ORIGIN foobar.com.
	_kerberos._udp.myrealm
			IN SRV	0 0 88 dce-1
			IN SRV	0 0 88 dce-2
			IN SRV	0 0 88 kerberos-1

and configure the servers to each handle the "other" realm by throwing
away the packet, so that the client will time out and try another
server?  That last part may be difficult, if the KDC comes without
sources.  But if I can make that happen, it's a workable solution
during a transition period, even if response may be a bit slow on
average.

Yeah, it's bending the rules a little, but once kerberos-revisions
becomes the new spec, the non-upper-case realm will already be in
outright violation of other rules, so bending the rules a little more,
and largely transparently (except that it looks like a server is
down), to make SRV actually work correctly in that bizarre case
doesn't really bother me...


Really, the only situations I can see for two separately-served realms
of the same name are:

(a) v4->v5 transitions

(b) transitioning to upper-case realm name for compliance, a special
case of renaming a realm, which we ought to have a way of addressing
(elsewhere!) anyways

(c) one organization running two realms because, for example, some of
their clients need special authorization data provided by a KDC, and
they're unwilling to be locked into a proprietary solution for the
rest of their environment, *and* they couldn't be bothered to set up a
non-confusing naming scheme for the two realms; just slap 'em upside
the head and make 'em rename one of the realms...


> I'm sure we all recall the big flamewar on this, but I can only say
> that perhaps it is an "unspecified" area of the specification.  You
> certainly have to do something.

Yes, it was just nitpicking: The server name canonicalization handling
is not so much a bug in the way the "Kerberos model" works, as
something outside its scope.  (Though perhaps I choose to define that
term more narrowly than some do.)  For example, if you do secure
lookups in your Active Directory for the canonical hostname and reject
anything not listed, that's not at all at odds with the Kerberos
model, and it's probably reasonably secure.  It's "merely" opposite
much of the past experience of UNIX and DNS users (in general, and of
Kerberos), except for those that remember the bad old days of host
tables.


> No ... and I know we had the big meta-discussion about the amount of
> V4 out there versus V5-only sites.  I would agree with Jeff: "Not
> necessary" (besides, are people going to do that much reengineering on
> V4 clients to make them support this stuff?).

It wouldn't be V4 applications, but library implementations like
MIT's, that want to -- or need to -- support v4 compatibility, which
would automatically update applications that shared libraries or get
re-linked.  *IF* we (library maintainers) want to make the
no-config-file situation work, we may need to address this...or at
least decide what our defaults are going to be regarding v4.

If krb-dns-locate isn't intended to address this, the reference to v4
should probably be dropped from the abstract.

Ken
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To: "'jaltman@columbia.edu'" <jaltman@columbia.edu>,
        Ken Raeburn
	 <raeburn@mit.edu>
Cc: ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU
Subject: RE: comments on draft-ietf-cat-krb-dns-locate-02.txt
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All Kerberos realm names for Windows 2000 domains are uppercase because they
are DNS names.

> -----Original Message-----
> From: Jeffrey Altman [mailto:jaltman@columbia.edu]
> Sent: Wednesday, March 15, 2000 12:46 PM
> To: Ken Raeburn
> Cc: ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU
> Subject: Re: comments on draft-ietf-cat-krb-dns-locate-02.txt
> 
> 
> 
> > The second is, would the administrator of foobar.ibm.com really have
> > the ability to create entries under "=i=b=m.=c=o=m." for other sites
> > to see?  I don't think so.  And, as you say, TXT response data is
> > case-preserving, so it's only in the query that this matters.
> 
> You know.  That is a very good point.  This is what I get for drinking
> too much DrPepper in order to counter balance the lack of sleep.
> 
> Clearly, this won't work, and yes.  I now agree with you.  Upper case
> realm names only.  Of course, this is going to break the default names
> that Windows 2000 generates, but ....
> 
> 
> > Security issues: The second exploit described is an exploit 
> of the MIT
> > implementation, not the Kerberos design.  The Kerberos model itself
> > provides no way of determining the realm of a host.  In 
> fact, I don't
> > think it makes any requirement that multiple services running on a
> > single host (even without multiple hostnames etc) use the same local
> > realm.
> 
> The problem is that there needs to be a way for the realm of a host to
> be determined.  That is why the DNS TXT record is used; and why MIT
> placed host/domain to realm mappings into the config files.  Of
> course, the Kerberos model does not provide any description of how
> this should be done because from the authentication perspective it is 
> not necessary.  But because these mappings are necessary and we do not
> have secure way of performing them, the exploit is an issue for all 
> Kerberos implementations.  Of course, if no host to realm mappings
> provided the exploit goes away.
> 
> > 
> > A random thought: You mention both krb4 and krb5 in the 
> abstract, but
> > do we have any way of distinguishing a v4-only vs v5-only vs v4+v5
> > site without having the info stored locally?
> 
> No.  There is nothing to distinguish a K4 KDC from a K5 KDC, and from
> my experience at Columbia there is no need to.  We distributed 10,000
> clients last Fall to users that supported K4 and K5 when our KDC was
> K4 only.  In December, we switched from K4 to K5 1.1 without the users
> even noticing.  The only thing that changed was that they now got both
> K4 and K5 tickets when they used Leash32.
> 
> 
> 
>     Jeffrey Altman * Sr.Software Designer * Kermit-95 for 
> Win32 and OS/2
>                  The Kermit Project * Columbia University
>               612 West 115th St #716 * New York, NY * 10025
>   http://www.kermit-project.org/k95.html * 
> kermit-support@kermit-project.org
> 
> 
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> server.  If you wish to unsubscribe from this mailing list, send the
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From owner-ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU  Wed Mar 15 20:25:33 2000
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Date: Wed, 15 Mar 2000 20:00:28 EST
From: Jeffrey Altman <jaltman@columbia.edu>
Reply-To: jaltman@columbia.edu
To: John Brezak <jbrezak@Exchange.Microsoft.com>
Cc: Ken Raeburn <raeburn@mit.edu>, ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU
Subject: RE: comments on draft-ietf-cat-krb-dns-locate-02.txt
In-Reply-To: Your message of Wed, 15 Mar 2000 16:48:06 -0800
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> All Kerberos realm names for Windows 2000 domains are uppercase because they
> are DNS names.

I'm not sure I understand this.  How does a name being a DNS name
result in it being an upper case realm name?

I made my comment based on the fact that when I installed Win2000
it defaulted to a realm name with only upper cased first characters of
each segment.  But perhaps that was just the user presentation and you
always uppercase behind the scenes.


> > -----Original Message-----
> > From: Jeffrey Altman [mailto:jaltman@columbia.edu]
> > Sent: Wednesday, March 15, 2000 12:46 PM
> > To: Ken Raeburn
> > Cc: ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU
> > Subject: Re: comments on draft-ietf-cat-krb-dns-locate-02.txt
> > 
> > 
> > 
> > > The second is, would the administrator of foobar.ibm.com really have
> > > the ability to create entries under "=i=b=m.=c=o=m." for other sites
> > > to see?  I don't think so.  And, as you say, TXT response data is
> > > case-preserving, so it's only in the query that this matters.
> > 
> > You know.  That is a very good point.  This is what I get for drinking
> > too much DrPepper in order to counter balance the lack of sleep.
> > 
> > Clearly, this won't work, and yes.  I now agree with you.  Upper case
> > realm names only.  Of course, this is going to break the default names
> > that Windows 2000 generates, but ....
> > 
> > 
> > > Security issues: The second exploit described is an exploit 
> > of the MIT
> > > implementation, not the Kerberos design.  The Kerberos model itself
> > > provides no way of determining the realm of a host.  In 
> > fact, I don't
> > > think it makes any requirement that multiple services running on a
> > > single host (even without multiple hostnames etc) use the same local
> > > realm.
> > 
> > The problem is that there needs to be a way for the realm of a host to
> > be determined.  That is why the DNS TXT record is used; and why MIT
> > placed host/domain to realm mappings into the config files.  Of
> > course, the Kerberos model does not provide any description of how
> > this should be done because from the authentication perspective it is 
> > not necessary.  But because these mappings are necessary and we do not
> > have secure way of performing them, the exploit is an issue for all 
> > Kerberos implementations.  Of course, if no host to realm mappings
> > provided the exploit goes away.
> > 
> > > 
> > > A random thought: You mention both krb4 and krb5 in the 
> > abstract, but
> > > do we have any way of distinguishing a v4-only vs v5-only vs v4+v5
> > > site without having the info stored locally?
> > 
> > No.  There is nothing to distinguish a K4 KDC from a K5 KDC, and from
> > my experience at Columbia there is no need to.  We distributed 10,000
> > clients last Fall to users that supported K4 and K5 when our KDC was
> > K4 only.  In December, we switched from K4 to K5 1.1 without the users
> > even noticing.  The only thing that changed was that they now got both
> > K4 and K5 tickets when they used Leash32.
> > 
> > 
> > 
> >     Jeffrey Altman * Sr.Software Designer * Kermit-95 for 
> > Win32 and OS/2
> >                  The Kermit Project * Columbia University
> >               612 West 115th St #716 * New York, NY * 10025
> >   http://www.kermit-project.org/k95.html * 
> > kermit-support@kermit-project.org
> > 
> > 
> > -++**==--++**==--++**==--++**==--++**==--++**==--++**==
> > This message was posted through the Stanford campus mailing list
> > server.  If you wish to unsubscribe from this mailing list, send the
> > message body of "unsubscribe ietf-cat-wg" to 
> > majordomo@lists.stanford.edu
> > 
> 



    Jeffrey Altman * Sr.Software Designer * Kermit-95 for Win32 and OS/2
                 The Kermit Project * Columbia University
              612 West 115th St #716 * New York, NY * 10025
  http://www.kermit-project.org/k95.html * kermit-support@kermit-project.org


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From owner-ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU  Wed Mar 15 21:14:16 2000
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From: John Brezak <jbrezak@Exchange.Microsoft.com>
To: "'jaltman@columbia.edu'" <jaltman@columbia.edu>
Cc: Ken Raeburn <raeburn@mit.edu>, ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU
Subject: RE: comments on draft-ietf-cat-krb-dns-locate-02.txt
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As per kerberos-revisions, "... (DNS) Domain names must be converted to
uppersace when used as realm names." Since a Windows 2000 domain name is a
DNS domain name, we follow this rule.

When using a Windows 2000 domain name as a realm, it is always used in its
uppercase form. Internally we preserve the case that was typed when it was
created, but we aren't case sensitive. When using the domain name in UI, we
use the "typed" case.

> -----Original Message-----
> From: Jeffrey Altman [mailto:jaltman@columbia.edu]
> Sent: Wednesday, March 15, 2000 5:00 PM
> To: John Brezak
> Cc: Ken Raeburn; ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU
> Subject: RE: comments on draft-ietf-cat-krb-dns-locate-02.txt
> 
> 
> > All Kerberos realm names for Windows 2000 domains are 
> uppercase because they
> > are DNS names.
> 
> I'm not sure I understand this.  How does a name being a DNS name
> result in it being an upper case realm name?
> 
> I made my comment based on the fact that when I installed Win2000
> it defaulted to a realm name with only upper cased first characters of
> each segment.  But perhaps that was just the user presentation and you
> always uppercase behind the scenes.
> 
> 
> > > -----Original Message-----
> > > From: Jeffrey Altman [mailto:jaltman@columbia.edu]
> > > Sent: Wednesday, March 15, 2000 12:46 PM
> > > To: Ken Raeburn
> > > Cc: ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU
> > > Subject: Re: comments on draft-ietf-cat-krb-dns-locate-02.txt
> > > 
> > > 
> > > 
> > > > The second is, would the administrator of 
> foobar.ibm.com really have
> > > > the ability to create entries under "=i=b=m.=c=o=m." 
> for other sites
> > > > to see?  I don't think so.  And, as you say, TXT 
> response data is
> > > > case-preserving, so it's only in the query that this matters.
> > > 
> > > You know.  That is a very good point.  This is what I get 
> for drinking
> > > too much DrPepper in order to counter balance the lack of sleep.
> > > 
> > > Clearly, this won't work, and yes.  I now agree with you. 
>  Upper case
> > > realm names only.  Of course, this is going to break the 
> default names
> > > that Windows 2000 generates, but ....
> > > 
> > > 
> > > > Security issues: The second exploit described is an exploit 
> > > of the MIT
> > > > implementation, not the Kerberos design.  The Kerberos 
> model itself
> > > > provides no way of determining the realm of a host.  In 
> > > fact, I don't
> > > > think it makes any requirement that multiple services 
> running on a
> > > > single host (even without multiple hostnames etc) use 
> the same local
> > > > realm.
> > > 
> > > The problem is that there needs to be a way for the realm 
> of a host to
> > > be determined.  That is why the DNS TXT record is used; 
> and why MIT
> > > placed host/domain to realm mappings into the config files.  Of
> > > course, the Kerberos model does not provide any description of how
> > > this should be done because from the authentication 
> perspective it is 
> > > not necessary.  But because these mappings are necessary 
> and we do not
> > > have secure way of performing them, the exploit is an 
> issue for all 
> > > Kerberos implementations.  Of course, if no host to realm mappings
> > > provided the exploit goes away.
> > > 
> > > > 
> > > > A random thought: You mention both krb4 and krb5 in the 
> > > abstract, but
> > > > do we have any way of distinguishing a v4-only vs 
> v5-only vs v4+v5
> > > > site without having the info stored locally?
> > > 
> > > No.  There is nothing to distinguish a K4 KDC from a K5 
> KDC, and from
> > > my experience at Columbia there is no need to.  We 
> distributed 10,000
> > > clients last Fall to users that supported K4 and K5 when 
> our KDC was
> > > K4 only.  In December, we switched from K4 to K5 1.1 
> without the users
> > > even noticing.  The only thing that changed was that they 
> now got both
> > > K4 and K5 tickets when they used Leash32.
> > > 
> > > 
> > > 
> > >     Jeffrey Altman * Sr.Software Designer * Kermit-95 for 
> > > Win32 and OS/2
> > >                  The Kermit Project * Columbia University
> > >               612 West 115th St #716 * New York, NY * 10025
> > >   http://www.kermit-project.org/k95.html * 
> > > kermit-support@kermit-project.org
> > > 
> > > 
> > > -++**==--++**==--++**==--++**==--++**==--++**==--++**==
> > > This message was posted through the Stanford campus mailing list
> > > server.  If you wish to unsubscribe from this mailing 
> list, send the
> > > message body of "unsubscribe ietf-cat-wg" to 
> > > majordomo@lists.stanford.edu
> > > 
> > 
> 
> 
> 
>     Jeffrey Altman * Sr.Software Designer * Kermit-95 for 
> Win32 and OS/2
>                  The Kermit Project * Columbia University
>               612 West 115th St #716 * New York, NY * 10025
>   http://www.kermit-project.org/k95.html * 
> kermit-support@kermit-project.org
> 
> 
> -++**==--++**==--++**==--++**==--++**==--++**==--++**==
> This message was posted through the Stanford campus mailing list
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From owner-ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU  Thu Mar 16 16:10:50 2000
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From: "Linn, John" <jlinn@rsasecurity.com>
To: "'Brian Tung'" <brian@zot.isi.edu>, ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU
Subject: RE: draft-ietf-cat-kerberos-pk-init-11.txt
Date: Thu, 16 Mar 2000 15:52:16 -0500
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Brian wrote, excerpting: 

> 
> We would like to push for working group last call.  The active parties
> have reached consensus.
> 
> b
> 

The WG position of record has been that pk-init and kerberos-revisions are
interrelated documents and therefore should be considered in a parallel WG
last call once they're both ready, so (assuming these premises still hold)
we should probably assess the readiness of both.  BTW, newly revised
versions of both of these documents appear to be available now, at
http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-cat-kerberos-pk-init-11.txt
and
http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-cat-kerberos-revisions-05.txt
, though I haven't yet seen the corresponding I-D action messages announcing
them.

--jl
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A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories.
This draft is a work item of the Common Authentication Technology Working Group of the IETF.

	Title		: The Kerberos Network Authentication Service (V5)
	Author(s)	: C. Neuman, G. Kohl, T. Ts'o
	Filename	: draft-ietf-cat-kerberos-revisions-05.txt
	Pages		: 103
	Date		: 15-Mar-00
	
This document provides an overview and specification of Version 5 of the
Kerberos protocol, and updates RFC1510 to clarify aspects of the protocol and its intended use that require more detailed or clearer explanation than was provided in RFC1510. This document is intended to provide a detailed description of the protocol, suitable for implementation, together with descriptions of the appropriate use of protocol messages and fields within those messages. 
This document is not intended to describe Kerberos to the end user, system administrator, or application developer. Higher level papers describing Version 5 of the Kerberos system [NT94] and documenting version 4 [SNS88], are available elsewhere.

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From owner-ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU  Thu Mar 16 16:39:35 2000
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A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories.
This draft is a work item of the Common Authentication Technology Working Group of the IETF.

	Title		: Public Key Cryptography for Initial Authentication in 
                          Kerberos
	Author(s)	: B. Tung et.al
	Filename	: draft-ietf-cat-kerberos-pk-init-11.txt
	Pages		: 18
	Date		: 15-Mar-00
	
This document defines extensions (PKINIT) to the Kerberos protocol
specification (RFC 1510 [1]) to provide a method for using public
key cryptography during initial authentication.  The methods
defined specify the ways in which preauthentication data fields and
error data fields in Kerberos messages are to be used to transport
public key data.

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From owner-ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU  Thu Mar 16 18:16:27 2000
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From: Ken Raeburn <raeburn@mit.edu>
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Mostly without even looking at Kerberos stuff per se, some initial
complaints:

This tome has no table of contents or index, making it hard to find
anything in printed copy.  (Okay, call me old-fashioned, I print some
of these suckers out.)

There's no change history, indicating what's changed from the previous
draft, or more importantly, from RFC1510.  I'm starting to do some
diffs against -04, filtering out formatting changes...

Starting in section 6, everything is indented too far.  (A minor
thing, but it's messing up my diffs beyond that point.)

It still refers to draft-horowitz-key-derivation-02.txt, but that has
long since expired.

Ken
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From owner-ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU  Thu Mar 16 19:19:11 2000
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After a couple hours or so of reindenting, refilling, filtering of
whitespace changes, and manual edits, I've finally got a description
of what's changed since -04.  All hail Emacs! :-)

Of course, a description of what's changed since RFC 1510 would be
good too, but I don't feel up to trying that today.


Here are what I consider the semantically significant changes to the
text:

In 1.2 (Authorization):

Added: "Separately authenticated authorization credentials may be
embedded in a tickets authorization data when encapsulated by the
kdc-issued authorization data element."

In 5.3.1 (Tickets):

The addition of the "extensions" field is no longer "still subject to
discussion".

Authorization-data field can now be used to amplify privileges "when
an entry is separately authenticated by encap[s]ulation in the
kdc-issued element".

As an alternative to the authorization grantor using
authorization_data to add restrictions to authority delegated to a
proxy, "such authorization credentials may be embedded in the ticket
authenticating the authorized entity, when the authorization is
separately authenticated using the kdc-issued authorization data
element (see B.4)".  (Section B.4 hasn't changed.)

In 5.9.1 (KRB_ERROR definition):

Optional field e-typed-data of KRB_ERROR, previously marked for
deletion, has been deleted.

In 6 (Encryption and Checksum Specifications):

The description of using block ciphers to simulate stream ciphers now
mentions "triple DES variants" as well as DES.

In 6.1 (Encryption Specifications):

The format of the data to be encrypted is no longer required to be the
one given, but any other "methods" (meaning encryption mechanisms, I
assume) that do otherwise must indicate the layout they use as part of
their definitions.

In 6.3.5 (Triple DES...):

Incorporates revisions by David Miller.

Not using key derivation is now an option.  The previously assigned
numbers are for the KD form, new numbers assigned for non-KD.

String-to-key conversion is now specified.  Input string is UNICODE.

HMAC is required, not merely recommended, as the hash.

Lots of changes; look it up yourself.  :-)

In 8.3 (Protocol constants and associated values):

Encryption types: sign-dsa-generate deleted, des3 and rc4 values
assigned.

Checksum types: RSA values commented with "(drop rsa?)", added non-kd
des3.

Preauth data types: PA-ENC-UNIX-TYPE commented as deprecated, "PA-"
prefix added to several entries, PA-SAM-ETYPE-INFO and several PA-PK
values added.

Authorization-data types: AD-OSF-DCE-PKI-CERTID added.

Several entries now "<reserved>" numbers were previously just badly
formatted table entries.  (Broken HTML source?)

In 9.1 (Specification 2):

Added "one triple des variant (tbd)" to required encryption types.
Added "(tbd)" to required checksum types?
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From owner-ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU  Sun Mar 19 03:18:34 2000
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Is the key-derivation draft going to get re-issued?  Marc?

Considering the operations described in
draft-ietf-cat-kerberos-passwords-04 (is this gonna get updated?),
perhaps we should also add descriptions on how to generate keys given
two independent keys as input, rather than a key and a small-integer
usage value?  I.e., make it part of the complete specification of a
Kerberos cryptosystem?

Ken
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From owner-ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU  Mon Mar 20 18:26:06 2000
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From: The IESG <iesg-secretary@ietf.org>
Subject: Protocol Action: LIPKEY - A Low Infrastructure Public Key
	 Mechanism Using SPKM to Proposed Standard
Date: Mon, 20 Mar 2000 09:47:24 -0500
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The IESG has approved the Internet-Draft 'LIPKEY - A Low Infrastructure
Public Key Mechanism Using SPKM' <draft-ietf-cat-lipkey-03.txt> as a
Proposed Standard.  This document is the product of the Common
Authentication Technology Working Group.  The IESG contact persons are
Jeffrey Schiller and Marcus Leech.

 
Technical Summary
 
The Simple Public Key Mechanism (SPKM) is a GSSAPI mechanism that
makes use of public/private key pairs to provide authentication within
the context of the GSSAPI. LIPKEY is an extension that requires only
one side of the association (nominally the server) to have a public
key certificate. The client side can use a password, which will be
encrypted, for authentication. LIPKEY provides the GSSAPI equivalent
of going to a Web Site via TLS and performing client authentication
via a password (which is encrypted by TLS). This approach has the
property that only servers have to obtain and deal with public key
certificates.

Working Group Summary

The working group supports this document.

Protocol Quality

Jeff Schiller has reviewed this document for the IESG and found no
flaws in the protocol.


Note to RFC Editor:

Please arrange with the IANA for the assignment of three OIDs
under the IETF arc and edit this document (sections 2.1, 2.3.1, and 4.1) to
include the newly assigned OIDs"

Also change the following references:

From:

    [RSA-IP]  Unidentified member of IETF's Public-Key Infrastructure
              (X.509) Working Group (Undated, but no later than 1999).
              "RSA's unofficial statement pertaining to PKIX."
              http://www.ietf.org/ietf/IPR/PKIX-RSA

To:

    [RSA-IP]  All statements received by the IETF Secretariat are
              places on-line in http://www.ietf.org/ipr.html.  Please
              check this web page to see any IPR information received
              about this and other technology.

From:

    [Young]   Young, E.A. (1997). "Index of /archives/net/Crypto/libeay."
              http://ring.crl.go.jp/archives/net/Crypto/libeay/

To:

    [Young]   Young, E.A. (1997). Collected timing results from the SSLeay
              source code distribution.
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From owner-ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU  Mon Mar 20 18:26:40 2000
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From: The IESG <iesg-secretary@ietf.org>
Subject: Protocol Action: Generic Security Service API Version 2 : Java
	 bindings to Proposed Standard
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The IESG has approved the Internet-Draft 'Generic Security Service API
Version 2 : Java bindings' <draft-ietf-cat-gssv2-javabind-05.txt> as a
Proposed Standard.  This document is the product of the Common
Authentication Technology Working Group.

The IESG contact persons are Jeffrey Schiller and Marcus Leech.

 
Technical Summary
 
The GSSAPI provides uniform access to security services layered on top
of a variety of underlying cryptographic mechanisms. The GSSAPI and a
set of "C" Language bindings already exist. This document provides for
the Java language bindings for Java programmers to make use of GSSAPI
facilities.

Working Group Summary

The working group supports this document. Significant discussion was
had about various alternatives to this implementation. This document
represents the consensus view reached after weighing the benefits and
costs of the various alternatives.

Protocol Quality

Jeff Schiller has reviewed this document for the IESG and found no
flaws in the protocol. It was also reviewed from the standpoint of how
it would fit into the Java platform architecture.
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Subject: your imaging supplies
Date: Mon, 20 Mar 2000 02:00:33
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BENCHMARK SUPPLY
5334 LAKE VIEW CLUB
ATLANTA GA 30338

***LASER PRINTER TONER CARTRIDGES***
***FAX AND COPIER TONER***
 
WE ACCEPT GOVERNMENT, SCHOOL & UNIVERSITY PURCHASE ORDERS
JUST LEAVE YOUR PO # WITH CORRECT BILLING & SHIPPING ADDRESS

   CHECK OUT OUR NEW CARTRIDGE PRICES :
 

APPLE 
 
  LASER WRITER  PRO 600 OR 16/600         $69
  LASER WRITER SELECT 300,310.360         $69
  LASER WRITER 300, 320                   $54 
  LASER WRITER LS,NT,2NTX,2F,2G & 2SC     $54 
  LASER WRITER 12/640                     $79 

HEWLETT PACKARD 

  LASERJET SERIES 2,3 & 3D (95A)          $49 
  LASERJET SERIES  2P AND 3P (75A)        $54 
  LASERJET SERIES 3SI AND 4SI (91A)       $75 
  LASERJET SERIES 4L AND 4P               $49 
  LASERJET SERIES 4, 4M, 5, 5M, 4+ (98A)  $59 
  LASERJET SERIES 4000 HIGH YIELD  (27X)  $99 
  LASERJET SERIES 4V                      $95 
  LASERJET SERIES 5SI , 8000              $95 
  LASERJET SERIES 5L AND 6L               $49 
  LASERJET SERIES 5P, 5MP, 6P, 6MP        $59 
  LASERJET SERIES 5000 (29A)             $135
  LASERJET SERIES 1100 (92A)              $49 
  LASERJET SERIES 2100 (96A)              $89
  LASERJET SERIES 8100 (82X)		 $145


HP LASERFAX 

  LASERFAX 500, 700, FX1,                 $59 
  LASERFAX 5000, 7000, FX2,               $59 
  LASERFAX  FX3                           $69 
  LASERFAX  FX4                           $79 
 

LEXMARK 

  OPTRA  4019, 4029  HIGH YIELD          $135 
  OPTRA R, 4039, 4049 HIGH YIELD         $135 
  OPTRA S 4059 HIGH YIELD                $135 
  OPTRA E                                 $59 
  OPTRA  N                               $115 
 

EPSON 

  EPL-7000, 8000                         $105 
  EPL-1000, 1500                         $105 
 

CANON 

  LBP-430                                 $49 
  LBP-460, 465                            $59 
  LBP-8 II                                $54 
  LBP-LX                                  $54 
  LBP-MX                                  $95 
  LBP-AX                                  $49 
  LBP-EX                                  $59 
  LBP-SX                                  $49 
  LBP-BX                                  $95 
  LBP-PX                                  $49 
  LBP-WX                                  $95 
  LBP-VX                                  $59 
  CANON FAX L700 THRU L790 FX1            $59 
  CANONFAX L5000 L70000  FX2              $59 
 

CANON COPIERS 

  PC 20, 25 ETC....                       $89 
  PC 3, 6RE, 7, 11  (A30)                 $69 
  PC 320 THRU 780  (E40)                  $89 
 

NEC 

  SERIES 2 LASER MODEL 90,95             $105


PLEASE NOTE:

1) ALL OUR CARTRIDGES ARE GENUINE OEM CARTRIDGES.
2) WE DO NOT SEND OUT CATALOGS OR PRICE LISTS 
3) WE DO NOT FAX QUOTES OR PRICE LISTS.  
4) WE DO NOT SELL TO RESELLERS OR BUY FROM DISTRIBUTERS
5) WE DO NOT CARRY: BROTHER-MINOLTA-KYOSERA-PANASONIC PRODUCTS
6) WE DO NOT CARRY: XEROX-FUJITSU-OKIDATA OR SHARP PRODUCTS
7) WE DO NOT CARRY ANY COLOR PRINTER SUPPLIES    
8) WE DO NOT CARRY DESKJET/INKJET OR BUBBLEJET SUPPLIES
9) WE DO NOT BUY FROM OR SELL TO RECYCLERS OR REMANUFACTURERS



               

****OUR  ORDER LINE IS 770-399-0953 ****

****OUR CUSTOMER SERVICE  LINE IS 800-586-0540****
****OUR E-MAIL REMOVAL AND COMPLAINT LINE IS 888-494-8597****

****PLACE YOUR ORDER AS FOLLOWS**** :

BY PHONE   770-399-0953 

BY FAX:    770-698-9700 
BY MAIL:   BENCHMARK PRINT SUPPLY
           7540 BRIDGEGATE COURT
,          ATLANTA GA 30350

MAKE SURE YOU INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION IN YOUR ORDER: 

             1)  YOUR PHONE NUMBER 
             2)  COMPANY NAME 
             3)  SHIPPING ADDRESS 
             4)  YOUR NAME 
             5)  ITEMS NEEDED WITH QUANTITIES 
             6)  METHOD OF PAYMENT. (COD OR CREDIT CARD) 
             7)  CREDIT CARD NUMBER WITH EXPIRATION DATE 

 
1) WE SHIP UPS GROUND. ADD $4.5 FOR SHIPPING AND HANDLING.
2) COD CHECK ORDERS ADD $3.5 TO YOUR SHIPPING COST.
2) WE ACCEPT ALL MAJOR CREDIT CARD OR "COD" ORDERS.
3) OUR STANDARD MERCHANDISE REFUND POLICY IS NET 30 DAYS
4) OUR STANDARD MERCHANDISE REPLCAMENT POLICY IS NET 90 DAYS. 


NOTE NUMBER (1): 

PLEASE DO NOT CALL OUR ORDER LINE TO REMOVE YOUR E-MAIL 
ADDRESS OR COMPLAIN. OUR ORDER LINE IS NOT SETUP TO FORWARD 
YOUR E-MAIL ADDRESS REMOVAL REQUESTS OR PROCESS YOUR 
COMPLAINTS..IT WOULD BE A WASTED PHONE CALL.YOUR ADDRESS 
WOULD NOT BE REMOVED AND YOUR COMPLAINTS WOULD NOT BE 
HANDLED.PLEASE CALL OUR TOLL FREE E-MAIL REMOVAL AND 
COMPLAINT LINE TO DO THAT.

NOTE NUMBER (2):

OUR E-MAIL RETURN ADDRESS IS NOT SETUP TO ANSWER ANY 
QUESTIONS YOU MIGHT HAVE REGARDING OUR PRODUCTS. OUR E-MAIL 
RETURN ADDRESS IS ALSO NOT SETUP TO TAKE ANY ORDERS AT 
THIS TIME. PLEASE CALL THE ORDER LINE TO PLACE YOUR ORDER
 OR HAVE ANY QUESTIONS ANSWERED. OTHERWISE PLEASE CALL OUR 
CUSTOMER SERCICE LINE.







 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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From owner-ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU  Fri Mar 24 02:04:48 2000
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Date: Fri, 24 Mar 2000 01:31:53 -0500
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To: cat-ietf@mit.edu
From: <jack@hamster.com>
Subject: Your website and HAMSTER.COM!
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Hey!
 
I just visited your site http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/rfc/rfc2228.html , and found it quite interesting :>
I'm running this program called -Hamster ADS- which pays up to 20 cents per unique visitor & 5 cents per
click on TEXT ADS which can fit right into your site perfectly.

We cut checks to our webmasters EVERY friday and I'm sure you will be very interested :> 
Check us out @ http://www.hamster.com

If you have any questions email me at jack@hamster.com
Hope to see you on our program soon!

Thanks for your time.
Jack
http://www.hamster.com
jack@hamster.com
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From owner-ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU  Thu Mar 30 15:24:43 2000
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Date: Thu, 30 Mar 2000 11:56:30 -0800 (PST)
From: Booker Bense <bbense@networking.stanford.edu>
To: ietf-cat-wg@lists.Stanford.EDU
Subject: Re: comments on kerberos-revisions-05.txt
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- I have some quibble with Section 7.1 realm names. 

     Domain names must look like domain names: they consist of components
     separated by periods (.) and they contain neither colons (:) nor
     slashes (/). Domain names must be converted to upper case when used as
     realm names.

- This is going to make my life very difficult, ( and perhaps other sites
foolish enough to get trapped in DCE ). I think that there is a pretty 
strong case that for user inaction, a principal should just 
"look like an email address". 99.99999% of the world is used to using 
lower case for the domain part of email addresses. 

- It's a whole lot easier to tell some one over the phone "just type in
your email address" than to explain the oddities of some RFC. While this
issue can be addressed in software, I think it would be better to simply
state that 
	
	"Domain based realm names are case-insentive and follow the rules
for DNS names (see RFCXXXX)". 

- This halfway position (i.e. realm names are case-sensitive, but you
can't use lower case ) makes very little sense to me. 

- Booker C. Bense   


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