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From: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
To: Greg Hudson <ghudson@mit.edu>
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Subject: [kitten]  WGLC of draft-ietf-kitten-gss-loop-00
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--bcaec53d5f0f49e8cb0506c71fa0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8

The ambiguity in GSS_Process_context_token() may be easily resolved,
perhaps: it returns GSS_S_COMPLETE when a context deletion token is
processed correctly, and a minor status indicating something about what
happend, and if the context was terminated by the async context token, then
the application will find out on the next GSS call, which should preferably
be one to GSS_Inquire_context(), or from the way the error token was framed
by the peer.

--bcaec53d5f0f49e8cb0506c71fa0
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

The ambiguity in GSS_Process_context_token() may be easily resolved, perhap=
s: it returns GSS_S_COMPLETE when a context deletion token is processed cor=
rectly, and a minor status indicating something about what happend, and if =
the context was terminated by the async context token, then the application=
 will find out on the next GSS call, which should preferably be one to GSS_=
Inquire_context(), or from the way the error token was framed by the peer.

--bcaec53d5f0f49e8cb0506c71fa0--


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Date: Sat, 01 Nov 2014 10:55:26 -0400
From: Greg Hudson <ghudson@mit.edu>
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To: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
References: <543EA410.5000508@cisco.com> <20141027203931.GA16952@localhost> <alpine.GSO.1.10.1410311302461.27826@multics.mit.edu> <20141031231321.GA7913@localhost> <545435FF.9030502@mit.edu> <20141101060755.GB7913@localhost>
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Responding point-by-point is causing miscommunication (specifically, in
several places you assumed that I was arguing with you when I was
agreeing), so I am going to address just one point and then re-summarize
the gss_process_context_token issue.

On 11/01/2014 02:07 AM, Nico Williams wrote:
> If we're not out to improve the state of the world, then what are we
> doing.

This draft was conceived of as a document that application protocol
specs can refer to so that they don't have to go on at length about how
implementations should perform GSS context negotiation.  As such, it is
informational and does not update RFC 2743.  It sounds like you oppose
publication of a document with only that scope, and instead want a
normative document with the ability to clarify and perhaps even change
RFC 2743.  I do not have a strong opinion on this question.

I agree that better diagnostics would be possible if, when processing
the last message in an exchange, an endpoint could generate an error
token to be processed by the other endpoint after context establishment.
 However:

1. I believe that mechanisms are not currently doing that (though I only
have high certainty with regard to the krb5 mech).

2. I believe with high certainty that applications are not currently
doing that.  The search results for gss_process_context_token are all
provider, no consumer.

3. I believe that some--perhaps most--GSS-using protocols, do not even
have a way to transport such error tokens.

4. The RFC 2743 specification of gss_process_context_token is broken for
this purpose (and for any purpose), in the following ways:

* It suggests that the token might result in context termination, but
does not specify that this always occurs.  It does not give the caller a
way to know whether the context is still alive or not.  It does not
specify whether the caller should still release the handle with
gss_delete_sec_context afterwards.

* It does not admit a way to communicate error information from a token
to the caller.

We can reasonably amend the specification of gss_process_context_token
to address these flaws, and then document that future protocols should
allow it and future implementations should do it.  In order to do so
with the gss-loop document, we would need to expand its scope such that
it is standard-track and updates RFC 2743.

If we decide to do that, then there are a few options for how we fix it.
 Modifying the function signature in the C bindings is not reasonable,
so we must assume the current signature which does not allow us to null
out the caller's context handle.  Therefore, that handle must remain a
valid C pointer (or table index or whatever, but real-world
implementations use pointers), and the caller must eventually call
gss_delete_sec_context to release it.  The remaining questions are:

* Should the caller assume that the context is dead (except for needing
to be released), or should it make no such assumption?  If the former,
should it assume that for all major return codes or only for some?  I do
not have a strong preference yet.  If the latter, I think we all agree
that future calls on that context handle (other than
gss_delete_sec_context) should result in GSS_S_NO_CONTEXT.

* Should properly validated error tokens result in GSS_S_COMPLETE with a
minor code, in GSS_S_FAILURE specifically, or in perhaps any of the
major codes which gss_init/accept_sec_context could return on an error
token?  The first option is weird for GSSAPI.  The third option is the
most programmatically informative to the caller, and is no less cleanly
delineated than the error results for init/accept_sec_context, so that
would be my preference.


From nobody Sat Nov  1 14:59:44 2014
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Date: Sat, 1 Nov 2014 16:59:40 -0500
From: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
To: Greg Hudson <ghudson@mit.edu>
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References: <543EA410.5000508@cisco.com> <20141027203931.GA16952@localhost> <alpine.GSO.1.10.1410311302461.27826@multics.mit.edu> <20141031231321.GA7913@localhost> <545435FF.9030502@mit.edu> <20141101060755.GB7913@localhost> <5454F45E.1030508@mit.edu>
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On Sat, Nov 01, 2014 at 10:55:26AM -0400, Greg Hudson wrote:
> On 11/01/2014 02:07 AM, Nico Williams wrote:
> > If we're not out to improve the state of the world, then what are we
> > doing.
> 
> This draft was conceived of as a document that application protocol
> specs can refer to so that they don't have to go on at length about how
> implementations should perform GSS context negotiation.  As such, it is
> informational and does not update RFC 2743.  It sounds like you oppose

I'm not proposing that we update RFC2743.

I'm pointing out where this I-D diverges from RFC2743.  You're not
ackowledging this.  Please address that point without reference to
anyone's desire, real or imagined, to update RFC2743.

(Perhaps you thought that my asides about the ambiguities I see in
RFC2743 were me calling for updating it.  They weren't.)

Nico
-- 


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Date: Sat, 01 Nov 2014 18:39:20 -0400
From: Greg Hudson <ghudson@mit.edu>
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On 11/01/2014 05:59 PM, Nico Williams wrote:
> I'm not proposing that we update RFC2743.
> 
> I'm pointing out where this I-D diverges from RFC2743.  You're not
> ackowledging this.

I acknowledge that RFC 2743 does mention post-establishment error tokens
in its description of gss_process_context_token.  However, this part of
RFC 2743 is broken (not ambiguous, broken) and everyone ignores it.
According to the current spec, an application calling
gss_process_context_token (1) does not receive error information from
the token, and (2) does not know whether the context handle is still
active and whether it is allowed to make further calls on that handle to
find out.


From nobody Sun Nov  2 14:06:06 2014
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References: <543EA410.5000508@cisco.com> <20141027203931.GA16952@localhost> <alpine.GSO.1.10.1410311302461.27826@multics.mit.edu> <20141031231321.GA7913@localhost> <545435FF.9030502@mit.edu> <20141101060755.GB7913@localhost> <5454F45E.1030508@mit.edu> <20141101215938.GC7913@localhost> <54556118.4070902@mit.edu>
Date: Sun, 2 Nov 2014 16:06:00 -0600
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From: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
To: Greg Hudson <ghudson@mit.edu>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] WGLC of draft-ietf-kitten-gss-loop-00
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On Sat, Nov 1, 2014 at 5:39 PM, Greg Hudson <ghudson@mit.edu> wrote:
> On 11/01/2014 05:59 PM, Nico Williams wrote:
>> I'm not proposing that we update RFC2743.
>>
>> I'm pointing out where this I-D diverges from RFC2743.  You're not
>> ackowledging this.
>
> I acknowledge that RFC 2743 does mention post-establishment error tokens
> in its description of gss_process_context_token.  However, this part of
> RFC 2743 is broken (not ambiguous, broken) and everyone ignores it.
> According to the current spec, an application calling
> gss_process_context_token (1) does not receive error information from
> the token, and (2) does not know whether the context handle is still
> active and whether it is allowed to make further calls on that handle to
> find out.

[Now we're communicating.]

I don't agree.

First, the application can get error token information in the minor
status code result from GSS_Process_context_token().  Nothing in the
two RFCs prohibits returning a non-zero minor status code when
returning GSS_S_COMPLETE as the major status code.

Second, both existing cases of asynchronous context tokens denote that
the context is no longer usable (though GSS_Process_context_token()
does not itself delete the security context).

I don't see the problem.

Nico
--


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From: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
To: Greg Hudson <ghudson@mit.edu>
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I.e, I think RFC2743 is not sufficiently specific as to how async
error tokens are handled, but it's clear that they can occur, and
there's enough text to strongly imply the missing details, and the
simplest interpretation turns out to be simple enough.

To ignore this would be akin to making this I-D update RFC2743.

Nico
--


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Date: Sun, 2 Nov 2014 19:09:10 -0500 (EST)
From: Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@MIT.EDU>
To: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] WGLC of draft-ietf-kitten-gss-loop-00
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I'll try to trim bits that have been elucidated by later parts of the
thread.

On Fri, 31 Oct 2014, Nico Williams wrote:

> On Fri, Oct 31, 2014 at 05:58:05PM -0400, Benjamin Kaduk wrote:
> > On Mon, 27 Oct 2014, Nico Williams wrote:
>
> > >  - We should say, in the intro, something about the expectation that the
> > >    application will add such things as:
> > >
> > >     - authentication + authorization success/failure messages
> >
> > I'm not entirely convinced about this.  We don't even necessarily know
> > that there is a user to see such messages.
>
> The message could be a boolean (success/fail), but it's necessary in
> many (but not all) applications.

I've started leaning towards thinking that it's worth finding a place to
list some things that are required of an application (protocol) using the
GSS-API which are not otherwise mentioned in the rest of the document;
things like authorization checks and the ability to convey error
information.

> > >  - Section 2.3, what is a "synchronous TCP channel"?
>
> That's very non-obvious.  You want an antonym for "multiplexed", I
> think.

I went with "dedicated".

> > [...].  How
> > about:
> >           The application protocol may also include a facility for
> >           indicating errors from one party to the other, which can be
> >           used to convey errors resulting from GSS-API calls, when
> >           appropriate.  Note that GSS major and minor status codes
> >           are specified by language bindings, not the abstract API,
> >           so may not be directly interpretable by the other peer.

[lots of diatribe trimmed]

So, this text is supposed to be about what the application (protocol) does
*when it didn't get an error token from the GSS implementation*.
If you get a token, of course send it, but there can be situations where
the local state is in error but there is no token to send.  It's still
useful to convey some error information in this case, and that's most of
what the "when appropriate" is supposed to be saying.

>  "...should assume that the [peer's] state is invalid..." just strikes
>  me as really weird.  Developers understand "timeout".

How about "state is invalid (time out)"?

> You can list them if you like, but please say that all request flags
> must be kept the same throughout.

Currently this is like "the initiator specifies as part of its fixed set
of inputs to GSS_Init_sec_context() values for [the list of flags] (and
any additional request flags [...])".  The key part being the "fixed set
of inputs", i.e., yes, they should be kept the same throughout.

The email exchanges we've been having are making me wonder if that should
be made more prominent.

> >           Applications using per-message operations
> >           on a partially complete security context should take into
> >           consideration the fact that replay protection is not avaiable
> >           from the GSS-API for those messages, and take the appropriate
> >           protective measures.
>
> You also need to say that they shouldn't send data requiring
> confidentiality protection (since at the time the per-message token is
> sent the peer may not yet be authenticated).

A good point.  (I might not oppose just removing all treatment of
per-message operations on a partically complete context, since this
document is informational only...)

[discussion of error context token trimmed]

Some other messages in this thread (which I won't go find and quote) seem
to imply that you think applications will have trouble with GSS context
exchanges involving an odd number of tokens; the whole point of this
document is to provide clear guidance to application protocol designers
such that they can handle the fully generic case, whether it is an odd or
even number of tokens in the exchange.  I furthermore think that we are
agreed that new application protocols being developed should include
provision for sending error tokens occuring on processing of the last
regular context token (regardless of whether existing protocols do or
existing mechanism implementations generate such tokens).

The main disagreement centers around process_context_token, which I will
cover in a reply to a later message in the thread.

[GSS_ERROR()]

There are three occurrences of the string "GSS_ERROR" in this document;
two are in the sample code, and the third is:
        [sample code is written in C.]  It uses the macro GSS_ERROR() to
        help unpack the various sorts of information which can be stored in the
        major status field; supplementary information does not necessarily
        indicate an error.  Applications written in other languages will
        need to exercise care that checks against the major status value
        are written correctly.

I could add a note here that GSS_ERROR() should not be used for
per-message token operations (and say why that is the case in the
security considerations), or I could remove its use entirely.  I'm still
undecided what I think is best.  If I understand correctly, you prefer to
remove its use entirely.  In some sense, I guess this is a conflict
between being formally correct as per 2743 and 2744, and operating
securely with current best practices.


> > >     - Why not mention authorization (use a stub function) and
> > >       application-level status message in do_acceptor()?
> >
> > I believe there were previous discussions around this, and Greg convinced
> > me that such checks fit more naturally outside of do_acceptor(), which
> > should just be about establishing the context.  This may be another case
> > where guidance on the use of the GSS-API is lacking, but this document is
> > not the appropriate place to rectify that.
>
> This is asking for a security vulnerability.  We must teach proper use
> of the API.
>
> > The closest we get is to pass &client_name to gss_accept_sec_context(),
> > which we then proceed to not do anything with.
>
> Just add a call to a stub function.

Another issue with trying to cover this is that we get into the
rabbit-hole of whether to do "the right thing" and maintain a local
database of exported names, or just do string processing on the display
name.

> > >     - This:
> > >
> > >         } else {
> > >             /* This situation is forbidden by RFC 2743.  Bail out. */
> > >             warnx("major not complete or continue but not error\n");
> > >             goto cleanup;
> > >         }
> > >
> > >       would be an internal error, not behavior forbidden by RFC2743,
> > >       because you break out of the loop in this case before ever getting
> > >       here.  You should either assert() or ignore this.
> >
> > Hmm?  I think this case covers at least a major status code with
> > no fatal error codes set but a per-message-token informatory status code
> > set, which is indeed forbidden by 2743.
>
> Right, which answers your question about as to GSS_ERROR().  Don't use
> GSS_ERROR().  Instead treat any GSS_S_COMPLETE-with-supplementary-
> status-codes-other-than-GSS_S_CONTINUE_NEEDED as errors.  It's easier,
> it's less code, easier to explain.

I think I've realized why this makes me uncomfortable -- we only provide
sample code with the C bindings, but there are other language bindings
(Java is specified, and I hear there is work on python bindings in
progress); these other language bindings may not use the same
representation for the major status values, and the assumptions that are
valid in C may not remain valid if the sample code is translated to a
different language.

> > >  - What about mentioning the possible need to check -on the acceptor
> > >    side- the name of the acceptor as used by the initiator?  That's a
> > >    gss_inquire_context() call to get the name of the acceptor, then a
> > >    gss_compare_name() function call (or any of the other methods of
> > >    comparing names given in RFC2743).
> >
> > "What is the possible need for that check?"
>
> Consider an application with keys for many principals in its keytab...

Did you answer Greg's question about what it would be compared to?  Oh,
yes, you did (with several alternatives).

I think at present I'm inclined to not give a detailed treatment of this
subject, and rather mention that applications which can accept context
using different names (such as by using the default credential set) may
need to introspect the name of the acceptor as specified by the initiator
to enforce local policy (possibly with more details in the security
considerations).

-Ben


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Date: Sun, 2 Nov 2014 20:08:00 -0500 (EST)
From: Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@MIT.EDU>
To: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] WGLC of draft-ietf-kitten-gss-loop-00
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On Sun, 2 Nov 2014, Nico Williams wrote:

> First, the application can get error token information in the minor
> status code result from GSS_Process_context_token().  Nothing in the
> two RFCs prohibits returning a non-zero minor status code when
> returning GSS_S_COMPLETE as the major status code.

I think that Martin's gsstest program complains about it, though :)

> Second, both existing cases of asynchronous context tokens denote that
> the context is no longer usable (though GSS_Process_context_token()
> does not itself delete the security context).
>
> I don't see the problem.

It seems somewhat debatable whether GSS_Process_context_token() deletes
the security context (viz. the last paragraph of page 5, which you noted
previously); the contraints of the C bindings' API means that it should
not do so, just ~render the context handle unusable.  Hmm, the Java
bindings don't have a process_context_token at all.

I think that the behavior we should recommend to applications is to call
GSS_Process_context_token(), followed immediatly by GSS_Inquire_context(),
and GSS_Delete_sec_context() as appropriate (at present: always), to
provide reasonable behavior and be future-proof.

That said, is it even within the scope of the gss-loop document?

-Ben


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Date: Mon, 3 Nov 2014 10:02:51 -0600
From: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
To: Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@MIT.EDU>
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On Sun, Nov 02, 2014 at 07:09:10PM -0500, Benjamin Kaduk wrote:
> On Fri, 31 Oct 2014, Nico Williams wrote:
> > On Fri, Oct 31, 2014 at 05:58:05PM -0400, Benjamin Kaduk wrote:
> > > On Mon, 27 Oct 2014, Nico Williams wrote:
> 
> I've started leaning towards thinking that it's worth finding a place to
> list some things that are required of an application (protocol) using the
> GSS-API which are not otherwise mentioned in the rest of the document;
> things like authorization checks and the ability to convey error
> information.

:)

> > > [...].  How
> > > about:
> > >           The application protocol may also include a facility for
> > >           indicating errors from one party to the other, which can be
> > >           used to convey errors resulting from GSS-API calls, when
> > >           appropriate.  Note that GSS major and minor status codes
> > >           are specified by language bindings, not the abstract API,
> > >           so may not be directly interpretable by the other peer.
> 
> [lots of diatribe trimmed]
> 
> So, this text is supposed to be about what the application (protocol) does
> *when it didn't get an error token from the GSS implementation*.

Oh, I guess I misunderstood that.  My apologies.

> If you get a token, of course send it, but there can be situations where
> the local state is in error but there is no token to send.  It's still
> useful to convey some error information in this case, and that's most of
> what the "when appropriate" is supposed to be saying.

Sending a minor status code is never appropriate.  Major status codes
convey very little information.

My advice in that case is to optionally send the display form of the two
status codes, along with the major status code numeric value.

> >  "...should assume that the [peer's] state is invalid..." just strikes
> >  me as really weird.  Developers understand "timeout".
> 
> How about "state is invalid (time out)"?

Fine.

> > You can list them if you like, but please say that all request flags
> > must be kept the same throughout.
> 
> Currently this is like "the initiator specifies as part of its fixed set
> of inputs to GSS_Init_sec_context() values for [the list of flags] (and
> any additional request flags [...])".  The key part being the "fixed set
> of inputs", i.e., yes, they should be kept the same throughout.
> 
> The email exchanges we've been having are making me wonder if that should
> be made more prominent.

I'd noticed that text.  I'd a reason to ask for a change, but it may
have gotten lost.  My proposal:

OLD:
   The initiator specifies as part of its fixed set of inputs to
   GSS_Init_sec_context() values for the following booleans:
   deleg_req_flag, mutual_req_flag, replay_det_req_flag,
   sequence_req_flag, conf_req_flag, and integ_req_flag.  Upon ..

NEW:
   The initiator specifies as part of its fixed set of inputs to
   GSS_Init_sec_context() values for all defined request flag booleans,
   among them: deleg_req_flag, mutual_req_flag, replay_det_req_flag,
   sequence_req_flag, conf_req_flag, and integ_req_flag.  Upon ...

The point is that this is an open set.

> > You also need to say that they shouldn't send data requiring
> > confidentiality protection (since at the time the per-message token is
> > sent the peer may not yet be authenticated).
> 
> A good point.  (I might not oppose just removing all treatment of
> per-message operations on a partically complete context, since this
> document is informational only...)

I wouldn't either!  PROT_READY is a neat feature, but it is optional and
difficult to use safely, therefore it seems best to not mention it here.

> [discussion of error context token trimmed]
> 
> Some other messages in this thread (which I won't go find and quote) seem
> to imply that you think applications will have trouble with GSS context
> exchanges involving an odd number of tokens; the whole point of this
> document is to provide clear guidance to application protocol designers
> such that they can handle the fully generic case, whether it is an odd or
> even number of tokens in the exchange.  I furthermore think that we are
> agreed that new application protocols being developed should include
> provision for sending error tokens occuring on processing of the last
> regular context token (regardless of whether existing protocols do or
> existing mechanism implementations generate such tokens).

Agreed.

> The main disagreement centers around process_context_token, which I will
> cover in a reply to a later message in the thread.
> 
> [GSS_ERROR()]
> 
> There are three occurrences of the string "GSS_ERROR" in this document;
> two are in the sample code, and the third is:
>         [sample code is written in C.]  It uses the macro GSS_ERROR() to
>         help unpack the various sorts of information which can be stored in the
>         major status field; supplementary information does not necessarily
>         indicate an error.  Applications written in other languages will
>         need to exercise care that checks against the major status value
>         are written correctly.
> 
> I could add a note here that GSS_ERROR() should not be used for
> per-message token operations (and say why that is the case in the
> security considerations), or I could remove its use entirely.  I'm still
> undecided what I think is best.  If I understand correctly, you prefer to
> remove its use entirely.  In some sense, I guess this is a conflict
> between being formally correct as per 2743 and 2744, and operating
> securely with current best practices.

I believe that GSS_ERROR() was in fact intended for use with per-message
token functions (gss_unwrap() and gss_verify_mic()): otherwise why
ignore supplementary major status code bits that are only relevant to
those functions?

However, it was a bad idea.  Too many application protocol implementors
used GSS_ERROR() -without checking the supplementary status code bits-
when they intended to implement an octet stream.  Octet streams are
incompatible with any supplementary status code bits from those
functions.  In practice many application protocols using the GSS-API
want an octet stream.

The GSS_ERROR() macro should have had a second parameter indicating
whether an octet stream is intended.  Then it wouldn't have been
dangerous.

The best thing we can do is tell developers never to use GSS_ERROR()
when intending to consume an octet stream.

FYI, I've seen this bug in:

 - a couple of SASL GS1 implementations
 - at least two FTP w/ GSS implementations
 - at least one non-standard GSS application

> > > The closest we get is to pass &client_name to gss_accept_sec_context(),
> > > which we then proceed to not do anything with.
> >
> > Just add a call to a stub function.
> 
> Another issue with trying to cover this is that we get into the
> rabbit-hole of whether to do "the right thing" and maintain a local
> database of exported names, or just do string processing on the display
> name.

I think we can simply refer to the relevant sections of RFC2743 and
RFC6680.

> I think I've realized why this makes me uncomfortable -- we only provide
> sample code with the C bindings, but there are other language bindings
> [...]

Good point.

> > Consider an application with keys for many principals in its keytab...
> 
> Did you answer Greg's question about what it would be compared to?  Oh,
> yes, you did (with several alternatives).

:)

At least two sshd implementations do something about this, IIRC.

> I think at present I'm inclined to not give a detailed treatment of this
> subject, and rather mention that applications which can accept context
> using different names (such as by using the default credential set) may
> need to introspect the name of the acceptor as specified by the initiator
> to enforce local policy (possibly with more details in the security
> considerations).

I agree.  A small amount of text and references to relevant sections in
RFC2743 should suffice.  Something like:

   When using the default credential handle to accept security contexts,
   the mechanism is free to accept contexts for any name for which the
   acceptor has credentials.  This might be problematic.  Acceptor
   applications can check what target name the initiator used, but the
   details are out of scope for this document.  See RFC2743 sections
   2.2.6 and 1.1.5, and RFC6680.

Nico
-- 


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Date: Mon, 3 Nov 2014 10:06:11 -0600
From: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
To: Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@MIT.EDU>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] WGLC of draft-ietf-kitten-gss-loop-00
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On Sun, Nov 02, 2014 at 08:08:00PM -0500, Benjamin Kaduk wrote:
> On Sun, 2 Nov 2014, Nico Williams wrote:
> > First, the application can get error token information in the minor
> > status code result from GSS_Process_context_token().  Nothing in the
> > two RFCs prohibits returning a non-zero minor status code when
> > returning GSS_S_COMPLETE as the major status code.
> 
> I think that Martin's gsstest program complains about it, though :)

But is it normative? :)

> > Second, both existing cases of asynchronous context tokens denote that
> > the context is no longer usable (though GSS_Process_context_token()
> > does not itself delete the security context).
> >
> > I don't see the problem.
> 
> It seems somewhat debatable whether GSS_Process_context_token() deletes
> the security context (viz. the last paragraph of page 5, which you noted
> previously); the contraints of the C bindings' API means that it should
> not do so, just ~render the context handle unusable.  Hmm, the Java
> bindings don't have a process_context_token at all.

The C bindings gss_process_context_token() cannot delete the security
context.

For the abstract GSS_Process_context_token() it's a bit less clear, but
that's OK: this is the sort of detail that is OK to leave to the various
programming language bindings.

> I think that the behavior we should recommend to applications is to call
> GSS_Process_context_token(), followed immediatly by GSS_Inquire_context(),
> and GSS_Delete_sec_context() as appropriate (at present: always), to
> provide reasonable behavior and be future-proof.

I agree.

> That said, is it even within the scope of the gss-loop document?

I think so.

Nico
-- 


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Date: Mon, 3 Nov 2014 12:02:09 -0600
From: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
To: Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@MIT.EDU>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] WGLC of draft-ietf-kitten-gss-loop-00
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On Mon, Nov 03, 2014 at 10:06:11AM -0600, Nico Williams wrote:
> On Sun, Nov 02, 2014 at 08:08:00PM -0500, Benjamin Kaduk wrote:
> > On Sun, 2 Nov 2014, Nico Williams wrote:
> > > First, the application can get error token information in the minor
> > > status code result from GSS_Process_context_token().  Nothing in the
> > > two RFCs prohibits returning a non-zero minor status code when
> > > returning GSS_S_COMPLETE as the major status code.
> > 
> > I think that Martin's gsstest program complains about it, though :)
> 
> But is it normative? :)

BTW, RFC2744 says that minor_status is always set, and it doesn't define
any numeric values for it, not even "no error", not even zero.

Therefore I think gsstest is wrong to complain about it.


From nobody Mon Nov  3 13:33:37 2014
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Greg Hudson wrote:
> Responding point-by-point is causing miscommunication (specifically, in
> several places you assumed that I was arguing with you when I was
> agreeing), so I am going to address just one point and then re-summarize
> the gss_process_context_token issue.
> 
> 
> I agree that better diagnostics would be possible if, when processing
> the last message in an exchange, an endpoint could generate an error
> token to be processed by the other endpoint after context establishment.

I assume you are referring to "last [context level] message in an exchange"
here?


>  However:
> 
> 1. I believe that mechanisms are not currently doing that (though I only
> have high certainty with regard to the krb5 mech).

AFAIK, Microsoft Kerberos has been trying to do this for the last 14years,
and has been trying to mislead the context acceptor about the error
nature of the token by indicating the equivalent of CONTINUE_NEEDED
to get the calling server app to transfer the token to the client.

> 
> 2. I believe with high certainty that applications are not currently
> doing that.  The search results for gss_process_context_token are all
> provider, no consumer.

Few apps, if any, do that.  Ours does not.  My gsskrb5 wrapper even
peeks inside kerbers context tokens to detect camouflaged kerberos
error tokens so that the calling (server) app gets to see that there
was an error.

Microsoft runs its own TLS implementation under a GSS-API style interface,
and you notice from Microsoft IIS never sending fatal alerts upon
handshake failures before closing the network connections that apps
typically ignore error tokens.


> 
> 3. I believe that some--perhaps most--GSS-using protocols, do not even
> have a way to transport such error tokens.

Probably true.  Even mine does not have it. (While I do have a possibility
to run a new context handshake to replace an expiring or expired gss context).


> 
> 4. The RFC 2743 specification of gss_process_context_token is broken for
> this purpose (and for any purpose), in the following ways:
> 
> * It suggests that the token might result in context termination, but
> does not specify that this always occurs.  It does not give the caller a
> way to know whether the context is still alive or not.  It does not
> specify whether the caller should still release the handle with
> gss_delete_sec_context afterwards.
> 
> * It does not admit a way to communicate error information from a token
> to the caller.

I read rfc2743 differently.

rfc2743 simply did _not_ want to limit future extensibility of
the purposes of gss_process_context_token().

Currently, there exist only two calls that can produce context-level
tokens that for which a necessity to call gss_process_context_token()
may arise:

   (1) an "unexpected" context level token from one of the security context
       establishment iterators (init_sec_context or accept_sec_context)
       which the intended receipient can therefore no longer feed into
       his context establishment iterator call.

   (2) a context deletion token as a result of a call to
       gss_delete_sec_context().  In principle, this token needs to always
       be passed to gss_process_context_token() by the recipient, but
       there is a small grey area about the situation where one side
       calls this without ever completing the context establishment
       handshake/loop.

In (1) the context never was usable for the creator of the token,
so it doesn't really matter whether the status changes for the recipient
of the token.  In (2), the context is _no_longer_ usable for the creator
of the token (because it has been deleted), so it also does not really matter
whether the status changes for the recipient of the token.

> 
> We can reasonably amend the specification of gss_process_context_token
> to address these flaws, and then document that future protocols should
> allow it and future implementations should do it.  In order to do so
> with the gss-loop document, we would need to expand its scope such that
> it is standard-track and updates RFC 2743.
> 
> If we decide to do that, then there are a few options for how we fix it.
>  Modifying the function signature in the C bindings is not reasonable,
> so we must assume the current signature which does not allow us to null
> out the caller's context handle.  Therefore, that handle must remain a
> valid C pointer (or table index or whatever, but real-world
> implementations use pointers), and the caller must eventually call
> gss_delete_sec_context to release it.  The remaining questions are:
> 
> * Should the caller assume that the context is dead (except for needing
> to be released), or should it make no such assumption?  If the former,
> should it assume that for all major return codes or only for some?  I do
> not have a strong preference yet.  If the latter, I think we all agree
> that future calls on that context handle (other than
> gss_delete_sec_context) should result in GSS_S_NO_CONTEXT.


No, I would strongly discourage that.  GSS_S_NO_CONTEXT refers to
the validity of the context *handle*, not to the ability to use the
referenced context.  GSS_S_NO_CONTEXT would indicate that this handle
can also not be passed to gss_delete_sec_context(), which is wrong,
because it *needs* to be passed to gss_delete_sec_context() for release
of the associated resources.


> 
> * Should properly validated error tokens result in GSS_S_COMPLETE with a
> minor code, in GSS_S_FAILURE specifically, or in perhaps any of the
> major codes which gss_init/accept_sec_context could return on an error
> token?  The first option is weird for GSSAPI.  The third option is the
> most programmatically informative to the caller, and is no less cleanly
> delineated than the error results for init/accept_sec_context, so that
> would be my preference.

Processing of a context deletion token should result in GSS_S_COMPLETE
(provided that the mechanism has/uses any such thing).

Processing of a context error token should probably result in
GSS_S_FAILURE accompanied by a meaningful minor_status.  There is
no other suitable error code defined in rfc2743.

GSS_S_DEFECTIVE_TOKEN would apply only to a defective error token,
not to convey information about a previously received defective
context token, and GSS_S_NO_CONTEXT refers to the context _handle_ state.


-Martin


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On Mon, Nov 3, 2014 at 3:33 PM, Martin Rex <mrex@sap.com> wrote:
> Processing of a context deletion token should result in GSS_S_COMPLETE
> (provided that the mechanism has/uses any such thing).
>
> Processing of a context error token should probably result in
> GSS_S_FAILURE accompanied by a meaningful minor_status.  There is
> no other suitable error code defined in rfc2743.
>
> GSS_S_DEFECTIVE_TOKEN would apply only to a defective error token,
> not to convey information about a previously received defective
> context token, and GSS_S_NO_CONTEXT refers to the context _handle_ state.

I agree with this interpretation.

Nico
--


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On Mon, Nov 3, 2014 at 3:39 PM, Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com> wrote:
> On Mon, Nov 3, 2014 at 3:33 PM, Martin Rex <mrex@sap.com> wrote:
>> Processing of a context deletion token should result in GSS_S_COMPLETE
>> (provided that the mechanism has/uses any such thing).
>>
>> Processing of a context error token should probably result in
>> GSS_S_FAILURE accompanied by a meaningful minor_status.  There is
>> no other suitable error code defined in rfc2743.
>>
>> GSS_S_DEFECTIVE_TOKEN would apply only to a defective error token,
>> not to convey information about a previously received defective
>> context token, and GSS_S_NO_CONTEXT refers to the context _handle_ state.
>
> I agree with this interpretation.

Well, actually, this is one of two interpretations that I would agree with.

The other interpretation is that GSS_S_COMPLETE is to be returned for
the error token case, with the error information in the minor status.
The caller can then use GSS_Inquire_context() to determine the
context's current state.

The problem is that RFC2743 doesn't say that GSS_S_FAILURE is the case
that corresponds to an error token.

But I think your interpretation is the most correct one, the one that
makes most sense, and we should say that this is an error in RFC2743
(and file the erratum).

Nico
--


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From: mrex@sap.com (Martin Rex)
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Nico Williams wrote:
>
> Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com> wrote:
>>
>> Martin Rex <mrex@sap.com> wrote:
>>>
>>> Processing of a context deletion token should result in GSS_S_COMPLETE
>>> (provided that the mechanism has/uses any such thing).
>>>
>>> Processing of a context error token should probably result in
>>> GSS_S_FAILURE accompanied by a meaningful minor_status.  There is
>>> no other suitable error code defined in rfc2743.
>>>
>>> GSS_S_DEFECTIVE_TOKEN would apply only to a defective error token,
>>> not to convey information about a previously received defective
>>> context token, and GSS_S_NO_CONTEXT refers to the context _handle_ state.
>>
>> I agree with this interpretation.
> 
> Well, actually, this is one of two interpretations that I would agree with.
> 
> The other interpretation is that GSS_S_COMPLETE is to be returned for
> the error token case, with the error information in the minor status.
> The caller can then use GSS_Inquire_context() to determine the
> context's current state.

It's difficult to make a recommendation here.  Your suggestion to
return a non-zero minor_status along with GSS_S_COMPLETE would be OK
with the specification (rfc2743), but application callers typically
to not look at minor_status at all when major_status==GSS_S_COMPLETE,
and I'm not particularly enthusiastic to see a recommendation to give
meaning to minor_status!=0 when major_status==GSS_S_COMPLETE.


> 
> The problem is that RFC2743 doesn't say that GSS_S_FAILURE is the case
> that corresponds to an error token.

IMHO the highest probability to get to see any error message from
an (unsuspecting) app (if it calls gss_process_context_token() at all)
is when using GSS_S_FAILURE.  A non-zero minor_status values that
accompanies GSS_S_COMPLETE has a high likelyhood to get ignored entirely.


-Martin


From nobody Tue Nov  4 11:25:16 2014
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On Tue, Nov 4, 2014 at 1:18 PM, Martin Rex <mrex@sap.com> wrote:
> Nico Williams wrote:
>> Well, actually, this is one of two interpretations that I would agree with.
>>
>> The other interpretation is that GSS_S_COMPLETE is to be returned for
>> the error token case, with the error information in the minor status.
>> The caller can then use GSS_Inquire_context() to determine the
>> context's current state.
>
> It's difficult to make a recommendation here.  Your suggestion to
> return a non-zero minor_status along with GSS_S_COMPLETE would be OK
> with the specification (rfc2743), but application callers typically
> to not look at minor_status at all when major_status==GSS_S_COMPLETE,
> and I'm not particularly enthusiastic to see a recommendation to give
> meaning to minor_status!=0 when major_status==GSS_S_COMPLETE.

Well, it'd be exceptional, but workable.  I prefer your
interpretation.  I've filed an erratum to that effect, FYI.

> IMHO the highest probability to get to see any error message from
> an (unsuspecting) app (if it calls gss_process_context_token() at all)
> is when using GSS_S_FAILURE.  A non-zero minor_status values that
> accompanies GSS_S_COMPLETE has a high likelyhood to get ignored entirely.

Agreed.

Nico
--


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From: mrex@sap.com (Martin Rex)
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Greg Hudson wrote:
> On 11/01/2014 05:59 PM, Nico Williams wrote:
> > I'm not proposing that we update RFC2743.
> > 
> > I'm pointing out where this I-D diverges from RFC2743.  You're not
> > ackowledging this.
> 
> I acknowledge that RFC 2743 does mention post-establishment error tokens
> in its description of gss_process_context_token.  However, this part of
> RFC 2743 is broken (not ambiguous, broken) and everyone ignores it.
> According to the current spec, an application calling
> gss_process_context_token (1) does not receive error information from
> the token, and (2) does not know whether the context handle is still
> active and whether it is allowed to make further calls on that handle to
> find out.

The mere existence of a context deletion or error token does not change
the status of the context handle.

Feeding a context deletion or error token to gss_process_context_token()
will probably impair message protection services, in case these have
been previously available, so there will may be a difference in
the output of gss_inquire_context() before and after the call to
gss_process_context_token().  If the prior value of the "open" boolean
was TRUE, then it will likely be FALSE after gss_process_context_token().


The final paragraph of the description of gss_inquire_context() in
rfc2743 reads:
   https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2743#page-57

   o  GSS_S_FAILURE indicates that the requested operation failed for
   reasons unspecified at the GSS-API level. Return values other than
   major_status and minor_status are undefined.

   This call is used to extract information describing characteristics
   of a security context.  Note that GSS-API implementations are
   expected to retain inquirable context data on a context until the
   context is released by a caller, even after the context has expired,
   although underlying cryptographic data elements may be deleted after
   expiration in order to limit their exposure.

so I believe that gss_inquire_context() should also remain possible after
calling gss_process_context_token(), i.e. should not fail.  I would
certainly prefer to have gss_process_context_token() rather than
gss_inquire_context() to report the error from an incoming error context
token. 


-Martin


From nobody Tue Nov  4 12:44:44 2014
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Date: Tue, 4 Nov 2014 14:44:38 -0600
From: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
To: Martin Rex <mrex@sap.com>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] WGLC of draft-ietf-kitten-gss-loop-00
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On Tue, Nov 04, 2014 at 08:33:45PM +0100, Martin Rex wrote:
> Feeding a context deletion or error token to gss_process_context_token()
> will probably impair message protection services, in case these have

Emphasis on 'probably'.  There's no requirement as to this.

My take is that currently[*] all possible tokens that can only be
processed with GSS_Process_context_token() necessarily denote that the
sender no longer has a security context with which to process any
further tokens, either because of context establishment error or because
of a call to GSS_Delete_sec_context().

[*] One could imagine future re-keying/re-establishment extensions (a la
    TLS renego) that would change this, but we're not there, no one is
    proposing such extensions, and if anyone ever does it won't be the
    end of the world if today's GSS applications don't support it
    since... they couldn't anyways.

> been previously available, so there will may be a difference in
> the output of gss_inquire_context() before and after the call to
> gss_process_context_token().  If the prior value of the "open" boolean
> was TRUE, then it will likely be FALSE after gss_process_context_token().

We all seem to agree as to this.  But still ISTM that your proposal,
that error tokens elicit GSS_S_FAILURE from GSS_Process_context_token(),
is the right interpretation since there's no other case that could
legitimately yield GSS_S_FAILURE from GSS_Process_context_token().

> The final paragraph of the description of gss_inquire_context() in
> rfc2743 reads:
>    https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2743#page-57
>    [...]
> 
> so I believe that gss_inquire_context() should also remain possible after
> calling gss_process_context_token(), i.e. should not fail.  I would

Yes.  Besides, it's clear that GSS_Process_context_token() does not
delete the context, and it's even more clear that this is true in the C
bindings.

> certainly prefer to have gss_process_context_token() rather than
> gss_inquire_context() to report the error from an incoming error context
> token. 

Agreed.

Nico
-- 


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Date: Tue, 4 Nov 2014 14:47:15 -0600
From: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
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Subject: [kitten] RFC2743 errata 4251
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I wrote this yesterday but neglected to click the submit button.  Just
submitted:

http://www.rfc-editor.org/errata_search.php?eid=4151


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From: mrex@sap.com (Martin Rex)
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Nico Williams wrote:
> On Mon, Nov 03, 2014 at 10:06:11AM -0600, Nico Williams wrote:
>> On Sun, Nov 02, 2014 at 08:08:00PM -0500, Benjamin Kaduk wrote:
>>> On Sun, 2 Nov 2014, Nico Williams wrote:
>>>>
>>>> First, the application can get error token information in the minor
>>>> status code result from GSS_Process_context_token().  Nothing in the
>>>> two RFCs prohibits returning a non-zero minor status code when
>>>> returning GSS_S_COMPLETE as the major status code.
>>> 
>>> I think that Martin's gsstest program complains about it, though :)
>> 
>> But is it normative? :)
> 
> BTW, RFC2744 says that minor_status is always set, and it doesn't define
> any numeric values for it, not even "no error", not even zero.
> 
> Therefore I think gsstest is wrong to complain about it.

The relevant gsstest plausibility tests look like this:

   if ( minor_status==BOGUS_VALUE ) {
      XVEB((V_ERR, "%s() FAILED to clear minor_status!\n", call_name));
      rc++;
      minor_status = 0;
   }

   if ( major_status==0 && minor_status!=0 ) {
      rc++;
      XVEB((V_ERR, "%s() unexpected non-zero minor_status (%08lx)!\n",
                   call_name, (Ulong) minor_status));
   }


So gsstest complains only about _bogus_ return values for min_stat,
which is a conformance test suggested by rfc2744 section 3.9.2:

  https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2744#page-15

   3.9.2. Mechanism-specific status codes

   GSS-API routines return a minor_status parameter, which is used to
   indicate specialized errors from the underlying security mechanism.
   This parameter may contain a single mechanism-specific error,
   indicated by a OM_uint32 value.

   The minor_status parameter will always be set by a GSS-API routine,
   even if it returns a calling error or one of the generic API errors
   indicated above as fatal, although most other output parameters may
   remain unset in such cases.  However, output parameters that are
   expected to return pointers to storage allocated by a routine must
   always be set by the routine, even in the event of an error, although
   in such cases the GSS-API routine may elect to set the returned
   parameter value to NULL to indicate that no storage was actually
   allocated.  Any length field associated with such pointers (as in a
   gss_buffer_desc structure) should also be set to zero in such cases.


For unexpected non-zero minor_status values, it only returns an
indication that -- whatever this value is supposed to mean -- it will
go entirely unnoticed by applications (and therefore admin/users)
when it accompanies a GSS_S_COMPLETE status.

While it is technically true that there is no official designation
in the GSS-API v2 C-Bindings (rfc2744) for a minor_status value with
the meaning of "absent" / "not available", using "0" for this purpose
looked like an intuitive natural fit (for C-bindings), and my app code
on top of GSS-API will not even try to obtain a description for
a 0 minor_status value.


-Martin


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I'm working on a summary of the options and their downsides, but

On Tue, 4 Nov 2014, Nico Williams wrote:

> that error tokens elicit GSS_S_FAILURE from GSS_Process_context_token(),
> is the right interpretation since there's no other case that could
> legitimately yield GSS_S_FAILURE from GSS_Process_context_token().

Well, there are always mundane things like ENOMEM.
But we are kind of stuck with no good options, so we may have to ignore
those cases.

-Ben


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Date: Tue, 4 Nov 2014 22:21:29 -0500 (EST)
From: Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@MIT.EDU>
To: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] WGLC of draft-ietf-kitten-gss-loop-00
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I think we are approaching consensus about the right behavior for these
error tokens and GSS_Process_context_token(), so I will try to summarize
the options that have been considered and the arguments for and against
them.  (Initially I favored a different approach than proposed by Martin,
but upon closer reading of 2743 I believe I am in agreement with his
proposal.)

Upon receiving a context-level token after its call to
GSS_{Accept,Init}_sec_context() has succeeded, a peer may end up calling
some or all of GSS_Process_context_token(), GSS_Inquire_context(), and/or
GSS_Delete_sec_context(), in that order.  Options that have been
considered include:

(0) Do nothing with the token; call GSS_Delete_sec_context() because the
token must mean that the context is no longer usable.

This is bad both because it does not verify the authenticity of the token
and because it has no way to convey the actual error information to the
user.

(1a) Pass the token to GSS_Process_context_token(), which returns success
and deletes the context data.  Do not call GSS_Delete_sec_context() and
assume that GSS_Process_context_token() has done that work for us.

This is not supported by RFC 2743; furthermore, the C bindings in RFC 2744
do not provide a way for the context handle to be fully invalidated, so
this clearly cannot be correctly implemented.

(1b) Pass the token to GSS_Process_context_token(), which returns a
different value depending on whether the token was an error token or a
deletion token.  Whether Delete_sec_context is necessary depends on the
particular return.

Simlar to (1a); additionally this is too complicated a contract to
reasonably impose on applications.

(1c) Pass the token to GSS_Process_context_token(), which returns success
and marks the context as unusable.  Call GSS_Inquire_context() to
determine whether the context is still valid (returning success and
looking at its outputs), and GSS_Delete_sec_context() when we're done.

This is appealing to me because process_context_token() succeeds at what
it is doing (processing the token), and it seems natural for something
with the name Inquire_context() to tell me whether my handle is still
valid or not.  However, Inqure_context() is not really designed to produce
this kind of information; it gives names, a lifetime, the mech, and some
booleans corresponding roughly to the request flags, and 'open'.  'open'
is described as TRUE if fully established, and FALSE if partly established
(in CONTINUE_NEEDED) state.  Neither one is appropriate for "deleted" (or
similar).  While it's true that the conf_avail and similar booleans are
likely to be false after the processing of an extra token, that's a
terrible way for applications to be able to tell that the context has been
invalidated and should be deleted.  Furthermore, GSS_S_COMPLETE "indicates
that the referenced context is valid", and the only error returns are
GSS_S_NO_CONTEXT (the supplied handle was not valid) and GSS_S_FAILURE
(the (inquire) operation failed).

(1d) Pass the token to GSS_Process_context_token(), which returns success.
Error reporting is deferred until a call to GSS_Inquire_context(), which
returns an error corresponding to the information in the token.  (Whether
or not GSS_Delete_context() is called is not relevant for the discussion.)

2743 implies that Inquire_context() really should be able to succeed in
this situation, so errors from it are not an appropriate way to convey
status information.

(2a) Pass the token to GSS_Process_context_token(), which returns success
with a minor code indicating the error.  Inquire_context is optional;
Delete_sec_context is required.

This is probably not the right thing to do for a deletion token; we mostly
should just be ignoring those, these days, I think.

(2b) Pass the token to GSS_Process_context_token(), which returns success
with a minor code indicating the nature of the error in the token for
error tokens, and just success for deletion tokens.

Nico would accept this, but it's really weird within the GSS-API to have
information in the minor status when the major status is GSS_S_COMPLETE.

(3a) Pass the token to GSS_Process_context_token(), which returns
GSS_S_COMPLETE for deletion tokens and GSS_S_FAILURE for error tokens.
Inquire_context() is still usable, and we always must call
Delete_sec_context().

Martin and Nico are okay with this one.  The only downside is that 2743
doesn't document GSS_S_FAILURE as meaning quite this; rather "the context
is recognized, but that the GSS_Process_context_token() operation could
not be performed for reasons unspecified at the GSS-API level."  It's not
really clear what that is supposed to mean, so maybe it's okay if we feel
free to interpret as something that results in a mostly usable API.  (It
is still possible for confusion with local errors like ENOMEM, but maybe
the minor code will be enough to disambiguate.)  Returning GSS_S_FAILURE
is a decent way to get applications to report an error to the user which
is consistent with expectations for error reporting elsewhere in the
GSS-API.

(3b) Pass the token to GSS_Process_context_token(), which returns
GSS_S_FAILURE for both kinds of tokens.  As in (3a), Inquire_context()
works and Delete_sec_context() is required.

As mentioned previously, we probably should just be ignoring deletion
tokens.  This is otherwise similar to (3a), and thus probably tolerable.

(4) Pass the token to GSS_Process_context_token(), which returns some
other major code than GSS_S_FAILURE which would be returned from
GSS_{Init,Accept}_sec_context upon receipt of an error token.

Not supported by the return codes documented in RFC 2743, which are just
GSS_S_DEFECTIVE_TOKEN, which would apply to the token itself, not its
contents; and GSS_S_NO_CONTEXT, which refers to the supplied handle's
state.  There is some potential, but the meanings of the errors would not
be very clear, and would be a large change from the published spec.  Just
returning the same error that the other side emitted when the error token
was produced is probably not okay, as that would collide with some of the
existing documented return values for Process_context_token().


So, it looks like the least bad option is (3), and we are leaning towards
the (3a) variant based on Martin's preference.


Does that seem like a reasonable summary?

-Ben


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Date: Tue, 4 Nov 2014 22:12:15 -0600
From: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
To: Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@MIT.EDU>
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On Tue, Nov 04, 2014 at 10:21:29PM -0500, Benjamin Kaduk wrote:
> Upon receiving a context-level token after its call to
> GSS_{Accept,Init}_sec_context() has succeeded, a peer may end up calling
> some or all of GSS_Process_context_token(), GSS_Inquire_context(), and/or
> GSS_Delete_sec_context(), in that order.  Options that have been
> considered include:

I don't think it was ever the case that not calling Delete_sec_context()
was OK in the case of context tokens arriving after full security
context establishment.

> (0) Do nothing with the token; call GSS_Delete_sec_context() because the
> token must mean that the context is no longer usable.
> 
> This is bad both because it does not verify the authenticity of the token
> and because it has no way to convey the actual error information to the
> user.

Agreed, though it's not necessarily as bad as all that (the error token,
for example, may not be integrity protected, in which case a DoS would
be possible even if we bother calling GSS_Process_context_token()).

(1a) was never proper.

> (1b) Pass the token to GSS_Process_context_token(), which returns a
> different value depending on whether the token was an error token or a
> deletion token.  Whether Delete_sec_context is necessary depends on the
> particular return.

As of today and per-RFCs 2743 and 2744, GSS_Delete_sec_context() must
always eventually be called upon processing an error/deletion token
_except_ when processing returns GSS_S_DEFECTIVE_TOKEN (i.e., the token
may well not have been an error/deletion token).  But even here, the
application might well find that the peer is no longer responsive or
closes the connection/whatever.

With that note, (1b) is almost indistinguishable from (3a).

> (1c) Pass the token to GSS_Process_context_token(), which returns success
> and marks the context as unusable.  Call GSS_Inquire_context() to
> determine whether the context is still valid (returning success and
> looking at its outputs), and GSS_Delete_sec_context() when we're done.

This works for me as a second choice.  It may leave more room for future
extensibility, but I don't think so: if, for example, we were to add
something like TLS renego I'd expect a new req_flag/ret_flag and/or
function call to indicate application support for the feature.

> This is appealing to me because process_context_token() succeeds at what
> it is doing (processing the token), and it seems natural for something
> with the name Inquire_context() to tell me whether my handle is still
> valid or not.  However, Inqure_context() is not really designed to produce
> this kind of information; it gives names, a lifetime, the mech, and some
> booleans corresponding roughly to the request flags, and 'open'.  'open'
> is described as TRUE if fully established, and FALSE if partly established
> (in CONTINUE_NEEDED) state.  Neither one is appropriate for "deleted" (or
> similar).  [...]

The context *must* have been open if we got to this point -- otherwise
the token would have been passed to one of GSS_Init/Accept_sec_context().
The context no longer being open (if Inquire_context() says so) is
indicative that the context is now to be deleted.  It can't already be
deleted at this point.  Therefore there's nothing weird about the 'open'
output being FALSE at this point.

> (1d) [...]

I think I might have offered (1d) at some point.  If I did I retract it
now.

> (2a) Pass the token to GSS_Process_context_token(), which returns success
> with a minor code indicating the error.  Inquire_context is optional;
> Delete_sec_context is required.
> 
> This is probably not the right thing to do for a deletion token; we mostly
> should just be ignoring those, these days, I think.

We can't externally and securely tell if it is a deletion token.  Having
GSS_S_COMPLETE for both, error _and_ deletion tokens would mean we never
could tell.  That would be mildly dissatisfying, but I could live with
it.

> (2b) Pass the token to GSS_Process_context_token(), which returns success
> with a minor code indicating the nature of the error in the token for
> error tokens, and just success for deletion tokens.

Remember, there's no defined no-error minor status.  (2b) is
indistinguishable from (2a) unless we also codify that the zero minor
status value is no-error.

(2b) is better than (2a) because it allows error and deletion tokens to
be distinguished.

> Nico would accept this, but it's really weird within the GSS-API to have
> information in the minor status when the major status is GSS_S_COMPLETE.

It's not necessarily all that weird.  For one, the RFCs never say this
can't happen...

> (3a) Pass the token to GSS_Process_context_token(), which returns
> GSS_S_COMPLETE for deletion tokens and GSS_S_FAILURE for error tokens.
> Inquire_context() is still usable, and we always must call
> Delete_sec_context().
> 
> Martin and Nico are okay with this one.  The only downside is that 2743

Yes.  I think it's fair to say that Martin prefers this.  I do prefer
this.

> doesn't document GSS_S_FAILURE as meaning quite this; rather "the context
> is recognized, but that the GSS_Process_context_token() operation could
> not be performed for reasons unspecified at the GSS-API level."  It's not
> really clear what that is supposed to mean, so maybe it's okay if we feel
> free to interpret as something that results in a mostly usable API.  (It
> is still possible for confusion with local errors like ENOMEM, but maybe
> the minor code will be enough to disambiguate.)  Returning GSS_S_FAILURE
> is a decent way to get applications to report an error to the user which
> is consistent with expectations for error reporting elsewhere in the
> GSS-API.

I agree, but since either way it was curtains for the context, this
slight ambiguity between exceptional local errors and every day remote
errors is acceptable to me.

> (3b) Pass the token to GSS_Process_context_token(), which returns
> GSS_S_FAILURE for both kinds of tokens.  As in (3a), Inquire_context()
> works and Delete_sec_context() is required.

This contradicts RFC2743 as to deletion tokens.

> As mentioned previously, we probably should just be ignoring deletion
> tokens.  This is otherwise similar to (3a), and thus probably tolerable.

I'm not so sure that obsoleting deletion tokens was a good idea...  But
let's leave that thought for some other day; we're having enough fun
with this problem as it is.

> (4) Pass the token to GSS_Process_context_token(), which returns some
> other major code than GSS_S_FAILURE which would be returned from
> GSS_{Init,Accept}_sec_context upon receipt of an error token.

A lot of common errors have those two functions return GSS_S_FAILURE.
The other errors probably don't cover all errors that the error token
might be reporting.

ASIDE: I see that I was wrong about the other supplementary major status
       codes: the two RFCs do list them for GSS_Init/Accept_sec_context().
       If you could see me now, you'd see me wiping egg from my face.

> So, it looks like the least bad option is (3), and we are leaning towards
> the (3a) variant based on Martin's preference.

I'm pulling for (3a), yes.

My preferences, from most- to least-preferred:

3a, 2b, 2a.  I reject the others.

> Does that seem like a reasonable summary?

Yes.

Nico
-- 


From nobody Wed Nov  5 14:14:58 2014
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To: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
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From: mrex@sap.com (Martin Rex)
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Thanks Ben for the summary.

I hadn't seen as many options/variants in the discussion,
but I'm also not missing anything, and I also only jumped into the
discussion very late.

I'm following up to Nico's response for brevity.

Nico wrote:
> Ben wrote:
>> (3a) Pass the token to GSS_Process_context_token(), which returns
>> GSS_S_COMPLETE for deletion tokens and GSS_S_FAILURE for error tokens.
>> Inquire_context() is still usable, and we always must call
>> Delete_sec_context().
>> 
>> Martin and Nico are okay with this one.  The only downside is that 2743
> 
> Yes.  I think it's fair to say that Martin prefers this.  I do prefer this.

Confirmed. My preference is (3a).


When trying to extend an existing spec that seems incomplete or
ambiguous, it may help to follow the general guideline of
"the principle of least surprise" and look at similar *known*
situations that either already exist or can easily be constructed.


Kerberos should be a suitable mechanism to describe what we have
and figure out what should be.

rfc1964 defines two variants of the Kerberos authentication:

1) initiator-to-target authentication with a single context token

2) initiator-to-target plus target-to-initiator authentication
   ("GSS_C_MUTUAL_FLAG") with two context tokens, one from initiator
   to acceptor and one from acceptor to initiator.

A number of possible error situations that can occur during the
acceptors call to gss_accept_sec_context() will equally be possible
in either of these authentication variants, and could therefore result
in the exact same KRB_ERROR token.

The difference is, that in (1), there is no expected context level token,
so if gss_accept_sec_context() returns a context level token at all,
and if it is sent back to the initiator at all (in spite of
that token being accompanied by a FATAL major_status from
gss_accept_sec_context()), the initiator will have to pass it to
gss_process_context_token(), because his initial call to
gss_init_sec_context() completed with GSS_S_COMPLETE, and the
initiator does not really expect another context level token.


I firmly believe, that the same error cause should result in mostly
the same "look and feel" for the initiator (and the user/caller on
top of the initiator side) for both situations (1) and (2).

In (2), the KRB_ERROR token will be processed by gss_accept_sec_context()
and should cause a fatal major status along with a helpful minor_status
that conveys the reason from the KRB_ERROR token.

In (1), the closest matching behaviour would be that
gss_process_context_token() behaves much like gss_accept_sec_context()
behaves when processing that very KRB_ERROR token.

The only well-defined means how a gss-api mechanism can get a
mechanism-specific error shown to a user/caller is by making a
gssapi call return a fatal major_status along with a helpful minor_status.

The context-iterators (gss_init_sec_context/gss_accept_sec_context)
are very close relatives to gss_process_context_token() with respect
to processing error tokens, because error tokens that are transfered
as a substitute to a regular, expected context level token will be
processed by a context-iterator, whereas error tokens that are going
to be "unexpected" context level tokens will have to be processed
by gss_process_context_token().

Having gss_process_context_token() return an error upon processing
a context deletion would look strange to me.  This certainly does not
fit the meaning of failure for that call and if a pair of application
callers uses a context deletion token to "smoothly" close down
a communication channel, why should they receiver be facing a
fatal error message that is _not_ suggested anywhere in the existing
specification.




Nico Williams wrote:
> On Tue, Nov 04, 2014 at 10:21:29PM -0500, Benjamin Kaduk wrote:
>>
>> Upon receiving a context-level token after its call to
>> GSS_{Accept,Init}_sec_context() has succeeded, a peer may end up calling
>> some or all of GSS_Process_context_token(), GSS_Inquire_context(), and/or
>> GSS_Delete_sec_context(), in that order.  Options that have been
>> considered include:
> 
> I don't think it was ever the case that not calling Delete_sec_context()
> was OK in the case of context tokens arriving after full security
> context establishment.

Agreed.  There are only two calls that may delete a context (handle):
gss_delete_sec_context() and gss_export_sec_context().

gss_init_sec_context() and gss_accept_sec_context() can only fail to
create&return a valid context handle (on the initial call) but should
not delete a context handle that was created by an earlier iterator call.
(from the perspective of formal correctness proofing).


> 
> > (1b) Pass the token to GSS_Process_context_token(), which returns a
> > different value depending on whether the token was an error token or a
> > deletion token.  Whether Delete_sec_context is necessary depends on the
> > particular return.
> 
> As of today and per-RFCs 2743 and 2744, GSS_Delete_sec_context() must
> always eventually be called upon processing an error/deletion token
> _except_ when processing returns GSS_S_DEFECTIVE_TOKEN (i.e., the token
> may well not have been an error/deletion token).  But even here, the
> application might well find that the peer is no longer responsive or
> closes the connection/whatever.

Whether receipt of a context level token that is rejected with
GSS_S_DEFECTIVE_TOKEN by the gssapi mechanism is to be seen as
a fatal termination of the communication depends on the specific
application an protocol.  There certainly should be some _low_ threshold
how often the application caller on top of gssapi should allow that
to happen and be ignored, or it may open a security vulnerability
(access to an "Oracle").  This is how DTLS was made practically
susceptible to LuckyThirteen, whereas the same attack isn't practical
for TLS, where integrity failures of the communication always fatally
terminate the connection.


> 
> With that note, (1b) is almost indistinguishable from (3a).
> 
> > (1c) Pass the token to GSS_Process_context_token(), which returns success
> > and marks the context as unusable.  Call GSS_Inquire_context() to
> > determine whether the context is still valid (returning success and
> > looking at its outputs), and GSS_Delete_sec_context() when we're done.
> 
> This works for me as a second choice.  It may leave more room for future
> extensibility, but I don't think so: if, for example, we were to add
> something like TLS renego I'd expect a new req_flag/ret_flag and/or
> function call to indicate application support for the feature.

I'm not aware of any currently well-defined situation/behaviour where
an application that (a) receives a context level token after context
establishment, and (b) properly hands the token to gss_process_context_token()
could expect to continue using the security context.

A number of "application protocols" that embed gssapi tokens may not
have a mechanism to label/tag tokens with their token type (context vs.
message protection token), and instead, the nature of the token is
implied (everything sent&received before the local context iterator
call returns GSS_S_COMPLETE is a context level token, everything after
it is a message protection token.

To positively indicate the end of a data transfer, FTP Security extensions
(rfc2228) uses a zero-length protected message:

  http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2228#page-15

   When the end of the file is reached, the sender must encode a block
   of zero bytes, and send this final block to the recipient before
   closing the data connection.

(Side note: Microsoft botched the processing of zero-length message
 tokens in the Microsoft Kerberos SSP in Windows 7 and keeps refusing
 to fix it.  It is still botched in Windows 8.  DecryptMessage()
 will fail with SEC_E_MESSAGE_ALTERED when trying to unprotect
 a received zero-length message and passing it to DecryptMessage()
 in SECBUFFER_STREAM after reading it from the network.)



> 
> > (2a) Pass the token to GSS_Process_context_token(), which returns success
> > with a minor code indicating the error.  Inquire_context is optional;
> > Delete_sec_context is required.
> > 
> > This is probably not the right thing to do for a deletion token; we mostly
> > should just be ignoring those, these days, I think.
> 
> We can't externally and securely tell if it is a deletion token.  Having
> GSS_S_COMPLETE for both, error _and_ deletion tokens would mean we never
> could tell.  That would be mildly dissatisfying, but I could live with
> it.

While the factual result for the connection would be the same (no more data
transfer), having gss_process_context_token() return GSS_S_COMPLETE would
make creation, transfer and processing of an error token a silly&useless
operation.  And the difference in processing an error token in
kerberos 1-token (unidirectional) authentication and 2-token (mutual)
authentication does not look appealing/desirable to me.


> 
> > (2b) Pass the token to GSS_Process_context_token(), which returns success
> > with a minor code indicating the nature of the error in the token for
> > error tokens, and just success for deletion tokens.
> 
> Remember, there's no defined no-error minor status.  (2b) is
> indistinguishable from (2a) unless we also codify that the zero minor
> status value is no-error.

While it is true that rfc2744 fails to explicitly define a "no-error"
minor status code, the spec implicitly requires that one exist (because
the gssapi mechanism is explicitly required to _set_ minor_status on
each return of a gssapi function.  So not saying that minor_status==0
is a no-error looks like a specification defect of the omission kind
where the fix is obvious and natural.


> 
> (2b) is better than (2a) because it allows error and deletion tokens to
> be distinguished.
> 
> > Nico would accept this, but it's really weird within the GSS-API to have
> > information in the minor status when the major status is GSS_S_COMPLETE.
> 
> It's not necessarily all that weird.  For one, the RFCs never say this
> can't happen...

As describe above, this is an implied requirement. YMMV.

Expertise&experience is unevenly distributed across implementors,
and often time pressure / deadlines pre-empt the necessary think-time
for common sense to kick in before code gets shipped.


> 
> > (4) Pass the token to GSS_Process_context_token(), which returns some
> > other major code than GSS_S_FAILURE which would be returned from
> > GSS_{Init,Accept}_sec_context upon receipt of an error token.
> 
> A lot of common errors have those two functions return GSS_S_FAILURE.
> The other errors probably don't cover all errors that the error token
> might be reporting.
> 
> ASIDE: I see that I was wrong about the other supplementary major status
>        codes: the two RFCs do list them for GSS_Init/Accept_sec_context().
>        If you could see me now, you'd see me wiping egg from my face.


I would be OK with making the behaviour of gss_process_context_token()
when processing an error token match that of the context iterator call
(gss_init_sec_context(),gss_accept_sec_context()) when processing this
error token.


-Martin


From nobody Wed Nov  5 14:52:04 2014
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Fixing two typos ( s/gss_accept_sec_context/gss_init_sec_context/ ):
I'm sorry.

  
  I firmly believe, that the same error cause should result in mostly
  the same "look and feel" for the initiator (and the user/caller on
  top of the initiator side) for both situations (1) and (2).
  
  In (2), the KRB_ERROR token will be processed by gss_init_sec_context()
  and should cause a fatal major status along with a helpful minor_status
  that conveys the reason from the KRB_ERROR token.
  
  In (1), the closest matching behaviour would be that
  gss_process_context_token() behaves much like gss_init_sec_context()
  behaves when processing that very KRB_ERROR token.

-Martin

Martin Rex wrote:
> Thanks Ben for the summary.
> 
> I hadn't seen as many options/variants in the discussion,
> but I'm also not missing anything, and I also only jumped into the
> discussion very late.
> 
> I'm following up to Nico's response for brevity.
> 
> Nico wrote:
> > Ben wrote:
> >> (3a) Pass the token to GSS_Process_context_token(), which returns
> >> GSS_S_COMPLETE for deletion tokens and GSS_S_FAILURE for error tokens.
> >> Inquire_context() is still usable, and we always must call
> >> Delete_sec_context().
> >> 
> >> Martin and Nico are okay with this one.  The only downside is that 2743
> > 
> > Yes.  I think it's fair to say that Martin prefers this.  I do prefer this.
> 
> Confirmed. My preference is (3a).
> 
> 
> When trying to extend an existing spec that seems incomplete or
> ambiguous, it may help to follow the general guideline of
> "the principle of least surprise" and look at similar *known*
> situations that either already exist or can easily be constructed.
> 
> 
> Kerberos should be a suitable mechanism to describe what we have
> and figure out what should be.
> 
> rfc1964 defines two variants of the Kerberos authentication:
> 
> 1) initiator-to-target authentication with a single context token
> 
> 2) initiator-to-target plus target-to-initiator authentication
>    ("GSS_C_MUTUAL_FLAG") with two context tokens, one from initiator
>    to acceptor and one from acceptor to initiator.
> 
> A number of possible error situations that can occur during the
> acceptors call to gss_accept_sec_context() will equally be possible
> in either of these authentication variants, and could therefore result
> in the exact same KRB_ERROR token.
> 
> The difference is, that in (1), there is no expected context level token,
> so if gss_accept_sec_context() returns a context level token at all,
> and if it is sent back to the initiator at all (in spite of
> that token being accompanied by a FATAL major_status from
> gss_accept_sec_context()), the initiator will have to pass it to
> gss_process_context_token(), because his initial call to
> gss_init_sec_context() completed with GSS_S_COMPLETE, and the
> initiator does not really expect another context level token.
> 
> 
> I firmly believe, that the same error cause should result in mostly
> the same "look and feel" for the initiator (and the user/caller on
> top of the initiator side) for both situations (1) and (2).
> 
> In (2), the KRB_ERROR token will be processed by gss_accept_sec_context()
> and should cause a fatal major status along with a helpful minor_status
> that conveys the reason from the KRB_ERROR token.
> 
> In (1), the closest matching behaviour would be that
> gss_process_context_token() behaves much like gss_accept_sec_context()
> behaves when processing that very KRB_ERROR token.
> 
> The only well-defined means how a gss-api mechanism can get a
> mechanism-specific error shown to a user/caller is by making a
> gssapi call return a fatal major_status along with a helpful minor_status.
> 
> The context-iterators (gss_init_sec_context/gss_accept_sec_context)
> are very close relatives to gss_process_context_token() with respect
> to processing error tokens, because error tokens that are transfered
> as a substitute to a regular, expected context level token will be
> processed by a context-iterator, whereas error tokens that are going
> to be "unexpected" context level tokens will have to be processed
> by gss_process_context_token().
> 
> Having gss_process_context_token() return an error upon processing
> a context deletion would look strange to me.  This certainly does not
> fit the meaning of failure for that call and if a pair of application
> callers uses a context deletion token to "smoothly" close down
> a communication channel, why should they receiver be facing a
> fatal error message that is _not_ suggested anywhere in the existing
> specification.
> 
> 
> 
> 
> Nico Williams wrote:
> > On Tue, Nov 04, 2014 at 10:21:29PM -0500, Benjamin Kaduk wrote:
> >>
> >> Upon receiving a context-level token after its call to
> >> GSS_{Accept,Init}_sec_context() has succeeded, a peer may end up calling
> >> some or all of GSS_Process_context_token(), GSS_Inquire_context(), and/or
> >> GSS_Delete_sec_context(), in that order.  Options that have been
> >> considered include:
> > 
> > I don't think it was ever the case that not calling Delete_sec_context()
> > was OK in the case of context tokens arriving after full security
> > context establishment.
> 
> Agreed.  There are only two calls that may delete a context (handle):
> gss_delete_sec_context() and gss_export_sec_context().
> 
> gss_init_sec_context() and gss_accept_sec_context() can only fail to
> create&return a valid context handle (on the initial call) but should
> not delete a context handle that was created by an earlier iterator call.
> (from the perspective of formal correctness proofing).
> 
> 
> > 
> > > (1b) Pass the token to GSS_Process_context_token(), which returns a
> > > different value depending on whether the token was an error token or a
> > > deletion token.  Whether Delete_sec_context is necessary depends on the
> > > particular return.
> > 
> > As of today and per-RFCs 2743 and 2744, GSS_Delete_sec_context() must
> > always eventually be called upon processing an error/deletion token
> > _except_ when processing returns GSS_S_DEFECTIVE_TOKEN (i.e., the token
> > may well not have been an error/deletion token).  But even here, the
> > application might well find that the peer is no longer responsive or
> > closes the connection/whatever.
> 
> Whether receipt of a context level token that is rejected with
> GSS_S_DEFECTIVE_TOKEN by the gssapi mechanism is to be seen as
> a fatal termination of the communication depends on the specific
> application an protocol.  There certainly should be some _low_ threshold
> how often the application caller on top of gssapi should allow that
> to happen and be ignored, or it may open a security vulnerability
> (access to an "Oracle").  This is how DTLS was made practically
> susceptible to LuckyThirteen, whereas the same attack isn't practical
> for TLS, where integrity failures of the communication always fatally
> terminate the connection.
> 
> 
> > 
> > With that note, (1b) is almost indistinguishable from (3a).
> > 
> > > (1c) Pass the token to GSS_Process_context_token(), which returns success
> > > and marks the context as unusable.  Call GSS_Inquire_context() to
> > > determine whether the context is still valid (returning success and
> > > looking at its outputs), and GSS_Delete_sec_context() when we're done.
> > 
> > This works for me as a second choice.  It may leave more room for future
> > extensibility, but I don't think so: if, for example, we were to add
> > something like TLS renego I'd expect a new req_flag/ret_flag and/or
> > function call to indicate application support for the feature.
> 
> I'm not aware of any currently well-defined situation/behaviour where
> an application that (a) receives a context level token after context
> establishment, and (b) properly hands the token to gss_process_context_token()
> could expect to continue using the security context.
> 
> A number of "application protocols" that embed gssapi tokens may not
> have a mechanism to label/tag tokens with their token type (context vs.
> message protection token), and instead, the nature of the token is
> implied (everything sent&received before the local context iterator
> call returns GSS_S_COMPLETE is a context level token, everything after
> it is a message protection token.
> 
> To positively indicate the end of a data transfer, FTP Security extensions
> (rfc2228) uses a zero-length protected message:
> 
>   http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2228#page-15
> 
>    When the end of the file is reached, the sender must encode a block
>    of zero bytes, and send this final block to the recipient before
>    closing the data connection.
> 
> (Side note: Microsoft botched the processing of zero-length message
>  tokens in the Microsoft Kerberos SSP in Windows 7 and keeps refusing
>  to fix it.  It is still botched in Windows 8.  DecryptMessage()
>  will fail with SEC_E_MESSAGE_ALTERED when trying to unprotect
>  a received zero-length message and passing it to DecryptMessage()
>  in SECBUFFER_STREAM after reading it from the network.)
> 
> 
> 
> > 
> > > (2a) Pass the token to GSS_Process_context_token(), which returns success
> > > with a minor code indicating the error.  Inquire_context is optional;
> > > Delete_sec_context is required.
> > > 
> > > This is probably not the right thing to do for a deletion token; we mostly
> > > should just be ignoring those, these days, I think.
> > 
> > We can't externally and securely tell if it is a deletion token.  Having
> > GSS_S_COMPLETE for both, error _and_ deletion tokens would mean we never
> > could tell.  That would be mildly dissatisfying, but I could live with
> > it.
> 
> While the factual result for the connection would be the same (no more data
> transfer), having gss_process_context_token() return GSS_S_COMPLETE would
> make creation, transfer and processing of an error token a silly&useless
> operation.  And the difference in processing an error token in
> kerberos 1-token (unidirectional) authentication and 2-token (mutual)
> authentication does not look appealing/desirable to me.
> 
> 
> > 
> > > (2b) Pass the token to GSS_Process_context_token(), which returns success
> > > with a minor code indicating the nature of the error in the token for
> > > error tokens, and just success for deletion tokens.
> > 
> > Remember, there's no defined no-error minor status.  (2b) is
> > indistinguishable from (2a) unless we also codify that the zero minor
> > status value is no-error.
> 
> While it is true that rfc2744 fails to explicitly define a "no-error"
> minor status code, the spec implicitly requires that one exist (because
> the gssapi mechanism is explicitly required to _set_ minor_status on
> each return of a gssapi function.  So not saying that minor_status==0
> is a no-error looks like a specification defect of the omission kind
> where the fix is obvious and natural.
> 
> 
> > 
> > (2b) is better than (2a) because it allows error and deletion tokens to
> > be distinguished.
> > 
> > > Nico would accept this, but it's really weird within the GSS-API to have
> > > information in the minor status when the major status is GSS_S_COMPLETE.
> > 
> > It's not necessarily all that weird.  For one, the RFCs never say this
> > can't happen...
> 
> As describe above, this is an implied requirement. YMMV.
> 
> Expertise&experience is unevenly distributed across implementors,
> and often time pressure / deadlines pre-empt the necessary think-time
> for common sense to kick in before code gets shipped.
> 
> 
> > 
> > > (4) Pass the token to GSS_Process_context_token(), which returns some
> > > other major code than GSS_S_FAILURE which would be returned from
> > > GSS_{Init,Accept}_sec_context upon receipt of an error token.
> > 
> > A lot of common errors have those two functions return GSS_S_FAILURE.
> > The other errors probably don't cover all errors that the error token
> > might be reporting.
> > 
> > ASIDE: I see that I was wrong about the other supplementary major status
> >        codes: the two RFCs do list them for GSS_Init/Accept_sec_context().
> >        If you could see me now, you'd see me wiping egg from my face.
> 
> 
> I would be OK with making the behaviour of gss_process_context_token()
> when processing an error token match that of the context iterator call
> (gss_init_sec_context(),gss_accept_sec_context()) when processing this
> error token.
> 
> 
> -Martin


From nobody Wed Nov  5 14:54:30 2014
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Date: Wed, 5 Nov 2014 16:54:24 -0600
From: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
To: Martin Rex <mrex@sap.com>
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On Wed, Nov 05, 2014 at 11:14:50PM +0100, Martin Rex wrote:
> While it is true that rfc2744 fails to explicitly define a "no-error"
> minor status code, the spec implicitly requires that one exist (because
> the gssapi mechanism is explicitly required to _set_ minor_status on
> each return of a gssapi function.  So not saying that minor_status==0
> is a no-error looks like a specification defect of the omission kind
> where the fix is obvious and natural.

We could file an erratum for this too.

(I don't think we have the energy for a complete update of either RFC.
We could do one-off updates of them for this and that minor problem, but
even that seems like a lot of energy to put into fixing minor issues
that would best be dedicated to other work.)

> I would be OK with making the behaviour of gss_process_context_token()
> when processing an error token match that of the context iterator call
> (gss_init_sec_context(),gss_accept_sec_context()) when processing this
> error token.

It would create an ambiguity as to GSS_S_DEFECTIVE_TOKEN: is it that the
async context token is defective, or that a token we sent was seen as
defective by the peer?

It would also mean extending the list of major status codes that
GSS_Process_context_token() can return.  I have absolutely no problem
doing that in this case.

Nico
-- 


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Date: Wed, 5 Nov 2014 17:31:39 -0600
From: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
To: Martin Rex <mrex@sap.com>
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Incidentally, neither RFC1964 nor RFC4121 say whether the mechanism on
the acceptor side should output an error token when there is an error
accepting a context w/o mutual auth.

I believe most implementations don't.

What applications use GSS w/o mutual auth?

Aside from test apps (e.g., gss-client), the only one I can think of
(proprietary or otherwise) is HTTP/Negotiate [RFC4559], which doesn't
say whether to request mutual auth or not (not that it matters much,
security-wise, since HTTP/Negotiate doesn't actually use per-message
tokens...).

[Apologies for the length of this.  What follows is a discussion of
initiator->acceptor error tokens that can mostly be ignored.  We
probably shouldn't care about those; if you do, read on.]

Also, in general error tokens are most useful when they convey useful
information to a user.  Users are usually on the initiator side.  For
acceptors the value in unexpected error tokens is that they indicate
that the context should be deleted -- for some apps and/or mechanisms
there may be no way to securely indicate this in such a situation.

E.g., imagine krb5 outputting a KRB-ERROR when the acceptor's AP-REP is
defective.  Since the acceptor was [presumably] able to decrypt the
initiator's AP-REQ's Ticket and Authenticator (and especially if we had
an integrity-protected KRB-ERROR), the acceptor could take the error
token as an indication that the gig is up for this context.

In the case of Kerberos the initiator application could always use
PROT_READY per-message tokens to secure an application-layer delete/
close message, if the application protocol has one.  But if this
situation was common we'd want to have the initiator output an error
token.  In practice we just don't care about this situation.  Worst case
scenario acceptor apps have to deal with timeouts, but all network
applications have to anyways.

I think asking for initiator->acceptor error tokens would be going bit
too far for now.  We should want initiator apps to know to use
gss_process_context_token() though, for the reasons I gave much earlier
in this thread.

Nico
-- 


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From: Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@MIT.EDU>
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I'm not replying to the previous messages in the subthread after I listed
a summary of options; I basically agree with all statements by both Nico
and Martin, and don't see anything that clearly needs a reply.  Please let
me know if you want me to comment on anything in particular.


On Wed, 5 Nov 2014, Martin Rex wrote:

> I hadn't seen as many options/variants in the discussion,
> but I'm also not missing anything, and I also only jumped into the
> discussion very late.

I was probably overzealous when compiling it, but it doesn't seem harmful
to consider extra options.

> Nico wrote:
> > Ben wrote:
> >> (3a) Pass the token to GSS_Process_context_token(), which returns
> >> GSS_S_COMPLETE for deletion tokens and GSS_S_FAILURE for error tokens.
> >> Inquire_context() is still usable, and we always must call
> >> Delete_sec_context().
> >>
> >> Martin and Nico are okay with this one.  The only downside is that 2743
> >
> > Yes.  I think it's fair to say that Martin prefers this.  I do prefer this.
>
> Confirmed. My preference is (3a).
>
>
> When trying to extend an existing spec that seems incomplete or
> ambiguous, it may help to follow the general guideline of
> "the principle of least surprise" and look at similar *known*
> situations that either already exist or can easily be constructed.

Agreed.

> The only well-defined means how a gss-api mechanism can get a
> mechanism-specific error shown to a user/caller is by making a
> gssapi call return a fatal major_status along with a helpful minor_status.

This is also basically true.  Some of the numbered proposals offered
different options for conveying this sort of information, but they violate
the principle of least surprise.

> Having gss_process_context_token() return an error upon processing
> a context deletion would look strange to me.  This certainly does not
> fit the meaning of failure for that call and if a pair of application
> callers uses a context deletion token to "smoothly" close down
> a communication channel, why should they receiver be facing a
> fatal error message that is _not_ suggested anywhere in the existing
> specification.

Okay.


> Nico Williams wrote:
> > On Tue, Nov 04, 2014 at 10:21:29PM -0500, Benjamin Kaduk wrote:
> >>
> >> Upon receiving a context-level token after its call to
> >> GSS_{Accept,Init}_sec_context() has succeeded, a peer may end up calling
> >> some or all of GSS_Process_context_token(), GSS_Inquire_context(), and/or
> >> GSS_Delete_sec_context(), in that order.  Options that have been
> >> considered include:
> >
> > I don't think it was ever the case that not calling Delete_sec_context()
> > was OK in the case of context tokens arriving after full security
> > context establishment.
>
> Agreed.  There are only two calls that may delete a context (handle):
> gss_delete_sec_context() and gss_export_sec_context().

Yes, it was always the case.  Some confused statements may have been made
during previous discussions on this thread, but they were wrong.

> > With that note, (1b) is almost indistinguishable from (3a).
> >
> > > (1c) Pass the token to GSS_Process_context_token(), which returns success
> > > and marks the context as unusable.  Call GSS_Inquire_context() to
> > > determine whether the context is still valid (returning success and
> > > looking at its outputs), and GSS_Delete_sec_context() when we're done.
> >
> > This works for me as a second choice.  It may leave more room for future
> > extensibility, but I don't think so: if, for example, we were to add
> > something like TLS renego I'd expect a new req_flag/ret_flag and/or
> > function call to indicate application support for the feature.
>
> I'm not aware of any currently well-defined situation/behaviour where
> an application that (a) receives a context level token after context
> establishment, and (b) properly hands the token to gss_process_context_token()
> could expect to continue using the security context.

I agree.  Nico is pointing out that we might want to create such
situations in the future.

> > > (4) Pass the token to GSS_Process_context_token(), which returns some
> > > other major code than GSS_S_FAILURE which would be returned from
> > > GSS_{Init,Accept}_sec_context upon receipt of an error token.
> >
> > A lot of common errors have those two functions return GSS_S_FAILURE.
> > The other errors probably don't cover all errors that the error token
> > might be reporting.
> >
> > ASIDE: I see that I was wrong about the other supplementary major status
> >        codes: the two RFCs do list them for GSS_Init/Accept_sec_context().
> >        If you could see me now, you'd see me wiping egg from my face.
>
>
> I would be OK with making the behaviour of gss_process_context_token()
> when processing an error token match that of the context iterator call
> (gss_init_sec_context(),gss_accept_sec_context()) when processing this
> error token.

Martin pointed out in an off-list message that many of the error codes are
explicitly called out in RFC 2743 are referring to a specific input
variable to the GSS call in question (e.g., "GSS_S_DEFECTIVE_TOKEN
indicates that consistency checks performed on the input_token failed")



On Wed, 5 Nov 2014, Nico Williams wrote:

> On Wed, Nov 05, 2014 at 11:14:50PM +0100, Martin Rex wrote:
>
> > I would be OK with making the behaviour of gss_process_context_token()
> > when processing an error token match that of the context iterator call
> > (gss_init_sec_context(),gss_accept_sec_context()) when processing this
> > error token.
>
> It would create an ambiguity as to GSS_S_DEFECTIVE_TOKEN: is it that the
> async context token is defective, or that a token we sent was seen as
> defective by the peer?
>
> It would also mean extending the list of major status codes that
> GSS_Process_context_token() can return.  I have absolutely no problem
> doing that in this case.

I don't think we can make that extension in gss-loop, and it seems rather
silly to make a one-off document just to do that.

Given the restrictions alluded to above, there would probably only be a
handful of error codes other than GSS_S_FAILURE that would be permitted,
so maybe it is simplest to just use that one.

-Ben


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From: Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@MIT.EDU>
To: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] WGLC of draft-ietf-kitten-gss-loop-00
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On Wed, 5 Nov 2014, Nico Williams wrote:

>
> Incidentally, neither RFC1964 nor RFC4121 say whether the mechanism on
> the acceptor side should output an error token when there is an error
> accepting a context w/o mutual auth.
>
> I believe most implementations don't.

I agree.

> I think asking for initiator->acceptor error tokens would be going bit
> too far for now.  We should want initiator apps to know to use
> gss_process_context_token() though, for the reasons I gave much earlier
> in this thread.

Yes.

-Ben


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Subject: Re: [kitten] PKCROSS I-D updated: drop LoF/TOFU/pseudonymity business
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Hello Nico,

Thanks for writing draft-williams-kitten-krb5-pkcross-05

In 1 Abstract and 1, is it worth emphasising that hitherto unrelated =
realms may be connected on-the-fly with PKCROSS?

In 2.1, the =93source=94 and =93destination=94 are not immediately =
clear; might =93client=94 and =93server=94 or =93user=94 and =93service=94=
 be better?  Note you used =93target=94 for =93destination=94 in 2.2.
In 2.1, you might want to make remarks about the validity of the kx509 =
certificate and the impact that this has on the validity of the krbtgt.
In 2.1, although clear, examples with realm names could be helpful.

In 2.2, I have been playing with the idea of using the server key for =
the KDC also for the client side.  This is not likely to cause problems, =
and it will simplify management of certificates in DANE; DANE and its =
complex relationships with DNSSEC and cache timing makes it a beast to =
operate, so simpler is better.

In 2.1 and 2.2, you might want to say that DH should be used for PKINIT. =
 It is rather interesting here, because the switch is likely to =
crossover to other operational control, and the source realm should not =
be able to continue to tap traffic.  (KRB5-KDH will enable this too, of =
course, but then the retrieved identity has been leaked already.)

In 2.2, you might want to make explicit that multiple SAN element =
id-pkinit-san, and that these then serve as alternatives.  This can be =
used for sites that support multiple realms.  The consequence of =
defining it as OR is that the zero element (no id-pkinit-san available) =
conforms to a FALSE outcome, which is algebraically sane (and more =
importantly, it avoids programming errors).

In 2.2, there is probably a lifetime for the cross-realm shared secret.  =
It is important to define this.  There may even be a need to allow some =
spare time to deal with distributed clock drift.  A question to answer =
is when crossover tickets expire and until when they may be renewed; are =
they constrained by the ITGT?

In 2.2, the result of the exchange is a-symmetric, right?  Clients in =
one realm can use services in another realm, but the reverse is not =
possible without a similar exchange in the opposite direction.  That is =
the most flexible / general model.  It might be good to make that =
explicit.

In 2.2.1, I cannot make out why the TGT is made to look different from =
=93normal=94 ones.  Any difference means that the client must have =
PKCROSS support built in, even for this TGS mode.  The reach of the =
mechanism would greatly improve if =93normal=94 TGTs can be sent from =
KDC to clients.  Can you explain why you need to divert here?  I imagine =
I would do more work in the KDC than proposed here, is that perhaps not =
possible?

In 2.3, could it help to redirect to TCP?  I don=92t know if a procedure =
exists to do that from the KDC, but if so, TCP establishes a connection =
and the client does not have to rely on timeouts as with UDP.  It is =
more likely to work.  Alternatively, since the problem is =93softer=94 =
than a full failure, it may not be too bad to rely on clients to handle =
this cleverly.

In 2.4, perhaps emphasise that this MUST be an operator choice, so a =
setting on the software.  Some will accept self-signed X.509 if it is =
found in DANE, others will require DANE on top of X.509 and yet others =
may not be willing to setup DANE/DNSSEC for its operational complexity.

In 2.4, why does a client not have to validate as well as a KDC if it =
uses Client-driven PKCROSS?

In 2.5, stapling DANE onto X.509 may lead to differences in TTL for DNS =
and kx509 certificates; what to do when DNS expires after an hour?

In 2.5, care should be taken that some parties may have an interest in =
cutting this path short, to make it look nicer / more reliable.  Parties =
that could have such an interest should not be empowered to do so.  The =
reason for these paths is to document reliably how far a client went to =
get to a service, right?  This is currently missing from the =
documentation.

Anchor4 =97> the reason to want this could be back-and-forth translation =
paths between PKIX and KRB5.  It might suffice to avoid this by =
requiring only one hop, and inserting the right checks before releasing =
credentials.  In the end, a user wants to contact a service, and that =
may require a direct path, with only one PKCROSS hop in between.

In 2.5, it may be meaningless to know that =93some other=94 KDC approves =
of a path, if I don=92t know that KDC=92s policy.  What handles do you =
imagine a relying KDC could use to come to a judgement on that?

In 2.6, an alternative could be regularly refreshed keys that a KDC =
keeps track of.  This would reduce the risk of stored session keys.  =
(Avoiding this completely may not be possible, since a KDC might crash =
while a relying KDC still holds a krbtgt against the crashing one.)  =
Such long-term keys could be requested in time to avoid the =93impatient =
client=94 problem.  In fact, a bit of counting could make the KDC learn =
about long-term relationships.

In 3.2.2, is the domain =93.=94 a suitable high-up domain to trust?


Cheers,
 -Rick=


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--Apple-Mail=_210351FB-6783-4E11-B3CC-BD07BB8C561E
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Hi Nico,

It seemed to me that the TGS-Driven PKCROSS approach is more complex =
than it needs to be.  Perhaps you started out as I did, but if not it =
may be interesting to consider the following as an alternative.


## AS-driven PKCROSS

This section defines an alternative to Client-driven PKCROSS, and it is
designed to encapsulate the logic within a KDC.  It works by setting up =
a
PKINIT exchange, establish a shared secret for one-way trust between two
KDC's, and install the resulting key as a manually installed key would =
be.

Such automatically installed keys expire at some point, and must then be
refreshed.  This can be done on demand when a client requests access to =
an
unknown remote realm, or the KDC can continuously refresh certificates =
for
realms that it knows are regularly needed.  The distinction across this
choice dimension is a local matter of the KDC and its operational staff,
because the protocols do not change on account of it.

When TGS request is made for access to a realm that is not locally
known to the KDC, the following protocol is initiated:

 * The user's KDC connects to a service's KDC, using PKINIT.

 * Both KDCs use their PKINIT server key to authenticate their use of =
certificates.

 * The KDCs mutually authenticate through DANE-with-DNSSEC and/or =
through PKIX validation.

 * During the exchange, a Diffie-Hellman key exchange forms the shared =
secret for the realm crossover.

 * Based on the shared secret, both inject a ticket for realm crossover =
from the user's KDC to the service's KDC in their key repositories.

 * This crossover ticket has an expiration time, as set by the service's =
KDC.  It is advised to permit somewhat elongated times for this.

 * Based on this realm-crossover ticket, the KDC's can now proceed as =
for manually configured shared keys.


Tickets provided on the basis of a realm crossover ticket MUST expire =
before or at the expiration of the crossover ticket.  If a client KDC =
considers the remaining duration too brief, it may request a fresh =
crossover ticket instead.

A restart of the KDC service MAY lead to loss of a crossover ticket.  =
When a client KDC has lost a crossover ticket, it may simply request a =
fresh one; when a service KDC has lost a crossover ticket the client KDC =
would notice that the key is unknown, and it would know to request a =
fresh ticket and then to try again.

The result of this lenient handling of loss of crossover keys is that no =
sessions keys need to be stored persistently.  This may help to improve =
the security of the KDC service.


I hope this is useful!
 -Rick


--Apple-Mail=_210351FB-6783-4E11-B3CC-BD07BB8C561E
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<section title="AS-driven PKCROSS">

<t>This section defines an alternative to Client-driven PKCROSS, and it is
designed to encapsulate the logic within a KDC.  It works by setting up a
PKINIT exchange, establish a shared secret for one-way trust between two
KDC's, and install the resulting key as a manually installed key would be.</t>

<t>Such automatically installed keys expire at some point, and must then be
refreshed.  This can be done on demand when a client requests access to an
unknown remote realm, or the KDC can continuously refresh certificates for
realms that it knows are regularly needed.  The distinction across this
choice dimension is a local matter of the KDC and its operational staff,
because the protocols do not change on account of it.</t>

<t>When TGS request is made for access to a realm that is not locally
known to the KDC, the following protocol is initiated:

<list style="symbols">
<t>The user's KDC connects to a service's KDC, using PKINIT.</t>
<t>Both KDCs use their PKINIT server key to authenticate their use of certificates.</t>
<t>The KDCs mutually authenticate through DANE-with-DNSSEC and/or through PKIX validation.</t>
<t>During the exchange, a Diffie-Hellman key exchange forms the shared secret for the realm crossover.</t>
<t>Based on the shared secret, both inject a ticket for realm crossover from the user's KDC to the service's KDC in their key repositories.</t>
<t>This crossover ticket has an expiration time, as set by the service's KDC.  It is advised to permit somewhat elongated times for this.</t>
<t>Based on this realm-crossover ticket, the KDC's can now proceed as for manually configured shared keys.</t>
</list></t>

<t>Tickets provided on the basis of a realm crossover ticket MUST expire before or at the expiration of the crossover ticket.  If a client KDC considers the remaining duration too brief, it may request a fresh crossover ticket instead.</t>

<t>A restart of the KDC service MAY lead to loss of a crossover ticket.  When a client KDC has lost a crossover ticket, it may simply request a fresh one; when a service KDC has lost a crossover ticket the client KDC would notice that the key is unknown, and it would know to request a fresh ticket and then to try again.</t>

<t>The result of this lenient handling of loss of crossover keys is that no sessions keys need to be stored persistently.  This may help to improve the security of the KDC service.</t>

</section>

--Apple-Mail=_210351FB-6783-4E11-B3CC-BD07BB8C561E--


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To: Rick van Rein <rick@openfortress.nl>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] PKCROSS I-D updated: drop LoF/TOFU/pseudonymity business
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On Thu, Nov 06, 2014 at 04:07:27PM +0100, Rick van Rein wrote:
> In 1 Abstract and 1, is it worth emphasising that hitherto unrelated
> realms may be connected on-the-fly with PKCROSS?

I thought that was implied in the part about scalability.

> In 2.1, the =E2=80=9Csource=E2=80=9D and =E2=80=9Cdestination=E2=80=9D =
are not immediately clear;
> might =E2=80=9Cclient=E2=80=9D and =E2=80=9Cserver=E2=80=9D or =E2=80=9C=
user=E2=80=9D and =E2=80=9Cservice=E2=80=9D be better?  Note
> you used =E2=80=9Ctarget=E2=80=9D for =E2=80=9Cdestination=E2=80=9D in =
2.2.

I think "client" and "server" would be more confusing.  The source realm
need not be the user's realm, nor must the destination realm be the
client application's target service's realm either.

Speaking of "source" and "target" or "destination" realms seems more
appropriate.

> In 2.1, you might want to make remarks about the validity of the kx509
> certificate and the impact that this has on the validity of the
> krbtgt.

Did you mean the validity time period?  Sure, that's a good point.

> In 2.1, although clear, examples with realm names could be helpful.

OK.

> In 2.2, I have been playing with the idea of using the server key for
> the KDC also for the client side.  This is not likely to cause
> problems, and it will simplify management of certificates in DANE;
>
I'm lost here.  What server key?

> DANE and its complex relationships with DNSSEC and cache timing makes
> it a beast to operate, so simpler is better.

I don't follow this either.  What cache timing?  There's no complex
relationship between DANE and DNSSEC.  DNSSEC might be complex, but DANE
is simple.

> In 2.1 and 2.2, you might want to say that DH should be used for
> PKINIT.  It is rather interesting here, because the switch is likely
> to crossover to other operational control, and the source realm should
> not be able to continue to tap traffic.  (KRB5-KDH will enable this
> too, of course, but then the retrieved identity has been leaked
> already.)

The source realm is trusted by the client, and will be able to continue
to impersonate the user, but will not be able to mount a passive attack
on the user talking to the destination in the client-driven PKCROSS
case regardless of whether the client uses DH in PINIT or not.

The source realm will be able to mount passive attacks on the users
talking to destination realms with the KDC-driven PKCROSS protocol, and
this is just a consequence of the Needham-Schroeder protocol, and is
true even if the source realm's KDCs use DH in PKINIT.

> In 2.2, you might want to make explicit that multiple SAN element
> id-pkinit-san, and that these then serve as alternatives.  This can be
> used for sites that support multiple realms.  The consequence of
> defining it as OR is that the zero element (no id-pkinit-san
> available) conforms to a FALSE outcome, which is algebraically sane
> (and more importantly, it avoids programming errors).

Well, the KDC-REQ body's cname/crealm have to match one id-pkinit-san
SAN, and that should be the one mentioned in 2.2 (I should say this
about the KDC-REQ).  It doesn't matter if there are multiple
id-pkinit-san SANs.

> In 2.2, there is probably a lifetime for the cross-realm shared
> secret.  It is important to define this.  There may even be a need to
> allow some spare time to deal with distributed clock drift.  A
> question to answer is when crossover tickets expire and until when
> they may be renewed; are they constrained by the ITGT?

It *is* the lifetime of the ITGT.  It couldn't be otherwise.

> In 2.2, the result of the exchange is a-symmetric, right?  Clients in

The trust is asymmetric, yes.  (The ITGT's session key is symmetric.)

> one realm can use services in another realm, but the reverse is not
> possible without a similar exchange in the opposite direction.  That
> is the most flexible / general model.  It might be good to make that
> explicit.

Yes.  I'll make it more explicit.

> In 2.2.1, I cannot make out why the TGT is made to look different from
> =E2=80=9Cnormal=E2=80=9D ones.  Any difference means that the client mu=
st have PKCROSS
> support built in, even for this TGS mode.  The reach of the mechanism
> would greatly improve if =E2=80=9Cnormal=E2=80=9D TGTs can be sent from=
 KDC to
> clients.  Can you explain why you need to divert here?  I imagine I
> would do more work in the KDC than proposed here, is that perhaps not
> possible?

Cross-realm tickets issued *to clients* this way can't be Ticket PDUs
since there's no long-term symmetric key for the cross-realm krbtgt
principal.  They must have a different form.  My choice was to use
AP-REQ (from the issuing source realm KDC to the target realm), using
the ITGT from the previous step.

Clients CANNOT decrypt Tickets (except when they are also the target
principal of the Ticket).  Therefore clients CANNOT tell the difference.

As far as clients are concerned, the KDC-driven PKCROSS case is
completely transparent, with the only observable difference being in
timing (and only occasionally, when the KDC doesn't already have the
necessary ITGT; once a KDC has that ITGT, the clients will observe not
even a difference in timing).

> In 2.3, could it help to redirect to TCP?  I don=E2=80=99t know if a pr=
ocedure
> exists to do that from the KDC, but if so, TCP establishes a
> connection and the client does not have to rely on timeouts as with
> UDP.  It is more likely to work.  Alternatively, since the problem is
> =E2=80=9Csofter=E2=80=9D than a full failure, it may not be too bad to =
rely on clients
> to handle this cleverly.

Oh, KRB_ERR_RESPONSE_TOO_BIG.  Yes, that's an interesting idea.  Clients
still apply a timeout in the TCP case though, but they might apply a
longer timeout.

But anyways, if a client times out and moves on to another KDC it's not
that big a deal.  The real problem is that it might fail altogether if
its timeout is too short and none of the KDCs it talks to already have
the required ITGT.

> In 2.4, perhaps emphasise that this MUST be an operator choice, so a
> setting on the software.  Some will accept self-signed X.509 if it is
> found in DANE, others will require DANE on top of X.509 and yet others
> may not be willing to setup DANE/DNSSEC for its operational
> complexity.

Sure.  By not using RFC2119 language as to this choice I thought this
was implicit.

> In 2.4, why does a client not have to validate as well as a KDC if it
> uses Client-driven PKCROSS?

Good point.  I was also assuming that the client could do the DANE
lookups for the target realm, but we might want a PKINIT extension by
which the KDC can staple DANE to its replies.

> In 2.5, stapling DANE onto X.509 may lead to differences in TTL for
> DNS and kx509 certificates; what to do when DNS expires after an hour?

The two things are different.  DNS RR TTLs are for caching; they aren't
hard expirations.  If a kx509 CA wants to issue certificates much longer
than its DANE RR TTLs, so be it.  I see no need to connect the two.

(One might want to publish a CA policy as to max cert life in DNS too,
and staple that as well.)

> In 2.5, care should be taken that some parties may have an interest in
> cutting this path short, to make it look nicer / more reliable.

There won't be very many parties involved in the common case.

Even in a network with [locally-trusted] gateway outbound/inbound realms =
for routing
PKCROSS to the world through... the typical path will transit not more
than two Kerberos realms and the (DNSSEC) hierarchical path from the
PKCROSS source realm to the root.

In the more likely (long-term) common case with no gateway realms there
will be no Kerberos realms in the transit path, just the domains from
the source realm to the root.

None of the DNSSEC hierarchical path elements (domainnames) will be
"transited" in the sense of having had KDCs visited.  Therefore they
can't "edit" the path.

In either of the two likely cases (with and w/o gateway realms) you have
only realms involved that necessarily must be trusted.  There's no
security consideration here that isn't already in RFC4120.

> Parties that could have such an interest should not be empowered to do
> so.  The reason for these paths is to document reliably how far a
> client went to get to a service, right?  This is currently missing
> from the documentation.

We're already making the situation much better than for RFC4120 just by
shortening the real transit path (to zero realms).  KDCs already can
lie, and nothing we can do here can change that.

The thing to do is to encourage policies whereby target realms refuse
PKCROSS with the crealm not being the same as the issuing TGS's.

Oh, incidentally, the KDC-driven PKCROSS case needs an Authenticator
authorization-data element for conveying the transit path taken by the
client reaching the PKCROSS source realm!  I'd missed that completely.

> Anchor4 =E2=80=94> the reason to want this could be back-and-forth tran=
slation
> paths between PKIX and KRB5.  It might suffice to avoid this by
> requiring only one hop, and inserting the right checks before
> releasing credentials.  In the end, a user wants to contact a service,
> and that may require a direct path, with only one PKCROSS hop in
> between.

Right, but I was alluding to the problem is that PKIX DNs can't be
reliably represented as strings, but that's what Realms are (strings).

(That's kinda shocking the first time you hear about it...  See RFC4514
for a more complete treatment of this.)

I'm expecting the answer here to be "no, that's ETOOHARD for too little
value -- none in the DANE case".  But in the no-DANE case aliasing of
PKIX issuer names could be problematic (though I expect that it won't
be any more problematic than the WebPKI already is in itself, and that
it won't be at all problematic in proper non-WebPKI PKIs that use naming
constraints).

> In 2.5, it may be meaningless to know that =E2=80=9Csome other=E2=80=9D=
 KDC approves
> of a path, if I don=E2=80=99t know that KDC=E2=80=99s policy.  What han=
dles do you
> imagine a relying KDC could use to come to a judgement on that?

See RFC4120.  This is about the service's realm's KDCs' policy.

> In 2.6, an alternative could be regularly refreshed keys that a KDC
> keeps track of.  This would reduce the risk of stored session keys.

Sure.  Once the x-realm krbtgt principal has long-term keys, they can be
changed.

> (Avoiding this completely may not be possible, since a KDC might crash
> while a relying KDC still holds a krbtgt against the crashing one.)

The target realm has to commit and replicate the x-realm krbtgt KDB
entry before the source realm starts using it.  This is an existing
problem.

> Such long-term keys could be requested in time to avoid the =E2=80=9Cim=
patient
> client=E2=80=9D problem.  I[...]

Yes, when you know you'll need it, of course.

>            [...].  In fact, a bit of counting could make the KDC learn
> about long-term relationships.

Indeed.  (But beware DoS attacks.)

> In 3.2.2, is the domain =E2=80=9C.=E2=80=9D a suitable high-up domain t=
o trust?

Yes, though it can't be representated in a Kerberos transit path.

Nico
--=20


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Date: Thu, 6 Nov 2014 11:57:19 -0600
From: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
To: Rick van Rein <rick@openfortress.nl>
Message-ID: <20141106175717.GP7913@localhost>
References: <20141027071420.GB14215@localhost> <alpine.GSO.1.10.1410271544330.27826@multics.mit.edu> <CAK3OfOi8kBHHu0NLRpxhoxBL2uwsiO5Ehwzz2XYExF-pQALZ8Q@mail.gmail.com> <55049CF5-4553-4688-86BA-92B3BF45C849@openfortress.nl> <5780023B-695F-4C98-AAC0-BA32235EFA27@openfortress.nl>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] PKCROSS I-D updated: drop LoF/TOFU/pseudonymity business
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On Thu, Nov 06, 2014 at 05:01:39PM +0100, Rick van Rein wrote:
> It seemed to me that the TGS-Driven PKCROSS approach is more complex
> than it needs to be.  Perhaps you started out as I did, but if not it
> may be interesting to consider the following as an alternative.

I thought it was simple and elegant, particularly the part about the
Ticket enc-part's "ciphertext" being actually an AP-REQ.

> ## AS-driven PKCROSS
> 
> This section defines an alternative to Client-driven PKCROSS, and it
> is designed to encapsulate the logic within a KDC.  It works by
> setting up a PKINIT exchange, establish a shared secret for one-way
> trust between two KDC's, and install the resulting key as a manually
> installed key would be.

The problem with this is that it requires synchronization and
replication (if it were only replication it might not be so bad), and
that on both sides.  That is pretty much a fatal problem for this
approach.

I had considered it.  Perhaps I should have said something about why it
can't work and use that as motivation for the ITGT/AP-REQ-as-Ticket
concept, which avoids the sync/replication problem altogether.

Nico
-- 


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On Thu, 6 Nov 2014, Nico Williams wrote:

> On Thu, Nov 06, 2014 at 04:07:27PM +0100, Rick van Rein wrote:
> > In 1 Abstract and 1, is it worth emphasising that hitherto unrelated
> > realms may be connected on-the-fly with PKCROSS?
>
> I thought that was implied in the part about scalability.

I think it would be good to mention it explicitly, regardless.


On Thu, 6 Nov 2014, Nico Williams wrote:

> On Thu, Nov 06, 2014 at 05:01:39PM +0100, Rick van Rein wrote:
>
> > ## AS-driven PKCROSS
> >
> > This section defines an alternative to Client-driven PKCROSS, and it
> > is designed to encapsulate the logic within a KDC.  It works by
> > setting up a PKINIT exchange, establish a shared secret for one-way
> > trust between two KDC's, and install the resulting key as a manually
> > installed key would be.
>
> The problem with this is that it requires synchronization and
> replication (if it were only replication it might not be so bad), and
> that on both sides.  That is pretty much a fatal problem for this
> approach.
>
> I had considered it.  Perhaps I should have said something about why it
> can't work and use that as motivation for the ITGT/AP-REQ-as-Ticket
> concept, which avoids the sync/replication problem altogether.

That could be useful.  If it's too long, maybe put it in an appendix?

-Ben


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Subject: Re: [kitten] RFC2743 errata 4251
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On Tue, 4 Nov 2014, Nico Williams wrote:

> I wrote this yesterday but neglected to click the submit button.  Just
> submitted:
>
> http://www.rfc-editor.org/errata_search.php?eid=4151

It was probably a little premature to submit while discussion was still
ongoing.  We could probably wordsmith things a little better, but this
looks consistent with the (3a) from my list.

And of course it neglects the possibility of (rare) local errors like
ENOMEM.

That said, I do not think I have any strong objections to any portion of
it.

-Ben


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Subject: Re: [kitten] PKCROSS I-D updated: drop LoF/TOFU/pseudonymity business
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Hi Nico,

>> In 2.2, I have been playing with the idea of using the server key for
>> the KDC also for the client side.  This is not likely to cause
>> problems, and it will simplify management of certificates in DANE;
>>=20
> I'm lost here.  What server key?

During PKINIT, the KDC uses a =93server=94 certificate/key to =
authenticate.
This cert/key may also be used as a PKINIT client cert/key =97 possibly
with a Key Usage added.  This could reduce the bookkeeping in DANE,
which greatly simplifies that management responsibility.

>> DANE and its complex relationships with DNSSEC and cache timing makes
>> it a beast to operate, so simpler is better.
>=20
> I don't follow this either.  What cache timing?  There's no complex
> relationship between DANE and DNSSEC.  DNSSEC might be complex, but =
DANE
> is simple.

=85except in practice.  DANE stored in DNS (that is, if not stapled) =
deals
with DNS cache expirations, and the operational side of controlling
proper rollover with different timinig requirements for DNS and the
service is rather confusing =97 as soon as you take into account that
this may span multiple managing parties.  At least, that=92s been our
conclusion at SURFnet.  DANE is only simple if you control all the
parts, and if you=92re willing to carefully handle the DNS TTL stuff,
prepare your certificate rollovers in ample time, and if you don=92t =
forget
to (request) cleanup after DNS has rolled over.

>> In 2.1 and 2.2, you might want to say that DH should be used for
>> PKINIT.  It is rather interesting here, because the switch is likely
>> to crossover to other operational control, and the source realm =
should
>> not be able to continue to tap traffic.  (KRB5-KDH will enable this
>> too, of course, but then the retrieved identity has been leaked
>> already.)
>=20
> The source realm is trusted by the client, and will be able to =
continue
> to impersonate the user, but will not be able to mount a passive =
attack
> on the user talking to the destination in the client-driven PKCROSS
> case regardless of whether the client uses DH in PINIT or not.

I agree this is not a =93MUST=94, in light of the trust relation between =
client
and KDC.

> The source realm will be able to mount passive attacks on the users
> talking to destination realms with the KDC-driven PKCROSS protocol, =
and
> this is just a consequence of the Needham-Schroeder protocol, and is
> true even if the source realm's KDCs use DH in PKINIT.

I am talking of DH between the client and target KDC.  The key setup
during that exchange should not be passively observed by the client
KDC.  Again, I said =93should not=94 rather than =93MUST NOT=94.

>> In 2.2.1, I cannot make out why the TGT is made to look different =
from
>> =93normal=94 ones.

Thanks for explaining.  The I-D wording was a little to dry for me to =
get it.
You need another TGS-handler then?  And you might get in trouble with
timing and repeats of the AP-REQ?

> Oh, KRB_ERR_RESPONSE_TOO_BIG.  Yes, that's an interesting idea.  =
Clients
> still apply a timeout in the TCP case though, but they might apply a
> longer timeout.

O=85r=85   s=85e=85n=85d=85   o=85n=85e=85   b=85y=85t=85e=85   a=85t=85 =
  a=85   t=85i=85m=85e=85

> But anyways, if a client times out and moves on to another KDC it's =
not
> that big a deal.  The real problem is that it might fail altogether if
> its timeout is too short and none of the KDCs it talks to already have
> the required ITGT.

Yes.  Although keys are usually shared, but you don=92t want to rely on
that replicating *that* fast.

>> In 2.4, why does a client not have to validate as well as a KDC if it
>> uses Client-driven PKCROSS?
>=20
> Good point.  I was also assuming that the client could do the DANE
> lookups for the target realm, but we might want a PKINIT extension by
> which the KDC can staple DANE to its replies.

Mind you, it has me worried.  Clients behind crummy routers that
claim to offer DNS but that cut off =93funny extensions=94 such as RRSIG
makes DNSSEC unavailable to some.  This might mean that a local
resolver is required to have an implementation of proper authentication,
unless you do include the entire DNSSEC chain as well =97 which IMHO
would be possible.

>> In 2.5, stapling DANE onto X.509 may lead to differences in TTL for
>> DNS and kx509 certificates; what to do when DNS expires after an =
hour?
>=20
> The two things are different.  DNS RR TTLs are for caching; they =
aren't
> hard expirations.  If a kx509 CA wants to issue certificates much =
longer
> than its DANE RR TTLs, so be it.  I see no need to connect the two.

Yes, the TTL is meaningless when asserting a certificate for instant =
use.
One might have (possibly unpractical) concerns about the use of a
certificate after the TTL has expired.  Normally, one wants to rely on
the removal of a certificate from existence when it has gone from DANE.

I don=92t know if the browser world is caching DANE validations for =
periods
that exceed the TTL; I always imagined it is an instant check.

> (One might want to publish a CA policy as to max cert life in DNS too,
> and staple that as well.)

After having co-authored
https://dnssec.surfnet.nl/?p=3D771
I=92m not so sure DNSSEC needs more timing parameters ;-)

>> In 2.5, care should be taken that some parties may have an interest =
in
>> cutting this path short, to make it look nicer / more reliable.
>=20
> There won't be very many parties involved in the common case.

Do you think there is a need for the not-so-common-case, and the
brain-startling corner cases that it causes?

> In either of the two likely cases (with and w/o gateway realms) you =
have
> only realms involved that necessarily must be trusted.  There's no
> security consideration here that isn't already in RFC4120.

Pfew, that=92s a relief.

> (That's kinda shocking the first time you hear about it...  See =
RFC4514
> for a more complete treatment of this.)

That hurts=85 I had assumed that the mapping from DN to text is a =
bijection :-(

>> (Avoiding this completely may not be possible, since a KDC might =
crash
>> while a relying KDC still holds a krbtgt against the crashing one.)
>=20
> The target realm has to commit and replicate the x-realm krbtgt KDB
> entry before the source realm starts using it.  This is an existing
> problem.

Or=85 you handle the loss by setting up a new pair, and you gain a =
system
that is less reliant on storing those keys persistently.

>>           [...].  In fact, a bit of counting could make the KDC learn
>> about long-term relationships.
>=20
> Indeed.  (But beware DoS attacks.)

Yep.  Counting properly authenticated requests could help to combat
DoS attacks I suppose.  But this is a general problem indeed.

Thanks,
 -Rick=


From nobody Thu Nov  6 12:24:38 2014
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On Thu, Nov 6, 2014 at 1:20 PM, Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@mit.edu> wrote:
> On Tue, 4 Nov 2014, Nico Williams wrote:
>> I wrote this yesterday but neglected to click the submit button.  Just
>> submitted:
>>
>> http://www.rfc-editor.org/errata_search.php?eid=4151
>
> It was probably a little premature to submit while discussion was still
> ongoing.  We could probably wordsmith things a little better, but this
> looks consistent with the (3a) from my list.

Well, it can't be too premature to file the erratum: it has to be
discussed regardless.

> And of course it neglects the possibility of (rare) local errors like
> ENOMEM.

Yes, but since either way the context has to be deleted... no harm
results.  (Also, the peer isn't likely to send an error token saying
ENOMEM, not if it has to allocate memory to make it.)

> That said, I do not think I have any strong objections to any portion of
> it.

I think this is likely the consensus.  Do we need a formal call for
consensus?  Do we want to use the erratum for that and wordsmith it
first?

Nico
--


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Date: Thu, 6 Nov 2014 14:47:34 -0600
From: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
To: Rick van Rein <rick@openfortress.nl>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] PKCROSS I-D updated: drop LoF/TOFU/pseudonymity business
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On Thu, Nov 06, 2014 at 09:05:06PM +0100, Rick van Rein wrote:
> Hi Nico,
>=20
> >> In 2.2, I have been playing with the idea of using the server key fo=
r
> >> the KDC also for the client side.  This is not likely to cause
> >> problems, and it will simplify management of certificates in DANE;
> >>=20
> > I'm lost here.  What server key?
>=20
> During PKINIT, the KDC uses a =E2=80=9Cserver=E2=80=9D certificate/key =
to authenticate.
> This cert/key may also be used as a PKINIT client cert/key =E2=80=94 po=
ssibly
> with a Key Usage added.  This could reduce the bookkeeping in DANE,
> which greatly simplifies that management responsibility.

Right, I thought that wouldn't need mentioning.  The KDC may have one or
two certs -- that's an operational detail with little relevance here.
The key is to not preclude the use a singular cert for this; I don't
think the use of the id-pkcross-issuer EKU does that.

...

Let's leave DNSSEC operational matters to the DNS crowd.  They are aware
of the problems w.r.t. child->parent zone admin communication and they
are working on them.

> > The source realm will be able to mount passive attacks on the users
> > talking to destination realms with the KDC-driven PKCROSS protocol, a=
nd
> > this is just a consequence of the Needham-Schroeder protocol, and is
> > true even if the source realm's KDCs use DH in PKINIT.
>=20
> I am talking of DH between the client and target KDC.  The key setup
> during that exchange should not be passively observed by the client
> KDC.  Again, I said =E2=80=9Cshould not=E2=80=9D rather than =E2=80=9CM=
UST NOT=E2=80=9D.

Ah, good point.

> >> In 2.2.1, I cannot make out why the TGT is made to look different fr=
om
> >> =E2=80=9Cnormal=E2=80=9D ones.
>=20
> Thanks for explaining.  The I-D wording was a little to dry for me to
> get it.  You need another TGS-handler then?  And you might get in
> trouble with timing and repeats of the AP-REQ?

No, thre's no special "handler", and there's no replay issues either.
Clock skew issues are no different than in the pure RFC4120 case.

> > Oh, KRB_ERR_RESPONSE_TOO_BIG.  Yes, that's an interesting idea.  Clie=
nts
> > still apply a timeout in the TCP case though, but they might apply a
> > longer timeout.
>=20
> O=E2=80=A6r=E2=80=A6   s=E2=80=A6e=E2=80=A6n=E2=80=A6d=E2=80=A6   o=E2=80=
=A6n=E2=80=A6e=E2=80=A6   b=E2=80=A6y=E2=80=A6t=E2=80=A6e=E2=80=A6   a=E2=
=80=A6t=E2=80=A6   a=E2=80=A6   t=E2=80=A6i=E2=80=A6m=E2=80=A6e=E2=80=A6

Heh, but timeouts might apply to the whole reply, and sending one byte
at a time is problematic for various implementation reasons.

> > But anyways, if a client times out and moves on to another KDC it's n=
ot
> > that big a deal.  The real problem is that it might fail altogether i=
f
> > its timeout is too short and none of the KDCs it talks to already hav=
e
> > the required ITGT.
>=20
> Yes.  Although keys are usually shared, but you don=E2=80=99t want to r=
ely on
> that replicating *that* fast.

These keys won't be shared.  (They could be, but that would require a
replication protocol just for them, which seems unlikely.)

Let's gain some deployment experience and see.  We might find that
there's no real problem, or we might find that changing client-side
timeout handling is easier than other options.

> >> In 2.4, why does a client not have to validate as well as a KDC if i=
t
> >> uses Client-driven PKCROSS?
> >=20
> > Good point.  I was also assuming that the client could do the DANE
> > lookups for the target realm, but we might want a PKINIT extension by
> > which the KDC can staple DANE to its replies.
>=20
> Mind you, it has me worried.  Clients behind crummy routers that
> claim to offer DNS but that cut off =E2=80=9Cfunny extensions=E2=80=9D =
such as RRSIG
> makes DNSSEC unavailable to some.  This might mean that a local
> resolver is required to have an implementation of proper authentication=
,
> unless you do include the entire DNSSEC chain as well =E2=80=94 which I=
MHO
> would be possible.

That and IAKERB.  You're right of course; stapling has to be in both
directions.

> >> In 2.5, stapling DANE onto X.509 may lead to differences in TTL for
> >> DNS and kx509 certificates; what to do when DNS expires after an hou=
r?
> >=20
> > The two things are different.  DNS RR TTLs are for caching; they aren=
't
> > hard expirations.  If a kx509 CA wants to issue certificates much lon=
ger
> > than its DANE RR TTLs, so be it.  I see no need to connect the two.
>=20
> Yes, the TTL is meaningless when asserting a certificate for instant us=
e.
> One might have (possibly unpractical) concerns about the use of a
> certificate after the TTL has expired.  Normally, one wants to rely on
> the removal of a certificate from existence when it has gone from DANE.

One shouldn't have such concerns.  The two things are simply not linked.
One should re-lookup RRs not in the cache (because the entries in the
cache are older than the TTL).

> I don=E2=80=99t know if the browser world is caching DANE validations f=
or periods
> that exceed the TTL; I always imagined it is an instant check.

The browsers are not yet using DANE.  But anyways, with stapled DANE
there's no question of caching.

> > There won't be very many parties involved in the common case.
>=20
> Do you think there is a need for the not-so-common-case, and the
> brain-startling corner cases that it causes?

I think the best thing to do may be to drop encoding of PKIX issuers
into the transit path altogether, then let just the DANE path (when DANE
is used) and the remainder of the normal Kerberos transit path be
sufficient.

In a world of highly scalable x-realm paths one might require
enhancements to transit policy language to set limits on what length
transit paths are accepted from certain realms, or what subset of the
universe of realms is permitted / not permitted to be reached through
certain realms.

In practice I think a policy like listing some of the known long-term key=
ed
trust principals to list acceptable transit paths, then saying all other
transit paths must have at most one non-hierarchical transit... should
suffice.  Some variant of that will suffice for most if not all uses.

> > (That's kinda shocking the first time you hear about it...  See RFC45=
14
> > for a more complete treatment of this.)
>=20
> That hurts=E2=80=A6 I had assumed that the mapping from DN to text is a=
 bijection :-(

When I found out about that (years ago) I was shocked.

This is just one of the ways that the x.500 model of naming is a
disaster.  It is probably the most startling one.  Why design a naming
system that has no reliable, unambiguous representation for UIs other
than GUIs?  And even with GUIs, it seems to me that the x.500 model of
naming is still too complicated in all the glory of all its detail.

> >> (Avoiding this completely may not be possible, since a KDC might cra=
sh
> >> while a relying KDC still holds a krbtgt against the crashing one.)
> >=20
> > The target realm has to commit and replicate the x-realm krbtgt KDB
> > entry before the source realm starts using it.  This is an existing
> > problem.
>=20
> Or=E2=80=A6 you handle the loss by setting up a new pair, and you gain =
a system
> that is less reliant on storing those keys persistently.

There's no graceful way to do this other than holding back on the source
side until the destination has completed replication.

(Re-keying x-realm krbtgt principals is fraught with peril.  For one
major implementation there's no way to do it without outages, and all
you can hope to do is reduce the x-realm TGT lifetime as much as
tolerable before the change is made.)

Nico
--=20


From nobody Thu Nov  6 12:49:07 2014
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Date: Thu, 6 Nov 2014 14:49:02 -0600
From: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
To: Rick van Rein <rick@openfortress.nl>
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References: <20141027071420.GB14215@localhost> <alpine.GSO.1.10.1410271544330.27826@multics.mit.edu> <CAK3OfOi8kBHHu0NLRpxhoxBL2uwsiO5Ehwzz2XYExF-pQALZ8Q@mail.gmail.com> <55049CF5-4553-4688-86BA-92B3BF45C849@openfortress.nl> <20141106175334.GO7913@localhost> <011771B0-E738-45EA-9E86-3B73E196D70A@openfortress.nl>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] PKCROSS I-D updated: drop LoF/TOFU/pseudonymity business
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I should add that my hope is that client timeout issues turn out to be
non-issues or easily addressed so that the ITGT approach is the most
sensible.  Operationally the ITGT approach would be the best as it would
be completely automatic.


From nobody Thu Nov  6 16:14:11 2014
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Subject: Re: [kitten] PKCROSS I-D updated: drop LoF/TOFU/pseudonymity business
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Oh, it occurs that sending KRB_ERR_RESPONSE_TOO_BIG in time for the
typical client timeout might actually be a way to effectively double
the amount of time the KDC has to complete the KDC-driven PKCROSS
work.


From nobody Thu Nov  6 17:50:59 2014
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On Thu, 6 Nov 2014, Nico Williams wrote:

> On Thu, Nov 6, 2014 at 1:20 PM, Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@mit.edu> wrote:
>
> > That said, I do not think I have any strong objections to any portion of
> > it.
>
> I think this is likely the consensus.  Do we need a formal call for
> consensus?  Do we want to use the erratum for that and wordsmith it
> first?

I think that's in the AD's court, so let's wait a bit.

-Ben


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Date: Fri, 7 Nov 2014 16:13:06 -0500 (EST)
From: Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@MIT.EDU>
To: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] Kerberos extra round trips I-D revised
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On Mon, 27 Oct 2014, Nico Williams wrote:

> ----- Forwarded message from internet-drafts@ietf.org -----
>
> A new version of I-D, draft-williams-kitten-krb5-extra-rt-02.txt
> has been successfully submitted by Nicolas Williams and posted to the
> IETF repository.
>
> Name:		draft-williams-kitten-krb5-extra-rt
> Revision:	02
> Title:		Negotiation of Extra Security Context Tokens for Kerberos V5 Generic Security Services Mechanism
> Document date:	2014-10-27
> Group:		Individual Submission
> Pages:		15
> URL:            http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-williams-kitten-krb5-extra-rt-02.txt
> Status:         https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-williams-kitten-krb5-extra-rt/
> Htmlized:       http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-williams-kitten-krb5-extra-rt-02
> Diff:           http://www.ietf.org/rfcdiff?url2=draft-williams-kitten-krb5-extra-rt-02
>
> Abstract:
>    This Internet-Draft proposes an extension to the Kerberos V5 security
>    mechanism for the Generic Security Services Application Programming
>    Interface (GSS-API) for using extra security context tokens in order
>    to recover from certain errors.  Other benefits include: user-to-user
>    authentication, authenticated errors, replay cache avoidance, and
>    others.
>
> ----- End forwarded message -----

Hmm, I guess I was slow in getting to this, and you put out an -03
already.

I read the -03.

My summary is: create a KRB-ERROR2 structure that the acceptor can return
when the initiator has opted in by setting a flag; KRB-ERROR2 has several
nice features compared to KRB-ERROR, including (1) can be encrypted, if a
key is available; (2) can indicate to the acceptor to retry with a
modified request; (3) can include a challenge nonce/freshness indicator;
(4) can include a TGT for use with user-to-user.  (It can also be sent
from initiator to acceptor when the initiator fails to process a received
KRB-ERROR2.)

The initiator includes (3) in the follow-up AP-REQ, proving freshness and
allowing the replay cache to be safely omitted.

Most of the draft is just laying out the details surrounding these and how
they are to be used.

The core extension seems like a fine thing to have so I would be okay with
adopting this as a WG document if we think we have the energy to advance
it properly.

I have some concerns that some of the text could be written differently
and be more clear, most notably section 2.

There are a few open questions tagged in the document:

   [[anchor1: Perhaps we should use a checksum 0x8003 [RFC4121]
   extension instead of authorization data in the authenticator.]]

This is for incorporating the challenge-nonce back into the reply, if I
understand correctly.  I'm not sure how well that would work if we want to
allow for stateless acceptors that use nonces similar to the pkinit
freshness tokens we've been discussing.


   [[anchor2: Question: how should we address this?  We could say "give
   priority to the user-to-user mechanism", but in some cases that might
   require changes to the acceptor side.]]

This refers to the potential for conflict with
draft-swift-win2k-krb-user2user, which I haven't read, so I can't say much
about.


   [[anchor3: We could use the GSS_EXTS_FINISHED extension from
   draft-ietf-kitten-iakerb to implement a strong binding of all context
   tokens.]]

I haven't thought about things hard enough to decide whether the gain in
strength of binding is worth the extra work.

-Ben


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Date: Fri, 7 Nov 2014 15:43:50 -0600
From: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
To: Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@MIT.EDU>
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On Fri, Nov 07, 2014 at 04:13:06PM -0500, Benjamin Kaduk wrote:
> On Mon, 27 Oct 2014, Nico Williams wrote:
> My summary is: [...]

That's a fine summary.  (Except that I think we seem to agree that
there's no need for an initiator->acceptor error context token.)

> The initiator includes (3) in the follow-up AP-REQ, proving freshness and
> allowing the replay cache to be safely omitted.

Yes.

> The core extension seems like a fine thing to have so I would be okay with
> adopting this as a WG document if we think we have the energy to advance
> it properly.

Thanks.  I hope we do.  I think this is sorely needed.

> There are a few open questions tagged in the document:
> 
>    [[anchor1: Perhaps we should use a checksum 0x8003 [RFC4121]
>    extension instead of authorization data in the authenticator.]]

(FYI, this [[anchorN:...]] business is an artifact of lyx2rfc's
rendering of "revision remarks" -- comments intended for rendering,
effectively.  I should fix this to drop the anchorN business.)

> This is for incorporating the challenge-nonce back into the reply, if I
> understand correctly.  I'm not sure how well that would work if we want to
> allow for stateless acceptors that use nonces similar to the pkinit
> freshness tokens we've been discussing.

It works fine: the acceptor decrypts the Ticket from the AP-REQ, then
the Authenticator from the AP-REQ, recovers the challenge, and validates
it.

The challenge should probably have a timestamp and a counter at the very
least, and should be at least integrity protected.  I.e., it should be
very similar to the PKINIT freshness token.

>    [[anchor2: Question: how should we address this?  We could say "give
>    priority to the user-to-user mechanism", but in some cases that might
>    require changes to the acceptor side.]]
> 
> This refers to the potential for conflict with
> draft-swift-win2k-krb-user2user, which I haven't read, so I can't say much
> about.

Consider an initiator app with a mech with these extensions *and* an
implementation of draft-swift-win2k-krb-user2user.  Now imagine this app
talks to an acceptor app that also has both mechanisms but not these
extensions.  Can we accidentally end up failing to setup a security
context?

That was my question.

However, I'm now convinced that the answer is "no", therefore this
section and remark can be removed.

The reason the answer is "no" is that if the acceptor app has acceptor
credentials for RFC4121 and draft-swift-win2k-krb-user2user then it
should be able to use both, otherwise it should only have acceptor
credentials for one (if that) and only offer to negotiate those
mechanisms for which it has acceptor credentials.  It follows then that
the situation I feared cannot happen.

>    [[anchor3: We could use the GSS_EXTS_FINISHED extension from
>    draft-ietf-kitten-iakerb to implement a strong binding of all context
>    tokens.]]
> 
> I haven't thought about things hard enough to decide whether the gain in
> strength of binding is worth the extra work.

I think it's not worth the extra work, but it's important that the
acceptor either insist that the cname/crealm of the two AP-REQs be the
same, or else ignore the cname/crealm from the first AP-REQ and then
rely only on the second AP-REQ's cname/crealm.  I feel uneasy about the
latter.  For PROT_READY purposes it would be convenient if the two
Authenticators asserted the same sub-session keys too.  I don't think
there's any need to bind any more of the exchange, but then, I like the
binding everything as a generic defensive design security principle.

Nico
-- 


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From: mrex@sap.com (Martin Rex)
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Nico Williams wrote:
> I wrote this yesterday but neglected to click the submit button.  Just
> submitted:
> 
> http://www.rfc-editor.org/errata_search.php?eid=4151


I hate to do this (to you), but I'm "violently" opposed to this errata.

I believe you have misunderstood the meaning of the original text.

Quoting from your errata:

  Section 2.2.4 says:

   o  GSS_S_FAILURE indicates that the context is recognized, but that
   the GSS_Process_context_token() operation could not be performed for
   reasons unspecified at the GSS-API level.

  It should say:

   o  GSS_S_FAILURE indicates that the peer had an error consuming the
   last context token sent to it (when the local side must have been
   fully established but the peer hadn't yet been).  The minor status
   code provides error information from the input token.


You find similar descriptions for GSS_S_FAILURE semantics all over
the GSS-API specification _on_purpose_, and you _may_not_ remove that
meaning here.

You may at most add a hint that the minor_status(!!) that must
accompany a GSS_S_FAILURE major_status returned from
gss_process_context_token() may not just cover reasons that are
a "local matter" (i.e. implementation issue of the current gssapi
mechanism) but include reasons conveyed through an error token
from the remote side.  It will be impossible to define portable
behaviour to programmatically react to specific such reasons,
because what will be returned is not just a local issue, but
a remote plus local issue combined.


And Ben is right that GSS_S_FAILURE is explicitly supposed to include
situations of local resource shortage (no more memory, no more filehandles,
no more socket handles, whathaveyou).

Btw. any minor_status that conveys an error from a remote peer that
was carried in an error token ought to clearly say that this information
came from the remote peer (and is not a local error) in the textual
translation from gss_display_status().


-Martin


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Date: Sat, 8 Nov 2014 20:41:12 -0500 (EST)
From: Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@MIT.EDU>
To: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] Kerberos extra round trips I-D revised
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On Fri, 7 Nov 2014, Nico Williams wrote:

> On Fri, Nov 07, 2014 at 04:13:06PM -0500, Benjamin Kaduk wrote:
> > On Mon, 27 Oct 2014, Nico Williams wrote:
> > My summary is: [...]
>
> That's a fine summary.  (Except that I think we seem to agree that
> there's no need for an initiator->acceptor error context token.)

Well, I think the acceptor application should be prepared to handle one if
it gets one, but maybe the initiator doesn't always need to make/send one.

> >    [[anchor2: Question: how should we address this?  We could say "give
> >    priority to the user-to-user mechanism", but in some cases that might
> >    require changes to the acceptor side.]]
> >
> > This refers to the potential for conflict with
> > draft-swift-win2k-krb-user2user, which I haven't read, so I can't say much
> > about.
>
> Consider an initiator app with a mech with these extensions *and* an
> implementation of draft-swift-win2k-krb-user2user.  Now imagine this app
> talks to an acceptor app that also has both mechanisms but not these
> extensions.  Can we accidentally end up failing to setup a security
> context?
>
> That was my question.

Right, that was clear to me from reading the draft; I just don't have an
answer.

> >    [[anchor3: We could use the GSS_EXTS_FINISHED extension from
> >    draft-ietf-kitten-iakerb to implement a strong binding of all context
> >    tokens.]]
> >
> > I haven't thought about things hard enough to decide whether the gain in
> > strength of binding is worth the extra work.
>
> I think it's not worth the extra work, but it's important that the
> acceptor either insist that the cname/crealm of the two AP-REQs be the
> same, or else ignore the cname/crealm from the first AP-REQ and then
> rely only on the second AP-REQ's cname/crealm.  I feel uneasy about the
> latter.  For PROT_READY purposes it would be convenient if the two

I also feel uneasy about the latter.

-Ben

> Authenticators asserted the same sub-session keys too.  I don't think
> there's any need to bind any more of the exchange, but then, I like the
> binding everything as a generic defensive design security principle.


From nobody Mon Nov 10 08:25:17 2014
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Date: Mon, 10 Nov 2014 10:25:07 -0600
From: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
To: Martin Rex <mrex@sap.com>
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On Sat, Nov 08, 2014 at 02:48:20AM +0100, Martin Rex wrote:
> Nico Williams wrote:
> > I wrote this yesterday but neglected to click the submit button.  Just
> > submitted:
> > 
> > http://www.rfc-editor.org/errata_search.php?eid=4151
> 
> I hate to do this (to you), but I'm "violently" opposed to this errata.

Hey, at least you hated doing it!

> I believe you have misunderstood the meaning of the original text.

Perhaps.  The goal is to explain how to process an unexpected error
token.

> Quoting from your errata:
> 
>   Section 2.2.4 says:
> 
>    o  GSS_S_FAILURE indicates that the context is recognized, but that
>    the GSS_Process_context_token() operation could not be performed for
>    reasons unspecified at the GSS-API level.
> 
>   It should say:
> 
>    o  GSS_S_FAILURE indicates that the peer had an error consuming the
>    last context token sent to it (when the local side must have been
>    fully established but the peer hadn't yet been).  The minor status
>    code provides error information from the input token.
> 
> You find similar descriptions for GSS_S_FAILURE semantics all over
> the GSS-API specification _on_purpose_, and you _may_not_ remove that
> meaning here.

Fair enough, we'll add text rather than replace text.

> You may at most add a hint that the minor_status(!!) that must
> accompany a GSS_S_FAILURE major_status returned from
> gss_process_context_token() may not just cover reasons that are
> a "local matter" (i.e. implementation issue of the current gssapi
> mechanism) but include reasons conveyed through an error token
> from the remote side.  It will be impossible to define portable
> behaviour to programmatically react to specific such reasons,
> because what will be returned is not just a local issue, but
> a remote plus local issue combined.

I agree.

> Btw. any minor_status that conveys an error from a remote peer that
> was carried in an error token ought to clearly say that this
> information came from the remote peer (and is not a local error) in
> the textual translation from gss_display_status().

Indeed.

Nico
-- 


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Date: Mon, 10 Nov 2014 10:34:13 -0600
From: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
To: Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@MIT.EDU>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] Kerberos extra round trips I-D revised
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On Sat, Nov 08, 2014 at 08:41:12PM -0500, Benjamin Kaduk wrote:
> On Fri, 7 Nov 2014, Nico Williams wrote:
> > That's a fine summary.  (Except that I think we seem to agree that
> > there's no need for an initiator->acceptor error context token.)
> 
> Well, I think the acceptor application should be prepared to handle
> one if it gets one, but maybe the initiator doesn't always need to
> make/send one.

Agreed, acceptor apps should be required to beprepared to handle them.

Q: Should mechanisms specify outputting such error tokens as well?
A: Optionally, yes. (my answer)

Q: Should initiator apps be expected to send them?
A: Optionally, yes. (my answer)

> > >    [[anchor2: Question: how should we address this?  We could say "give
> > >    priority to the user-to-user mechanism", but in some cases that might
> > >    require changes to the acceptor side.]]
> > >
> > > This refers to the potential for conflict with
> > > draft-swift-win2k-krb-user2user, which I haven't read, so I can't say much
> > > about.
> >
> > [...]
> 
> Right, that was clear to me from reading the draft; I just don't have
> an answer.

I'm not convinced that the problem doesn't arise.  (An acceptor that
supports both mechanisms but not u2u in the krb5 mech will not offer the
latter if it doesn't have long-term principal keys with which to accept
sec contexts, and the KDC shouldn't return KDC_ERR_MUST_USE_USER2USER if
the acceptor has long-term keys.  But if this should result for some
reason, then we'd have a problem.  In practice this doesn't happen,
won't happen, and anyways, user2user is exceedingly rare.)

> > >    [[anchor3: We could use the GSS_EXTS_FINISHED extension from
> > >    draft-ietf-kitten-iakerb to implement a strong binding of all context
> > >    tokens.]]
> > >
> > > I haven't thought about things hard enough to decide whether the gain in
> > > strength of binding is worth the extra work.
> >
> > I think it's not worth the extra work, but it's important that the
> > acceptor either insist that the cname/crealm of the two AP-REQs be the
> > same, or else ignore the cname/crealm from the first AP-REQ and then
> > rely only on the second AP-REQ's cname/crealm.  I feel uneasy about the
> > latter.  For PROT_READY purposes it would be convenient if the two
> 
> I also feel uneasy about the latter.

It's trivial to go with the first.  I'll make it so.

Nico
-- 


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Date: Tue, 11 Nov 2014 12:59:35 -0500
From: Greg Hudson <ghudson@mit.edu>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] Kerberos extra round trips I-D revised
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I support adopting this document.  My comments so far:

* Encrypting in the null enctype/key isn't a formalized RFC 3961
concept.  The RFC will need to explicitly say what goes into the
EncryptedData message when encryption isn't possible.

* In section 2, there are two bullet points about whether the initiator
should attempt to recover, the first for receiving any KRB-ERROR2 and
the second for receiving a KRB-ERROR2 with the ke-continue-needed flag
set.  In the first bullet point, what does "attempt to recover" imply?
If the acceptor sent a KRB-ERROR2 without ke-continue-needed, it's not
expecting another message, is it?

* Do we really need to address the case where the acceptor can decrypt
the Ticket but not the Authenticator?  If not, we can get rid of
KrbErrorEncPartFlags and the receiver can easily deduce the key from the
EncryptedData and whether it sent an authenticator subkey.

* My preference is not to specify KRB-ERROR2 messages going from the
initiator to the acceptor under any circumstances.  It seems like a fair
amount of implementation complexity for minimal gain; at best the
acceptor is going to write something about the error to a log file.

* Section 2 says that an initiator MAY produce a token (softened from a
MUST in earlier draft versions), but section 2.2 says it MUST produce a
KRB-ERROR2 if it rejects an additional round trip.  Which is it?  I
assume there was some concern about early abandonment of the GSSAPI
exchange by one of the parties.  In my experience, this isn't a serious
problem.  The MIT krb5 GSS acceptor was doing early abandonment for many
releases due to a bug, and while it could obscure error conditions by
failing to send an error packet to the client, it didn't seem to break
any application protocols.

* If the initiator is going to send KRB-ERROR2 messages to the acceptor,
we need to specify what key it uses for encryption.  (The simplest
answer is to use the same key as the acceptor did.)

* I don't see any reference to key usages in the draft.  If the
initiator sends KRB-ERROR2 messages to the acceptor using the same key
as the acceptor used, it should use a different key usage to prevent
reflection attacks.

* How useful is service name redirection if it can only work when the
acceptor was able to decrypt the ticket?  (The draft bars service name
redirection via unencrypted KRB-ERROR2 for fairly obvious security reasons.)

* Does it make any sense to put a fast-reauth ticket in a KRB-ERROR2?
Wouldn't we want it in an AP-REP instead?  (That would render it out of
scope for this draft.)

* In the U2U flow, is there a reason not to use zero-length octet strings?

* Is case 2 of the U2U flow useful?  If not, it presents additional
attack surface on the initiator implementation for no good reason.

* I don't yet have a strong opinion on whether to add a
GSS_EXTS_FINISHED binding.  There might be a reason for it, but if we
can't think of one then I would prefer to avoid the extra complexity.

* Do we need new redir-srealm/redir-sname fields for redirection or
could we just use srealm/sname?  Section 5 says that srealm/sname must
mirror those in the Ticket, but I don't see the point of that
requirement; an attacker can't replay a KRB-ERROR2 for a different
ticket because the key won't match.

* Is it right to specify new ASN.1 type definitions to be added to the
RFC 4120 ASN.1 module, or should we create a new module with its own OID
and import declarations?

* Defining KrbErrorEncPartFlags as KerberosFlags seems like a bad fit;
it is conceptually an enumeration, not a bitmask.

I also have several thoughts about replay cache avoidance, but will put
those in a separate message.

Editorial comments:

* "SHALL have a the" -> "SHALL have the"
* "without no fifth token" -> "without a fifth token"


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Date: Tue, 11 Nov 2014 13:50:22 -0500
From: Greg Hudson <ghudson@mit.edu>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] Kerberos extra round trips I-D revised
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Here are further thoughts on replay cache avoidance as it affects this
draft.

Replay caches help in two cases:

1. They provide minimal protection when a krb5 exchange takes place over
an unprotected channel and is used for authentication only, with no use
of the resulting key.  This protection is minimal because a replay
attack assumes an active attacker, who could perhaps suppress the
original exchange, beat the original exchange with the replay, or
compromise the channel after authentication.  It is not totally
unreasonable to abandon case 1 as hopeless, but for the purpose of this
message I will assume we still care about it.

2. They prevent an entire session from being replayed, causing a
properly authenticated request to be processed twice within the replay
window.  This is not a concern when an acceptor subkey is used.  (I
assume that legitimate initiators don't use prot-ready messages or send
wrap tokens using the initiator subkey.  I think in practice RFC 4121
implementations don't set the prot-ready flag and initiators never use
the initiator subkey.)

A krb5 acceptor implementation generally does not know whether the
application protocol will use the context key or whether there is a
different case 1 acceptor using the same long-term acceptor keys.
Because of this, it is intrinsically difficult for an implementation to
know that it is safe not to use a replay cache for case 1.

The extra round trips draft allows the acceptor to ask an initiator to
encrypt a nonce, which would defeat a replay attack if everyone had to
do it.  However:

* There is an easy downgrade attack on the extra round trip.  Until
client implementations are ubiquitous enough for acceptors to turn off
support for basic RFC 4121, an attacker can simply suppress the extra
round trip.

* The first authenticator must still be added to the replay cache if it
might be used for a case 1 acceptor--and if this acceptor would be a
case 1 acceptor without the extra round trip, allowing basic RFC 4121
means it is still a case 1 acceptor.

So this doesn't really seem to give us replay cache avoidance until
basic RFC 4121 can be turned off.

Specific notes:

* The MUST in section 4 is not necessary for interoperability or
security, and as such ought to be a SHOULD.

* Section 2.2.1 states that after a recoverable error, a fifth token is
not required because of the nonce in the second token.  I am not sure
this is true--the nonce in the second token was not necessarily
encrypted; if it wasn't, an attacker could feed it to a legitimate
initiator in a separate exchange.

* For pedagogical purposes, section 4 should probably be explicit about
what the initiator does in response to a KRB-ERROR2 with a KDC_ERR_NONE
code.


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Date: Tue, 11 Nov 2014 12:54:25 -0600
From: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
To: Greg Hudson <ghudson@mit.edu>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] Kerberos extra round trips I-D revised
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On Tue, Nov 11, 2014 at 12:59:35PM -0500, Greg Hudson wrote:
> I support adopting this document.  My comments so far:

Thanks.

> * Encrypting in the null enctype/key isn't a formalized RFC 3961
> concept.  The RFC will need to explicitly say what goes into the
> EncryptedData message when encryption isn't possible.

I thought we ended up saying that the null enctype does have a purpose
after all (was it about KRB-CRED?  I forget).  But yes.

> * In section 2, there are two bullet points about whether the initiator
> should attempt to recover, the first for receiving any KRB-ERROR2 and
> the second for receiving a KRB-ERROR2 with the ke-continue-needed flag
> set.  In the first bullet point, what does "attempt to recover" imply?

That's covered in section 2.1.

> If the acceptor sent a KRB-ERROR2 without ke-continue-needed, it's not
> expecting another message, is it?

Ah, this is an editing error.  Thanks for catching this.

> * Do we really need to address the case where the acceptor can decrypt
> the Ticket but not the Authenticator?  If not, we can get rid of
> KrbErrorEncPartFlags and the receiver can easily deduce the key from
> the EncryptedData and whether it sent an authenticator subkey.

I was wondering about this.  If the acceptor can decrypt the Ticket but
not the Authenticator then there was a transmission error, and the
question is whether it's worth trying to recover from that.  My guess
now is "no".

> * My preference is not to specify KRB-ERROR2 messages going from the
> initiator to the acceptor under any circumstances.  It seems like a fair
> amount of implementation complexity for minimal gain; at best the
> acceptor is going to write something about the error to a log file.

What I'd like to say is that initiator _apps_ shouldn't bother sending
error tokens to acceptors.  Allowing the initiator _mech_ to produce
them (and the acceptor _mech_ to consume them) is an exercise in
completeness that would enable role reversal applications.

Perhaps we shouldn't care about role reversal applications (since we
have none).  But since this has been needed in the past (ISMS or some
such), I'd want a bit more discussion before discounting them
altogether.

> * Section 2 says that an initiator MAY produce a token (softened from a
> MUST in earlier draft versions), but section 2.2 says it MUST produce a
> KRB-ERROR2 if it rejects an additional round trip.  Which is it?  I
> assume there was some concern about early abandonment of the GSSAPI
> exchange by one of the parties.  In my experience, this isn't a serious
> problem.  The MIT krb5 GSS acceptor was doing early abandonment for many
> releases due to a bug, and while it could obscure error conditions by
> failing to send an error packet to the client, it didn't seem to break
> any application protocols.

Yeah, it's about abandonment.  There may well be no value to it because
apps always have to deal with timeouts anyways.  Not forcing a peer to
timeout is a matter of courtesy, but if the peer minimizes state kept
(as it should), it may not matter much.

> * If the initiator is going to send KRB-ERROR2 messages to the acceptor,
> we need to specify what key it uses for encryption.  (The simplest
> answer is to use the same key as the acceptor did.)

Right (or more likely a dk in the same key hierarchy).

> * I don't see any reference to key usages in the draft.  If the
> initiator sends KRB-ERROR2 messages to the acceptor using the same key
> as the acceptor used, it should use a different key usage to prevent
> reflection attacks.

Yep, this is missing.

> * How useful is service name redirection if it can only work when the
> acceptor was able to decrypt the ticket?  (The draft bars service name
> redirection via unencrypted KRB-ERROR2 for fairly obvious security reasons.)

I thought I ripped that out completely in the latest version.  Did I
leave stray text about it?

> * Does it make any sense to put a fast-reauth ticket in a KRB-ERROR2?
> Wouldn't we want it in an AP-REP instead?  (That would render it out of
> scope for this draft.)

Two reasons: a) the server might still want rcache avoidance, b) I
wanted to avoid having to extend AP-REP (though I'd be happy to extend
it anyways).  (b) is lame; (a) is not.

> * In the U2U flow, is there a reason not to use zero-length octet
> strings?

Not sure.

> * Is case 2 of the U2U flow useful?  If not, it presents additional
> attack surface on the initiator implementation for no good reason.

I think it might be.  Think of authz-data in the u2u TGT affecting what
appears in the service ticket in the end.

> * I don't yet have a strong opinion on whether to add a
> GSS_EXTS_FINISHED binding.  There might be a reason for it, but if we
> can't think of one then I would prefer to avoid the extra complexity.

It's that or authz-data.

> * Do we need new redir-srealm/redir-sname fields for redirection or
> could we just use srealm/sname?  Section 5 says that srealm/sname must
> mirror those in the Ticket, but I don't see the point of that
> requirement; an attacker can't replay a KRB-ERROR2 for a different
> ticket because the key won't match.

Again, I thought I'd ripped that out.

> * Is it right to specify new ASN.1 type definitions to be added to the
> RFC 4120 ASN.1 module, or should we create a new module with its own OID
> and import declarations?

Either is fine with me.

> * Defining KrbErrorEncPartFlags as KerberosFlags seems like a bad fit;
> it is conceptually an enumeration, not a bitmask.

Sure.  I was following tradition :)

> I also have several thoughts about replay cache avoidance, but will put
> those in a separate message.

OK.  Thanks!

Nico
-- 


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Date: Tue, 11 Nov 2014 14:57:33 -0600
From: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
To: Greg Hudson <ghudson@mit.edu>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] Kerberos extra round trips I-D revised
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On Tue, Nov 11, 2014 at 01:50:22PM -0500, Greg Hudson wrote:

FYI, I had a separate replay cache avoidance I-D that I'm looking to
abandon and replace with this one.  I didn't adopt all of the content of
that older I-D.

> Replay caches help in two cases:
> 
> 1. They provide minimal protection when a krb5 exchange takes place over
> an unprotected channel and is used for authentication only, with no use
> of the resulting key.  This protection is minimal [...]

This affects SSHv2 in particular because it shares a service name with
things like rsh/rlogin/telnet, and those aren't always configured to
protect the entirety of their sessions.

It also affects every service in environments where every host-based
service shares a single long-term key on the same host.

It might be nice to simply make this go away by using 1.5rt for the AP
exchange wherever possible.

> 2. They prevent an entire session from being replayed, causing a
> properly authenticated request to be processed twice within the replay
> window.  This is not a concern when an acceptor subkey is used.  (I
> assume that legitimate initiators don't use prot-ready messages or send
> wrap tokens using the initiator subkey.  I think in practice RFC 4121
> implementations don't set the prot-ready flag and initiators never use
> the initiator subkey.)

PROT_READY is nice to have, but only for data that is not too sensitive.
E.g., if the first message sent will be something like "list new
messages", then that's OK, but if it's going to be "list activity in
bank account #..." then it may not be.

> A krb5 acceptor implementation generally does not know whether the
> application protocol will use the context key or whether there is a
> different case 1 acceptor using the same long-term acceptor keys.

That and the above point about multiple host-based services sharing a
single long-term key on any given host in some environments.

> Because of this, it is intrinsically difficult for an implementation to
> know that it is safe not to use a replay cache for case 1.

Yes.

> The extra round trips draft allows the acceptor to ask an initiator to
> encrypt a nonce, which would defeat a replay attack if everyone had to
> do it.  However:
> 
> * There is an easy downgrade attack on the extra round trip.  Until
> client implementations are ubiquitous enough for acceptors to turn off
> support for basic RFC 4121, an attacker can simply suppress the extra
> round trip.

Speaking of which, I'd meant to also have an authz-data element for
indicating willingness to use extra round trips.

> * The first authenticator must still be added to the replay cache if it
> might be used for a case 1 acceptor--and if this acceptor would be a
> case 1 acceptor without the extra round trip, allowing basic RFC 4121
> means it is still a case 1 acceptor.

See above comment about authz-data.

> So this doesn't really seem to give us replay cache avoidance until
> basic RFC 4121 can be turned off.

Or, rather, until all mechanism acceptor implementations on a host can
be upgraded.

> * Section 2.2.1 states that after a recoverable error, a fifth token is
> not required because of the nonce in the second token.  I am not sure
> this is true--the nonce in the second token was not necessarily
> encrypted; if it wasn't, an attacker could feed it to a legitimate
> initiator in a separate exchange.

The nonce should be tied to a single partially-established security
context.  It should not be accepted on other new contexts.

> * For pedagogical purposes, section 4 should probably be explicit about
> what the initiator does in response to a KRB-ERROR2 with a KDC_ERR_NONE
> code.

OK.

Nico
-- 


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Subject: [kitten] I-D Action: draft-ietf-kitten-sasl-oauth-17.txt
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A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories.
 This draft is a work item of the Common Authentication Technology Next Generation Working Group of the IETF.

        Title           : A set of SASL Mechanisms for OAuth
        Authors         : William Mills
                          Tim Showalter
                          Hannes Tschofenig
	Filename        : draft-ietf-kitten-sasl-oauth-17.txt
	Pages           : 22
	Date            : 2014-11-12

Abstract:
   OAuth enables a third-party application to obtain limited access to a
   protected resource, either on behalf of a resource owner by
   orchestrating an approval interaction, or by allowing the third-party
   application to obtain access on its own behalf.

   This document defines how an application client uses credentials
   obtained via OAuth over the Simple Authentication and Security Layer
   (SASL) to access a protected resource at a resource serve.  Thereby,
   it enables schemes defined within the OAuth framework for non-HTTP-
   based application protocols.

   Clients typically store the user's long-term credential.  This does,
   however, lead to significant security vulnerabilities, for example,
   when such a credential leaks.  A significant benefit of OAuth for
   usage in those clients is that the password is replaced by a shared
   secret with higher entropy, i.e., the token.  Tokens typically
   provide limited access rights and can be managed and revoked
   separately from the user's long-term password.


The IETF datatracker status page for this draft is:
https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-kitten-sasl-oauth/

There's also a htmlized version available at:
http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-kitten-sasl-oauth-17

A diff from the previous version is available at:
http://www.ietf.org/rfcdiff?url2=draft-ietf-kitten-sasl-oauth-17


Please note that it may take a couple of minutes from the time of submission
until the htmlized version and diff are available at tools.ietf.org.

Internet-Drafts are also available by anonymous FTP at:
ftp://ftp.ietf.org/internet-drafts/


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Subject: Re: [kitten] Kerberos extra round trips I-D revised
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On 11/11/2014 01:54 PM, Nico Williams wrote:
> I thought I ripped [service name redirection] out completely in the latest
> version.  Did I leave stray text about it?

My bad.  I started reviewing -01 by mistake, then attempted to update my
comments for -03, and missed that service name redirection was gone in -03.

>> * Does it make any sense to put a fast-reauth ticket in a KRB-ERROR2?
>> Wouldn't we want it in an AP-REP instead?  (That would render it out of
>> scope for this draft.)
> 
> Two reasons: a) the server might still want rcache avoidance, b) I
> wanted to avoid having to extend AP-REP (though I'd be happy to extend
> it anyways).  (b) is lame; (a) is not.

This brings up a larger point that I previously missed: in the rcache
avoidance flow with an odd number of tokens, there is no AP-REP token in
the exchange.

So, should rcache avoidance should use a modified KRB-ERROR or a
modified AP-REP?  I think using a modified AP-REP is more natural, but
it does mean adding a second new message type and adding the nonce to
both messages.

If we do use a modified KRB-ERROR in this flow, then we need to make
sure that we get all of the security properties we would get from the
AP-REP.  The AP-REP provides:

* Mutual authentication through use of the authenticator subkey (or
ticket session key if none was used).  An encrypted KRB-ERROR provides
this, but section 4 needs to say that an unencrypted KRB-ERROR with code
KDC_ERR_NONE MUST be treated as an error by the initiator.

* An acceptor subkey, which prevents whole-session replays even without
a replay cache (assuming the legitimate initiator uses it for all
important messages).  It might be okay to omit the acceptor subkey since
the nonce provides the same property, but we would definitely need some
rationale.

* A mirror of the authenticator timestamps, to prevent AP-REP replays.
This does not seem important if an authenticator subkey was used.  We
could require that the initiator use an authenticator subkey.

We also need to consider how this all interacts with
draft-vanrein-krb5-kdh.


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Date: Wed, 12 Nov 2014 14:05:54 -0600
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On Wed, Nov 12, 2014 at 11:35:18AM -0500, Greg Hudson wrote:
> This brings up a larger point that I previously missed: in the rcache
> avoidance flow with an odd number of tokens, there is no AP-REP token in
> the exchange.

I removed too much when I removed sname/srealm.  The intention is to use
the KRB-ERROR2 as an AP-REP in the three-token flow, which means that it
needs to have an optional sub-session key field (and which must be
present when the initiator's AP-REQ was fine but the acceptor wants that
third token).

I added this back for -04 (not yet submitted).

> So, should rcache avoidance should use a modified KRB-ERROR or a
> modified AP-REP?  I think using a modified AP-REP is more natural, but
> it does mean adding a second new message type and adding the nonce to
> both messages.

Right.  To me KRB-ERROR2 can fill both roles.

> If we do use a modified KRB-ERROR in this flow, then we need to make
> sure that we get all of the security properties we would get from the
> AP-REP.  The AP-REP provides:

Agreed.

I'll be re-adding the acceptor sub-session key, I'll add the mirrored
timestamp, and I'll add authz-data (not just typed-data) so that this
message really can serve as both, KRB-ERROR2 and AP-REP2.  (Authz-data,
for example, could be useful here in the user-to-user case, for
symmetry, but also so we don't have to define both, authz-data and
typed-data elements for things like kDH pubkeys.)

> We also need to consider how this all interacts with
> draft-vanrein-krb5-kdh.

A typed-hole in KRB-ERROR2, and the authz-data in AP-REQ, allow for
ephemeral DH keys.  We then only need to specify the relevant elements
for carrying them.

We'll also need to support acceptor key confirmation for the DH key in
the case where the initiator's optimistic DH group/curve choice fails.

The kDH flows might look like this:

 - 2-token flow (optimistic negotiation succeeds, no acceptor key
   confimation):

   C->S: AP-REQ with ad-kdh-groups, ad-kdh-pubkey (one or more even)
         (initiator is PROT_READY here)
   S->C: KRB-ERROR2 or extended AP-REP with ad-kdh-pubkey and key
         confirmation typed-data/authz-data

 - 3-token flow (optimistic negotiation succeeds, no acceptor key
   confimation, acceptor wants rcache avoidance):

   C->S: AP-REQ with ad-kdh-groups, ad-kdh-pubkey (one or more even)
         (initiator is PROT_READY here)
   S->C: KRB-ERROR2 or extended AP-REP with acceptor pubkey and key
         confirmation
   C->S: AP-REQ with challenge

 - 4-token flow (optimistic negotiation fails, acceptor key confirmation
   desired):

   C->S: AP-REQ with ad-kdh-groups, ad-kdh-pubkey (one or more even)
   S->C: KRB-ERROR2 or extended AP-REP with ad-kdh-pubkey
   C->S: AP-REQ with ad-kdh-pubkey (and with challenge if the acceptor
                                    wanted it)
         (initiator is PROT_READY here)
   S->C: AP-REP

Obviously, it'd be nice if the KDC had some idea what groups/curves the
acceptor supports, then we could more often avoid the 4-token flow.

BTW, the TLS crowd is very keen on 0-RTT, which in GSS-speak means being
prot_ready after producing the first context token^W^W handshake message.

I'm not sure that prot_ready is a such terribly good idea because in
many, many cases the very first app data either needs PFS/established
authentication state, or else the layer right above TLS/whatever doesn't
know if the app data needs that.

But, there's a reason that 0-RTT is desired, and I think it'd be worth
formalizing and modernizing the prot_ready concept.  I also think it'd
be a good idea to de-conflate (in GSS) acceptor key confirmation from
authentication of the acceptor to the initiator.

Nico
-- 


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Date: Wed, 12 Nov 2014 14:12:33 -0600
From: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
To: Greg Hudson <ghudson@mit.edu>
Message-ID: <20141112201231.GB3124@localhost>
References: <20141027071704.GC14215@localhost> <alpine.GSO.1.10.1411071543280.27826@multics.mit.edu> <54624E87.8010007@mit.edu> <20141111185423.GM3412@localhost> <54638C46.8060203@mit.edu> <20141112200552.GA3124@localhost>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] Kerberos extra round trips I-D revised
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On Wed, Nov 12, 2014 at 02:05:54PM -0600, Nico Williams wrote:
> The kDH flows might look like this:
> 
>  - 2-token flow (optimistic negotiation succeeds, no acceptor key
>    confimation):

I should explain that in this case the acceptor does confirm the non-kDH
symmetric sub-session key, but not the DH shared secret.  I think that's
a reasonable approach.

>  - 4-token flow (optimistic negotiation fails, acceptor key confirmation
>    desired):

And here I screwed up, there's no need for a fourth token because the
acceptor does confirm the non-kDH symmetric sub-session key, which is
good enough.

However, maybe we do need to confirm the DH shared secret?  I hope not.

Nico
-- 


From nobody Wed Nov 12 19:14:21 2014
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Subject: [kitten] I-D Action: draft-ietf-kitten-cammac-00.txt
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A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories.
 This draft is a work item of the Common Authentication Technology Next Generation Working Group of the IETF.

        Title           : Kerberos Authorization Data Container Authenticated by Multiple MACs
        Authors         : Simo Sorce
                          Tom Yu
                          Thomas Hardjono
	Filename        : draft-ietf-kitten-cammac-00.txt
	Pages           : 9
	Date            : 2014-11-12

Abstract:
   Abstract: This document specifies a Kerberos Authorization Data
   container that supersedes AD-KDC-ISSUED.  It allows for multiple
   Message Authentication Codes (MACs) or signatures to authenticate the
   contained Authorization Data elements.  This document updates RFC
   4120.


The IETF datatracker status page for this draft is:
https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-kitten-cammac/

There's also a htmlized version available at:
http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-kitten-cammac-00


Please note that it may take a couple of minutes from the time of submission
until the htmlized version and diff are available at tools.ietf.org.

Internet-Drafts are also available by anonymous FTP at:
ftp://ftp.ietf.org/internet-drafts/


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This posting renames the draft to indicate its status in the KITTEN WG
and also addresses minor ASN.1 issues raised by Greg Hudson.  I believe
there were no WG objections to the changes.

<internet-drafts@ietf.org> writes:

> A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories.
>  This draft is a work item of the Common Authentication Technology Next Generation Working Group of the IETF.
>
>         Title           : Kerberos Authorization Data Container Authenticated by Multiple MACs
>         Authors         : Simo Sorce
>                           Tom Yu
>                           Thomas Hardjono
> 	Filename        : draft-ietf-kitten-cammac-00.txt
> 	Pages           : 9
> 	Date            : 2014-11-12
>
> Abstract:
>    Abstract: This document specifies a Kerberos Authorization Data
>    container that supersedes AD-KDC-ISSUED.  It allows for multiple
>    Message Authentication Codes (MACs) or signatures to authenticate the
>    contained Authorization Data elements.  This document updates RFC
>    4120.
>
>
> The IETF datatracker status page for this draft is:
> https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-kitten-cammac/
>
> There's also a htmlized version available at:
> http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-kitten-cammac-00
>
>
> Please note that it may take a couple of minutes from the time of submission
> until the htmlized version and diff are available at tools.ietf.org.
>
> Internet-Drafts are also available by anonymous FTP at:
> ftp://ftp.ietf.org/internet-drafts/
>
> _______________________________________________
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> Internet-Draft directories: http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html
> or ftp://ftp.ietf.org/ietf/1shadow-sites.txt


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Subject: [kitten] Edit on OAuth-SASL -17
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As brought up in the Kitten WG at IETF91, there=92s a small change that =
should be made to the OAuth SASL draft in order to align it with OpenID =
Connect. Specifically, section =933.2.2=94 refers to the =93issue=94 =
element of OpenID Connect, which should actually be =93iss=94 (short for =
issuer). The =93iss=94 is an absolute URL that uniquely identifies the =
issuing server in an OpenID Connect context, and this URL is usable as =
the root identifier for discovery of service information. More =
importantly to this section, it can be used by clients to differentiate =
which client identifier to use. We suggest the following text change:

CURRENT:

   Since clients may interact with a number of application servers, such
   as email servers and XMPP servers, they need to have a way to
   determine whether dynamic client registration has been performed
   already and whether an already available refresh token can be re-used
   to obtain an access token for the desired resource server.  This
   specification RECOMMENDs that a client uses the information in the
   'issue' element to make this determination.


NEW:


   Since clients may interact with a number of application servers, such
   as email servers and XMPP servers, they need to have a way to
   determine the appropriate set of tokens and credentials to use for
   each server, whether dynamic client registration has been performed
   already, and whether an already available refresh token can be =
re-used
   to obtain an access token for the desired resource server.  This
   specification RECOMMENDs that a client uses the information in the
   'iss' element defined in OpenID Connect Core [OIDC] to make this=20
   determination, where available.

I would also suggest moving the JSON reference from RFC4627 to RFC7159.

 =97 Justin

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From: Tom Yu <tlyu@mit.edu>
To: Michiko Short <michikos@microsoft.com>
References: <c235472b16354eacb66aa49c22a34243@BL2PR03MB212.namprd03.prod.outlook.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Nov 2014 23:25:18 -0500
In-Reply-To: <c235472b16354eacb66aa49c22a34243@BL2PR03MB212.namprd03.prod.outlook.com> (Michiko Short's message of "Mon, 27 Oct 2014 20:56:16 +0000")
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Cc: "kitten@ietf.org" <kitten@ietf.org>
Subject: Re: [kitten] Comments requested on draft-short-pkinit-freshness-00
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I would like the authors to look at the original email thread in krb-wg
and acknowledge the key contributors who discovered this.  I mentioned
this in the WG session today, but I was mistaken about the date.
Apparently the original protocol flaw was discussed in 2011, not 2005.
I think the correct archive link is:

http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/krb-wg/current/msg02781.html

Thanks.


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Date: Fri, 14 Nov 2014 05:23:39 +0000 (UTC)
From: Bill Mills <wmills_92105@yahoo.com>
To: Justin Richer <jricher@mit.edu>, "kitten@ietf.org" <kitten@ietf.org>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] Edit on OAuth-SASL -17
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------=_Part_511308_823326150.1415942619684
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Fixed it mostly. =C2=A0Discovery doesn't tell you what credential types are=
 needed though, which perhaps it needs to... =C2=A0but the assumption is th=
at the AS will issue the right tokens for the RS. =C2=A0I left that bit out=
.=20

     On Thursday, November 13, 2014 5:58 PM, Justin Richer <jricher@mit.edu=
> wrote:
  =20

 As brought up in the Kitten WG at IETF91, there=E2=80=99s a small change t=
hat should be made to the OAuth SASL draft in order to align it with OpenID=
 Connect. Specifically, section =E2=80=9C3.2.2=E2=80=9D refers to the =E2=
=80=9Cissue=E2=80=9D element of OpenID Connect, which should actually be =
=E2=80=9Ciss=E2=80=9D (short for issuer). The =E2=80=9Ciss=E2=80=9D is an a=
bsolute URL that uniquely identifies the issuing server in an OpenID Connec=
t context, and this URL is usable as the root identifier for discovery of s=
ervice information. More importantly to this section, it can be used by cli=
ents to differentiate which client identifier to use. We suggest the follow=
ing text change:

CURRENT:

=C2=A0 Since clients may interact with a number of application servers, suc=
h
=C2=A0 as email servers and XMPP servers, they need to have a way to
=C2=A0 determine whether dynamic client registration has been performed
=C2=A0 already and whether an already available refresh token can be re-use=
d
=C2=A0 to obtain an access token for the desired resource server.=C2=A0 Thi=
s
=C2=A0 specification RECOMMENDs that a client uses the information in the
=C2=A0 'issue' element to make this determination.


NEW:


=C2=A0 Since clients may interact with a number of application servers, suc=
h
=C2=A0 as email servers and XMPP servers, they need to have a way to
=C2=A0 determine the appropriate set of tokens and credentials to use for
=C2=A0 each server, whether dynamic client registration has been performed
=C2=A0 already, and whether an already available refresh token can be re-us=
ed
=C2=A0 to obtain an access token for the desired resource server.=C2=A0 Thi=
s
=C2=A0 specification RECOMMENDs that a client uses the information in the
=C2=A0 'iss' element defined in OpenID Connect Core [OIDC] to make this=20
=C2=A0 determination, where available.

I would also suggest moving the JSON reference from RFC4627 to RFC7159.

 =E2=80=94 Justin
_______________________________________________
Kitten mailing list
Kitten@ietf.org
https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/kitten


   
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<html><body><div style=3D"color:#000; background-color:#fff; font-family:He=
lveticaNeue, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif;fo=
nt-size:12px"><div dir=3D"ltr" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_1_1415302054022_1114299"><s=
pan id=3D"yui_3_16_0_1_1415302054022_1114298">Fixed it mostly. &nbsp;Discov=
ery doesn't tell you what credential types are needed though, which perhaps=
 it needs to... &nbsp;but the assumption is that the AS will issue the righ=
t tokens for the RS. &nbsp;I left that bit out.</span></div> <div class=3D"=
qtdSeparateBR"><br><br></div><div class=3D"yahoo_quoted" style=3D"display: =
block;"> <div style=3D"font-family: HelveticaNeue, Helvetica Neue, Helvetic=
a, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"> <div style=3D"font-=
family: HelveticaNeue, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, san=
s-serif; font-size: 16px;"> <div dir=3D"ltr"> <font size=3D"2" face=3D"Aria=
l"> On Thursday, November 13, 2014 5:58 PM, Justin Richer &lt;jricher@mit.e=
du&gt; wrote:<br> </font> </div>  <br><br> <div class=3D"y_msg_container">A=
s brought up in the Kitten WG at IETF91, there=E2=80=99s a small change tha=
t should be made to the OAuth SASL draft in order to align it with OpenID C=
onnect. Specifically, section =E2=80=9C3.2.2=E2=80=9D refers to the =E2=80=
=9Cissue=E2=80=9D element of OpenID Connect, which should actually be =E2=
=80=9Ciss=E2=80=9D (short for issuer). The =E2=80=9Ciss=E2=80=9D is an abso=
lute URL that uniquely identifies the issuing server in an OpenID Connect c=
ontext, and this URL is usable as the root identifier for discovery of serv=
ice information. More importantly to this section, it can be used by client=
s to differentiate which client identifier to use. We suggest the following=
 text change:<br><br>CURRENT:<br><br>&nbsp;  Since clients may interact wit=
h a number of application servers, such<br>&nbsp;  as email servers and XMP=
P servers, they need to have a way to<br>&nbsp;  determine whether dynamic =
client registration has been performed<br>&nbsp;  already and whether an al=
ready available refresh token can be re-used<br>&nbsp;  to obtain an access=
 token for the desired resource server.&nbsp; This<br>&nbsp;  specification=
 RECOMMENDs that a client uses the information in the<br>&nbsp;  'issue' el=
ement to make this determination.<br><br><br>NEW:<br><br><br>&nbsp;  Since =
clients may interact with a number of application servers, such<br>&nbsp;  =
as email servers and XMPP servers, they need to have a way to<br>&nbsp;  de=
termine the appropriate set of tokens and credentials to use for<br>&nbsp; =
 each server, whether dynamic client registration has been performed<br>&nb=
sp;  already, and whether an already available refresh token can be re-used=
<br>&nbsp;  to obtain an access token for the desired resource server.&nbsp=
; This<br>&nbsp;  specification RECOMMENDs that a client uses the informati=
on in the<br>&nbsp;  'iss' element defined in OpenID Connect Core [OIDC] to=
 make this <br>&nbsp;  determination, where available.<br><br>I would also =
suggest moving the JSON reference from RFC4627 to RFC7159.<br><br> =E2=80=
=94 Justin<br>_______________________________________________<br>Kitten mai=
ling list<br><a ymailto=3D"mailto:Kitten@ietf.org" href=3D"mailto:Kitten@ie=
tf.org">Kitten@ietf.org</a><br><a href=3D"https://www.ietf.org/mailman/list=
info/kitten" target=3D"_blank">https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/kitten=
</a><br><br><br></div>  </div> </div>  </div> </div></body></html>
------=_Part_511308_823326150.1415942619684--


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Date: Fri, 14 Nov 2014 15:33:04 +0000 (UTC)
From: Bill Mills <wmills_92105@yahoo.com>
To: Brian Campbell <bcampbell@pingidentity.com>
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Cc: Kitten WG <kitten@ietf.org>, OAuth WG <oauth@ietf.org>
Subject: Re: [kitten] [OAUTH-WG] crosspost.... SASL OAUTH
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------=_Part_660611_1130609993.1415979184174
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Yep, fair enough. =C2=A0Done.=20

     On Friday, November 14, 2014 6:33 AM, Brian Campbell <bcampbell@pingid=
entity.com> wrote:
  =20

 Given the state of things, maybe the MAC Token specification [I-D.ietf-oau=
th-v2-http-mac] reference should be changed or omitted?

On Thu, Nov 13, 2014 at 7:01 PM, Bill Mills <wmills_92105@yahoo.com> wrote:

There's a draft it would be great to get more eyes on in the Kitten WG
draft-ietf-kitten-sasl-oauth-17 - A set of SASL Mechanisms for OAuth

Nearing it's 5th and hopefully final WGLC, so any more eyes and comments on=
 it would be welcome.
Thanks,
-bill
_______________________________________________
OAuth mailing list
OAuth@ietf.org
https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/oauth





   
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<html><body><div style=3D"color:#000; background-color:#fff; font-family:He=
lveticaNeue, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif;fo=
nt-size:12px"><div dir=3D"ltr" id=3D"yui_3_16_0_1_1415302054022_1178205"><s=
pan>Yep, fair enough. &nbsp;Done.</span></div> <div class=3D"qtdSeparateBR"=
><br><br></div><div class=3D"yahoo_quoted" style=3D"display: block;"> <div =
style=3D"font-family: HelveticaNeue, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, Luci=
da Grande, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"> <div style=3D"font-family: Helvet=
icaNeue, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif; font-=
size: 16px;"> <div dir=3D"ltr"> <font size=3D"2" face=3D"Arial"> On Friday,=
 November 14, 2014 6:33 AM, Brian Campbell &lt;bcampbell@pingidentity.com&g=
t; wrote:<br> </font> </div>  <br><br> <div class=3D"y_msg_container"><div =
id=3D"yiv8038221438"><div><div dir=3D"ltr">Given the state of things, maybe=
 the MAC Token specification [I-D.ietf-oauth-v2-http-mac] reference should =
be changed or omitted?<br clear=3D"none"></div><div class=3D"yiv8038221438g=
mail_extra"><br clear=3D"none"><div class=3D"yiv8038221438gmail_quote">On T=
hu, Nov 13, 2014 at 7:01 PM, Bill Mills <span dir=3D"ltr">&lt;<a rel=3D"nof=
ollow" shape=3D"rect" ymailto=3D"mailto:wmills_92105@yahoo.com" target=3D"_=
blank" href=3D"mailto:wmills_92105@yahoo.com">wmills_92105@yahoo.com</a>&gt=
;</span> wrote:<br clear=3D"none"><blockquote class=3D"yiv8038221438gmail_q=
uote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1e=
x;"><div class=3D"yiv8038221438yqt9803432684" id=3D"yiv8038221438yqt83021">=
<div><div style=3D"color:#000;background-color:#fff;font-family:HelveticaNe=
ue, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif;font-size:1=
2px;"><div dir=3D"ltr">There's a draft it would be great to get more eyes o=
n in the Kitten WG</div><div dir=3D"ltr"><br clear=3D"none"></div><div dir=
=3D"ltr"><a rel=3D"nofollow" shape=3D"rect" target=3D"_blank" href=3D"http:=
//tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-kitten-sasl-oauth-17" style=3D"font-size:1=
2px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);">draft-ietf-kitten-sasl-oauth-17 - A=
 set of SASL Mechanisms for OAuth</a><br clear=3D"none"></div><div dir=3D"l=
tr"><br clear=3D"none"></div><div dir=3D"ltr">Nearing it's 5th and hopefull=
y final WGLC, so any more eyes and comments on it would be welcome.</div><d=
iv dir=3D"ltr"><br clear=3D"none"></div><div dir=3D"ltr">Thanks,</div><div =
dir=3D"ltr"><br clear=3D"none"></div><div dir=3D"ltr">-bill</div></div></di=
v></div><br clear=3D"none">_______________________________________________<=
br clear=3D"none">
OAuth mailing list<br clear=3D"none">
<a rel=3D"nofollow" shape=3D"rect" ymailto=3D"mailto:OAuth@ietf.org" target=
=3D"_blank" href=3D"mailto:OAuth@ietf.org">OAuth@ietf.org</a><br clear=3D"n=
one">
<a rel=3D"nofollow" shape=3D"rect" target=3D"_blank" href=3D"https://www.ie=
tf.org/mailman/listinfo/oauth">https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/oauth<=
/a><br clear=3D"none">
<br clear=3D"none"></blockquote></div><br clear=3D"none"></div></div></div>=
<br><br></div>  </div> </div>  </div> </div></body></html>
------=_Part_660611_1130609993.1415979184174--


From nobody Fri Nov 14 14:59:24 2014
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From: Michiko Short <michikos@microsoft.com>
To: Tom Yu <tlyu@mit.edu>
Thread-Topic: [kitten] Comments requested on draft-short-pkinit-freshness-00
Thread-Index: AQHP/8MBM/SuVKt/VU6ICfILW6DKhZxgu98w
Date: Fri, 14 Nov 2014 22:59:19 +0000
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Subject: Re: [kitten] Comments requested on draft-short-pkinit-freshness-00
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Thanks for the link. I was going to follow up with whether you meant everyo=
ne on the thread or just the original discoverer, Nikos Mavrogiannopoulos. =
I don't want to leave anyone out, so the complete discussion group included=
 Henry B. Hotz, Nico Williams,  Sam Hartman,  Tom Yu, Martin Rex, and Dougl=
as E. Engert. I planned to just credit everyone, but since the thread was s=
tarted I'll ask. Credit everyone, right?

-----Original Message-----
From: Tom Yu [mailto:tlyu@mit.edu]=20
Sent: Thursday, November 13, 2014 8:25 PM
To: Michiko Short
Cc: kitten@ietf.org
Subject: Re: [kitten] Comments requested on draft-short-pkinit-freshness-00

I would like the authors to look at the original email thread in krb-wg and=
 acknowledge the key contributors who discovered this.  I mentioned this in=
 the WG session today, but I was mistaken about the date.
Apparently the original protocol flaw was discussed in 2011, not 2005.
I think the correct archive link is:

http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/krb-wg/current/msg02781.html

Thanks.


From nobody Mon Nov 17 14:20:29 2014
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From: Rick van Rein <rick@openfortress.nl>
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Hello,

Thanks all for your feedback on the DNS TXT proposal for Kerberos realm =
names.  I=E2=80=99ve used it for
http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-vanrein-dnstxt-krb1-01

CHANGES FROM 00 TO 01:
* Introduced KREALM RRtype to replace overloading of the TXT RRtype
* Switched from an ASCII grammar to an ASN.1 grammar for KREALM RDATA
* Switched from case-independent ASCII values to full UTF8String values
* Proposed base64 representation in master files for KREALM RDATA

I switched to an ASN.1 format that is easier to process by Kerberos, as =
well as to give structure.
Entry in master zone files would be as base64, which is clearly =
non-optimal, but parsing text isn=E2=80=99t either.
I don=E2=80=99t know what=E2=80=99s best here, I suppose it=E2=80=99s a =
matter of taste.

As before, feedback is welcome :) and I will also forward it to DNS =
lists this time.

Cheers,
 -Rick




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Date: Mon, 17 Nov 2014 22:24:04 +0000 (UTC)
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Can someone please point me at the info for the draft I'm going to do a few=
 edits on? =C2=A0
Thanks,
-bill
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<html><body><div style="color:#000; background-color:#fff; font-family:HelveticaNeue, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif;font-size:12px"><div dir="ltr" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1416242941260_57842">Can someone please point me at the info for the draft I'm going to do a few edits on? &nbsp;</div><div dir="ltr" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1416242941260_57843"><br></div><div dir="ltr" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1416242941260_57844">Thanks,</div><div dir="ltr" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1416242941260_57845"><br></div><div dir="ltr" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1416242941260_57846">-bill</div></div></body></html>
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Date: Mon, 17 Nov 2014 17:36:50 -0500 (EST)
From: Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@MIT.EDU>
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On Mon, 17 Nov 2014, Bill Mills wrote:

> Can someone please point me at the info for the draft I'm going to do a
> few edits on? =C2=A0

I believe that would be this one:
https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-krb-wg-pkinit-alg-agility-07

As for the few edits, those should be here:
http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/kitten/current/msg03820.html

-Ben
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From nobody Mon Nov 17 15:21:00 2014
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Date: Mon, 17 Nov 2014 23:20:52 +0000 (UTC)
From: Bill Mills <wmills_92105@yahoo.com>
To: Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@MIT.EDU>
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Subject: [kitten] draft-ietf-krb-wg-pkinit-alg-agility-07 Re: now that I've volunteered....
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There are outstanding questions here, I have a copy with local edits now.  The issues are:

0) conforming to the new stricter DTD parsing -- done

1) "a preference to reassign the error code" 

    I need specifics here on what needs to happen.

2) move 2 references to informative -- done

3) Include informative reference to MD4 spec, seems optional from that message.  Include it?  I agree that rfc6150 seems sufficient since it's noting the retirement of MD4, and the reader can find the MD4 spec through that route.

4) "OID id-pkinit-kdc has been assigned, but not defined in the module":  What needs to be done here?  I need suggested text.

-bill

P.S.  as editor I'm happy to scribe for the WG but this is outside my expertise to get this language right.


On Monday, November 17, 2014 2:36 PM, Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@MIT.EDU> wrote:



On Mon, 17 Nov 2014, Bill Mills wrote:


> Can someone please point me at the info for the draft I'm going to do a
> few edits on?  

I believe that would be this one:
https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-krb-wg-pkinit-alg-agility-07

As for the few edits, those should be here:
http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/kitten/current/msg03820.html

-Ben


From nobody Mon Nov 17 21:33:41 2014
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Subject: Re: [kitten] draft-ietf-krb-wg-pkinit-alg-agility-07 Re: now that I've volunteered....
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On 11/17/2014 06:20 PM, Bill Mills wrote:
> 1) "a preference to reassign the error code" 
> 
>     I need specifics here on what needs to happen.

KRB5KDC_ERR_NO_ACCEPTABLE_KDF should have the value 100 instead of 82.
(This has already been changed in MIT krb5 and the change has shipped.)


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Date: Tue, 18 Nov 2014 16:35:24 +0000 (UTC)
From: Bill Mills <wmills_92105@yahoo.com>
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Fixed this.  Thanks.



On Monday, November 17, 2014 9:33 PM, Greg Hudson <ghudson@mit.edu> wrote:
On 11/17/2014 06:20 PM, Bill Mills wrote:

> 1) "a preference to reassign the error code" 
> 
>     I need specifics here on what needs to happen.

KRB5KDC_ERR_NO_ACCEPTABLE_KDF should have the value 100 instead of 82.
(This has already been changed in MIT krb5 and the change has shipped.)


From nobody Tue Nov 18 15:46:24 2014
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Date: Tue, 18 Nov 2014 17:46:08 -0600
From: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
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Subject: [kitten] 0-RTT security considerations (was OPTLS)
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Following up to the OPTLS proposal I thought it'd be interesting to
explore the security (API, and other) considerations of 0-RTT protocols.
I'm not sure[0] how much this has been done on this list before, so pardon
me if this is noisy.

My experience with 0-RTT is mostly from GSS [RFC2743] and Kerberos
[RFC4120], where the matter was given some explicit treatment treatment
many years ago.  That treatment is not complete, so this should be
relevant to KITTEN WG as well.  I'm cc'ing KITTEN WG, but we should
continue the discussion on the TLS list; Reply-To: is set.

For me the security considerations of 0-RTT have to bleed into APIs in
order to be manageable, which for many TLS apps may well be a deal
killer (and I suspect it generally is).

I.e., I think 0-RTT is generally more trouble than it's worth.

0-RTT means:

   The handshake might be two or three messages, but the client can
   send application data immediately after sending its hello, and
   the server can send application data immediately after consuming
   the client's hello.

This is not a really a new concept[1].

And this concept generalizes to longer exchanges too; the optimization
can be less good than 0-RTT but still better than full latency.

A client can do 0-RTT handshakes whenever it can obtain a usable session
key immediately upon sending the client's first[0] handshake message.

0-RTT could be made available when:

 - doing session resumption
 - the client knows the server's pubkey a priori
 - using PSK


Security considerations:

 - Replay protection (use replay cache or defer protection)

   Replay protection on the server side requires either a replay cache
   (which can more than negate the latency of one network round trip),
   or deferring replay protection availability to the end of the
   handshake.

   Deferring replay protection availability requires that the client's
   first data record(s) be held for delivery until replay protection is
   available (again, limiting the value of 0-RTT), or that the
   application be aware of the replay potential.

 - PFS (not available for 0-RTT data)

   What about PFS?  Can't be done in 0-RTT, but it can become available
   when each party learns the others' ephemeral (EC)DH key.

   Again, the application may (likely will) need to know about PFS being
   deferred, therefore this is an API consideration as well.

 - Server authentication state

   Even in the 0-RTT case the client must check that the server's pubkey
   hasn't been revoked, of course, but either it won't be able to until
   it receives the server's Hello (where stapled OCSP should be found),
   or it will have to check certificate status out of band (which has
   privacy considerations).

   The problem here is that any application data sent before receiving
   the server's Hello will be compromised if the server's private key
   was compromised (even if the cert was revoked).

   For HTTP(S) this is a problem: the HTTP request may or may not be
   sensitive, but the HTTP client implementation and TLS can't know
   if it is -- only the application can know.  This might mean that XHR,
   HTML, need extensions for specifying this.

   Again, this is an API consideration as well.

   DANE makes this consideration go away, mostly[2].

 - Client authentication state

   Imagine a handshake where the client is not authenticated until the
   second round trip, but we have key material for 0-RTT.  The server
   cannot authorize any application protocol commands at this stage.

 - Symmetric session key non-reuse depends entirely on the client and
   its RNG.  E.g., in the resumption and PSK cases.

   When using cipher modes where key/IV reuse is disastrous this could
   be a serious problem.


How to do 0-RTT in non-resumption, non-PSK handshakes:

 - with key transport (the server's static pubkey must be an encryption key)
 - with key agreement (the server's static pubkey must be an (EC)DH key)

PFS can be added, and anyways, it all looks a lot like session
resumption.


How to learn the server's pubkey prior to making the client Hello?

 - use DANE
 - recall the server's pubkey from a previous connection and use it
   optimistically (as in: it hasn't changed since last time)

The latter is the basis of Hugo Krawczyk's OPTLS proposal.

[0] I saw the thread starting at:

    https://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/tls/current/msg13298.html

    but the treatment of the security considerations of 0-RTT there was
    not exhaustive, unless I missed it.

[1] The GSS-API [RFC2743] has supported sending application data early,
    and has since 1997 [RFC2078].  GSS calls the "ready to send
    somewhat-protected data" state "prot_ready".  Kerberos V [RFC4120]
    effectively had it even earlier, in 1993 [RFC1510], and probably
    before then too.

[2] Provided one does not object to DANE.

Nico
-- 


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Subject: Re: [kitten] [TLS] 0-RTT security considerations (was OPTLS)
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--001a11c3fb20e67d2705082af54d
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On Tue, Nov 18, 2014 at 3:46 PM, Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
wrote:

>
> Following up to the OPTLS proposal I thought it'd be interesting to
> explore the security (API, and other) considerations of 0-RTT protocols.
> I'm not sure[0] how much this has been done on this list before, so pardon
> me if this is noisy.
>

A fair bit, including a complete solution in Snap Start
and some handwavy stuff in draft-rescorla-tls13-new-flows-01, as
well as the Watson Ladd mail you reference below



> Security considerations:
>
>  - Replay protection (use replay cache or defer protection)
>
>    Replay protection on the server side requires either a replay cache
>    (which can more than negate the latency of one network round trip),
>    or deferring replay protection availability to the end of the
>    handshake.
>
>    Deferring replay protection availability requires that the client's
>    first data record(s) be held for delivery until replay protection is
>    available (again, limiting the value of 0-RTT), or that the
>    application be aware of the replay potential.
>

Yes, I agree that this doesn't make sense. The server needs to provide
anti-replay as part of the TLS stack using some sort of server-side state.
Servers which don't want to do that should not offer 0-RTT.



>  - PFS (not available for 0-RTT data)
>
>    What about PFS?  Can't be done in 0-RTT, but it can become available
>    when each party learns the others' ephemeral (EC)DH key.
>
>    Again, the application may (likely will) need to know about PFS being
>    deferred, therefore this is an API consideration as well.
>

Yes, we'll need APIs to let the client control whether data should be sent
w/o PFS. Note that the we already have a parallel situation with resumption
which currently never offers OCSP.


 - Server authentication state
>
>    Even in the 0-RTT case the client must check that the server's pubkey
>    hasn't been revoked, of course, but either it won't be able to until
>    it receives the server's Hello (where stapled OCSP should be found),
>    or it will have to check certificate status out of band (which has
>    privacy considerations).
>
>    The problem here is that any application data sent before receiving
>    the server's Hello will be compromised if the server's private key
>    was compromised (even if the cert was revoked).
>
>    For HTTP(S) this is a problem: the HTTP request may or may not be
>    sensitive, but the HTTP client implementation and TLS can't know
>    if it is -- only the application can know.  This might mean that XHR,
>    HTML, need extensions for specifying this.
>

I'm not following this. Generally, server 0-RTT keys will probably be fairly
short-lived by comparison to OCSP-stapled responses, so you can just
continue to use the key within the OCSP window. Remember that if the
key is compromised within the OCSP window, then the attacker can
attack you with 1-RTT as well as 0-RTT. Again, this is also an issue
with resumption.


 - Client authentication state
>
>    Imagine a handshake where the client is not authenticated until the
>    second round trip, but we have key material for 0-RTT.  The server
>    cannot authorize any application protocol commands at this stage


Every proposal I have ever seen for 0-RTT has the client delivering
client auth in the first flight for exactly this reason.



 - Symmetric session key non-reuse depends entirely on the client and
>    its RNG.  E.g., in the resumption and PSK cases.
>
>    When using cipher modes where key/IV reuse is disastrous this could
>    be a serious problem.
>

The conventional way to address this (as in snap start) is to use an
anti-replay mechanism which ensures uniqueness of the client random,
thus providing key uniqueness.

-Ekr

--001a11c3fb20e67d2705082af54d
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

<div dir=3D"ltr"><div class=3D"gmail_extra"><div class=3D"gmail_quote">On T=
ue, Nov 18, 2014 at 3:46 PM, Nico Williams <span dir=3D"ltr">&lt;<a href=3D=
"mailto:nico@cryptonector.com" target=3D"_blank">nico@cryptonector.com</a>&=
gt;</span> wrote:<br><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px =
0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);bord=
er-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex"><br>
Following up to the OPTLS proposal I thought it&#39;d be interesting to<br>
explore the security (API, and other) considerations of 0-RTT protocols.<br=
>
I&#39;m not sure[0] how much this has been done on this list before, so par=
don<br>
me if this is noisy.<br></blockquote><div><br></div><div>A fair bit, includ=
ing a complete solution in Snap Start</div><div>and some handwavy stuff in =
draft-rescorla-tls13-new-flows-01, as</div><div>well as the Watson Ladd mai=
l you reference below</div><div><br></div><div>=C2=A0</div><blockquote clas=
s=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;b=
order-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex"=
>
Security considerations:<br>
<br>
=C2=A0- Replay protection (use replay cache or defer protection)<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0Replay protection on the server side requires either a replay =
cache<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0(which can more than negate the latency of one network round t=
rip),<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0or deferring replay protection availability to the end of the<=
br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0handshake.<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0Deferring replay protection availability requires that the cli=
ent&#39;s<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0first data record(s) be held for delivery until replay protect=
ion is<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0available (again, limiting the value of 0-RTT), or that the<br=
>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0application be aware of the replay potential.<br></blockquote>=
<div><br></div><div>Yes, I agree that this doesn&#39;t make sense. The serv=
er needs to provide</div><div>anti-replay as part of the TLS stack using so=
me sort of server-side state.</div><div>Servers which don&#39;t want to do =
that should not offer 0-RTT.</div><div><br></div><div>=C2=A0</div><blockquo=
te class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-widt=
h:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-le=
ft:1ex">
=C2=A0- PFS (not available for 0-RTT data)<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0What about PFS?=C2=A0 Can&#39;t be done in 0-RTT, but it can b=
ecome available<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0when each party learns the others&#39; ephemeral (EC)DH key.<b=
r>
<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0Again, the application may (likely will) need to know about PF=
S being<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0deferred, therefore this is an API consideration as well.<br><=
/blockquote><div><br></div><div>Yes, we&#39;ll need APIs to let the client =
control whether data should be sent</div><div>w/o PFS. Note that the we alr=
eady have a parallel situation with resumption</div><div>which currently ne=
ver offers OCSP.</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><blockquote class=3D"gm=
ail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-l=
eft-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex">
=C2=A0- Server authentication state<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0Even in the 0-RTT case the client must check that the server&#=
39;s pubkey<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0hasn&#39;t been revoked, of course, but either it won&#39;t be=
 able to until<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0it receives the server&#39;s Hello (where stapled OCSP should =
be found),<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0or it will have to check certificate status out of band (which=
 has<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0privacy considerations).<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0The problem here is that any application data sent before rece=
iving<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0the server&#39;s Hello will be compromised if the server&#39;s=
 private key<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0was compromised (even if the cert was revoked).<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0For HTTP(S) this is a problem: the HTTP request may or may not=
 be<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0sensitive, but the HTTP client implementation and TLS can&#39;=
t know<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0if it is -- only the application can know.=C2=A0 This might me=
an that XHR,<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0HTML, need extensions for specifying this.<br></blockquote><di=
v><br></div><div>I&#39;m not following this. Generally, server 0-RTT keys w=
ill probably be fairly</div><div>short-lived by comparison to OCSP-stapled =
responses, so you can just</div><div>continue to use the key within the OCS=
P window. Remember that if the</div><div>key is compromised within the OCSP=
 window, then the attacker can</div><div>attack you with 1-RTT as well as 0=
-RTT. Again, this is also an issue</div><div>with resumption.</div><div><br=
></div><div><br></div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px=
 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);bor=
der-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex">
=C2=A0- Client authentication state<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0Imagine a handshake where the client is not authenticated unti=
l the<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0second round trip, but we have key material for 0-RTT.=C2=A0 T=
he server<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0cannot authorize any application protocol commands at this sta=
ge</blockquote><div><br></div><div>Every proposal I have ever seen for 0-RT=
T has the client delivering</div><div>client auth in the first flight for e=
xactly this reason.</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><bloc=
kquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-=
width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;paddin=
g-left:1ex">
=C2=A0- Symmetric session key non-reuse depends entirely on the client and<=
br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0its RNG.=C2=A0 E.g., in the resumption and PSK cases.<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0When using cipher modes where key/IV reuse is disastrous this =
could<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0be a serious problem.<br></blockquote><div><br></div><div>The =
conventional way to address this (as in snap start) is to use an</div><div>=
anti-replay mechanism which ensures uniqueness of the client random,</div><=
div>thus providing key uniqueness.</div><div><br></div><div>-Ekr</div><div>=
<br></div></div></div></div>

--001a11c3fb20e67d2705082af54d--


From nobody Tue Nov 18 16:45:53 2014
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Date: Tue, 18 Nov 2014 18:45:45 -0600
From: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
To: Eric Rescorla <ekr@rtfm.com>
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Cc: kitten@ietf.org, "tls@ietf.org" <tls@ietf.org>
Subject: Re: [kitten] [TLS] 0-RTT security considerations (was OPTLS)
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On Tue, Nov 18, 2014 at 04:04:10PM -0800, Eric Rescorla wrote:
> On Tue, Nov 18, 2014 at 3:46 PM, Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
> wrote:
> >  - Replay protection (use replay cache or defer protection)
> >    [...]
> 
> Yes, I agree that this doesn't make sense. The server needs to provide
> anti-replay as part of the TLS stack using some sort of server-side state.
> Servers which don't want to do that should not offer 0-RTT.

But how would the client know the first time?  Perhaps it shouldn't
matter.  The server should just hold back before delivering the data.
Still, in order to do this without a replay cache the handshake has to
have two more messages after the one where the client is prot_ready and
the client has to confirm the early messages.  So this has to be part of
the protocol.

>  - Server authentication state
> >
> >    Even in the 0-RTT case the client must check that the server's pubkey
> >    hasn't been revoked, of course, but either it won't be able to until
> >    it receives the server's Hello (where stapled OCSP should be found),
> >    or it will have to check certificate status out of band (which has
> >    privacy considerations).
> >
> >    The problem here is that any application data sent before receiving
> >    the server's Hello will be compromised if the server's private key
> >    was compromised (even if the cert was revoked).
> >
> >    For HTTP(S) this is a problem: the HTTP request may or may not be
> >    sensitive, but the HTTP client implementation and TLS can't know
> >    if it is -- only the application can know.  This might mean that XHR,
> >    HTML, need extensions for specifying this.
> >
> 
> I'm not following this. Generally, server 0-RTT keys will probably be fairly
> short-lived by comparison to OCSP-stapled responses, so you can just
> continue to use the key within the OCSP window. Remember that if the
> key is compromised within the OCSP window, then the attacker can
> attack you with 1-RTT as well as 0-RTT. Again, this is also an issue
> with resumption.

Yes, this is a general problem that can only really be addressed via key
freshness.

>  - Client authentication state
> >
> >    Imagine a handshake where the client is not authenticated until the
> >    second round trip, but we have key material for 0-RTT.  The server
> >    cannot authorize any application protocol commands at this stage
> 
> Every proposal I have ever seen for 0-RTT has the client delivering
> client auth in the first flight for exactly this reason.

Even ones where the client is afforded confidentiality for its ID?  I
can certainly imagine protocols where that wouldn't be the case.

>  - Symmetric session key non-reuse depends entirely on the client and
> >    its RNG.  E.g., in the resumption and PSK cases.
> >
> >    When using cipher modes where key/IV reuse is disastrous this could
> >    be a serious problem.
> >
> 
> The conventional way to address this (as in snap start) is to use an
> anti-replay mechanism which ensures uniqueness of the client random,
> thus providing key uniqueness.

By the time the server can check this it's too late: the client sent the
bad ciphertext.

Nico
-- 


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Subject: Re: [kitten] draft-ietf-krb-wg-pkinit-alg-agility-07 Re: now that I've volunteered....
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On Mon, 17 Nov 2014, Bill Mills wrote:

>
> 3) Include informative reference to MD4 spec, seems optional from that
> message.  Include it?  I agree that rfc6150 seems sufficient since it's
> noting the retirement of MD4, and the reader can find the MD4 spec
> through that route.

If it was me I would think about including it, but I'm fine leaving it
out, too.

> 4) "OID id-pkinit-kdc has been assigned, but not defined in the module":
> What needs to be done here?  I need suggested text.

I think this is a typo and id-pkinit-kdf is what was meant ('f', not 'c').

The text to be added is going to be in Appendix A, in the definition of
KDFAlgorithmId, extending the comment with probably something like:
The object identifier of the KDF, taken from the arc iso(1)
identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5) kerberosV5(2)
pkinit(3) kdf(6).

We should probably also mention the component identifier 'kdf' where the
OIDs are laid out in section 6, so:

id-pkinit-kdf OBJECT IDENTIFIER           ::= { id-pkinit kdf(6) }

I guess we should probably come up with component identifiers for its
children as well (the next four lines).  Anyone have thoughts on that?  I
don't know how conventional "SHA-1", "SHA-256", etc. are for such things.

-Ben


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From: Eric Rescorla <ekr@rtfm.com>
Date: Wed, 19 Nov 2014 11:23:16 -0800
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To: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] [TLS] 0-RTT security considerations (was OPTLS)
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--089e013d191628396c05083b2722
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8

On Tue, Nov 18, 2014 at 4:45 PM, Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
wrote:

> On Tue, Nov 18, 2014 at 04:04:10PM -0800, Eric Rescorla wrote:
> > On Tue, Nov 18, 2014 at 3:46 PM, Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
> > wrote:
> > >  - Replay protection (use replay cache or defer protection)
> > >    [...]
> >
> > Yes, I agree that this doesn't make sense. The server needs to provide
> > anti-replay as part of the TLS stack using some sort of server-side
> state.
> > Servers which don't want to do that should not offer 0-RTT.
>
> But how would the client know the first time?  Perhaps it shouldn't
> matter.  The server should just hold back before delivering the data.
> Still, in order to do this without a replay cache the handshake has to
> have two more messages after the one where the client is prot_ready and
> the client has to confirm the early messages.  So this has to be part of
> the protocol.


I'm not following. The idea here is that the server indicates to the
client that it is in principle prepared to do 0-RTT and provides a key
that can be used for that. If the client attempts it and it doesn't work
out (e.g., because the server has lost the key), you fall back to a
1-RTT handshake, so the server can just discard the data rather
than holding it.



> >  - Client authentication state
> > >
> > >    Imagine a handshake where the client is not authenticated until the
> > >    second round trip, but we have key material for 0-RTT.  The server
> > >    cannot authorize any application protocol commands at this stage
> >
> > Every proposal I have ever seen for 0-RTT has the client delivering
> > client auth in the first flight for exactly this reason.
>
> Even ones where the client is afforded confidentiality for its ID? I

can certainly imagine protocols where that wouldn't be the case.


If you can send encrypted data to the server, you can also
encrypt the client's certificate. Yes, it's possible to design protocols
where that doesn't work, but it's also possible to design ones where
it does.


>  - Symmetric session key non-reuse depends entirely on the client and
> > >    its RNG.  E.g., in the resumption and PSK cases.
> > >
> > >    When using cipher modes where key/IV reuse is disastrous this could
> > >    be a serious problem.
> > >
> >
> > The conventional way to address this (as in snap start) is to use an
> > anti-replay mechanism which ensures uniqueness of the client random,
> > thus providing key uniqueness.
>
> By the time the server can check this it's too late: the client sent the
> bad ciphertext.


Good point. I agree that the client needs a strong PRNG.

-Ekr

--089e013d191628396c05083b2722
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

<div dir=3D"ltr"><br><div class=3D"gmail_extra"><br><div class=3D"gmail_quo=
te">On Tue, Nov 18, 2014 at 4:45 PM, Nico Williams <span dir=3D"ltr">&lt;<a=
 href=3D"mailto:nico@cryptonector.com" target=3D"_blank">nico@cryptonector.=
com</a>&gt;</span> wrote:<br><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"mar=
gin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,2=
04);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex"><span>On Tue, Nov 18, 2014 at=
 04:04:10PM -0800, Eric Rescorla wrote:<br>
&gt; On Tue, Nov 18, 2014 at 3:46 PM, Nico Williams &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:n=
ico@cryptonector.com" target=3D"_blank">nico@cryptonector.com</a>&gt;<br>
&gt; wrote:<br>
</span><span>&gt; &gt;=C2=A0 - Replay protection (use replay cache or defer=
 protection)<br>
</span>&gt; &gt;=C2=A0 =C2=A0 [...]<br>
<span>&gt;<br>
&gt; Yes, I agree that this doesn&#39;t make sense. The server needs to pro=
vide<br>
&gt; anti-replay as part of the TLS stack using some sort of server-side st=
ate.<br>
&gt; Servers which don&#39;t want to do that should not offer 0-RTT.<br>
<br>
</span>But how would the client know the first time?=C2=A0 Perhaps it shoul=
dn&#39;t<br>
matter.=C2=A0 The server should just hold back before delivering the data.<=
br>
Still, in order to do this without a replay cache the handshake has to<br>
have two more messages after the one where the client is prot_ready and<br>
the client has to confirm the early messages.=C2=A0 So this has to be part =
of<br>
the protocol.</blockquote><div><br></div><div>I&#39;m not following. The id=
ea here is that the server indicates to the</div><div>client that it is in =
principle prepared to do 0-RTT and provides a key</div><div>that can be use=
d for that. If the client attempts it and it doesn&#39;t work</div><div>out=
 (e.g., because the server has lost the key), you fall back to a</div><div>=
1-RTT handshake, so the server can just discard the data rather</div><div>t=
han holding it.</div><div><br></div><div>=C2=A0</div><blockquote class=3D"g=
mail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-=
left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex"><span=
>
&gt;=C2=A0 - Client authentication state<br>
&gt; &gt;<br>
&gt; &gt;=C2=A0 =C2=A0 Imagine a handshake where the client is not authenti=
cated until the<br>
&gt; &gt;=C2=A0 =C2=A0 second round trip, but we have key material for 0-RT=
T.=C2=A0 The server<br>
&gt; &gt;=C2=A0 =C2=A0 cannot authorize any application protocol commands a=
t this stage<br>
&gt;<br>
&gt; Every proposal I have ever seen for 0-RTT has the client delivering<br=
>
&gt; client auth in the first flight for exactly this reason.<br>
<br>
</span>Even ones where the client is afforded confidentiality for its ID? I=
</blockquote><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px =
0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-=
style:solid;padding-left:1ex">
can certainly imagine protocols where that wouldn&#39;t be the case.</block=
quote><div><br></div><div>If you can send encrypted data to the server, you=
 can also</div><div>encrypt the client&#39;s certificate. Yes, it&#39;s pos=
sible to design protocols</div><div>where that doesn&#39;t work, but it&#39=
;s also possible to design ones where</div><div>it does.</div><div><br></di=
v><div><br></div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px =
0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-l=
eft-style:solid;padding-left:1ex"><span>
&gt;=C2=A0 - Symmetric session key non-reuse depends entirely on the client=
 and<br>
&gt; &gt;=C2=A0 =C2=A0 its RNG.=C2=A0 E.g., in the resumption and PSK cases=
.<br>
&gt; &gt;<br>
&gt; &gt;=C2=A0 =C2=A0 When using cipher modes where key/IV reuse is disast=
rous this could<br>
&gt; &gt;=C2=A0 =C2=A0 be a serious problem.<br>
&gt; &gt;<br>
&gt;<br>
&gt; The conventional way to address this (as in snap start) is to use an<b=
r>
&gt; anti-replay mechanism which ensures uniqueness of the client random,<b=
r>
&gt; thus providing key uniqueness.<br>
<br>
</span>By the time the server can check this it&#39;s too late: the client =
sent the<br>
bad ciphertext.</blockquote><div><br></div><div>Good point. I agree that th=
e client needs a strong PRNG.</div><div><br></div><div>-Ekr</div><div><br><=
/div></div></div></div>

--089e013d191628396c05083b2722--


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Date: Wed, 19 Nov 2014 19:56:16 +0000 (UTC)
From: Bill Mills <wmills_92105@yahoo.com>
To: Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@MIT.EDU>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] draft-ietf-krb-wg-pkinit-alg-agility-07 Re: now that I've volunteered....
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OK, for the first bit....

On Wednesday, November 19, 2014 10:58 AM, Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@MIT.EDU> wrote:

> The text to be added is going to be in Appendix A, in the definition of
> KDFAlgorithmId, extending the comment with probably something like:
> The object identifier of the KDF, taken from the arc iso(1)
> identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5) kerberosV5(2)
> pkinit(3) kdf(6).

Is the following ccorrect?

KDFAlgorithmId ::= SEQUENCE { 
    kdf-id            [0] OBJECT IDENTIFIER, 
    -- The object identifier of the KDF, taken from the 
    -- arc iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) 
    -- internet(1) security(5) kerberosV5(2) pkinit(3) 

    -- kdf(6).    
    ...
} 



-bill


From nobody Wed Nov 19 12:03:10 2014
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Date: Wed, 19 Nov 2014 15:01:38 -0500 (EST)
From: Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@MIT.EDU>
To: Bill Mills <wmills_92105@yahoo.com>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] draft-ietf-krb-wg-pkinit-alg-agility-07 Re: now that I've volunteered....
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On Wed, 19 Nov 2014, Bill Mills wrote:

> OK, for the first bit....
>
> On Wednesday, November 19, 2014 10:58 AM, Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@MIT.EDU> wrote:
>
> > The text to be added is going to be in Appendix A, in the definition of
> > KDFAlgorithmId, extending the comment with probably something like:
> > The object identifier of the KDF, taken from the arc iso(1)
> > identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5) kerberosV5(2)
> > pkinit(3) kdf(6).
>
> Is the following ccorrect?
>
> KDFAlgorithmId ::= SEQUENCE {
>     kdf-id            [0] OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
>     -- The object identifier of the KDF, taken from the
>     -- arc iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6)
>     -- internet(1) security(5) kerberosV5(2) pkinit(3)
>
>     -- kdf(6).
>     ...
> }

That looks like what I was asking for, yes. (Thanks!)
I'm not sure I can decree whether it is correct, not really being an ASN.1
expert.  I presume that if it's incorrect, someone will speak up about it.

-Ben


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On Wed, Nov 19, 2014 at 2:01 PM, Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@mit.edu> wrote:
> On Wed, 19 Nov 2014, Bill Mills wrote:
>> Is the following ccorrect?
>>
>> KDFAlgorithmId ::= SEQUENCE {
>>     kdf-id            [0] OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
>>     -- The object identifier of the KDF, taken from the
>>     -- arc iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6)
>>     -- internet(1) security(5) kerberosV5(2) pkinit(3)
>>
>>     -- kdf(6).
>>     ...
>> }
>
> That looks like what I was asking for, yes. (Thanks!)
> I'm not sure I can decree whether it is correct, not really being an ASN.1
> expert.  I presume that if it's incorrect, someone will speak up about it.

When in a module definition, the above compiles.

FOO DEFINITIONS ::=
BEGIN
EXPORTS kdf-id-arc, KDFAlgorithmId;

kdf-id-arc OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
    iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5)
    kerberosV5(2) pkinit(3) kdf(6)
}

kdf-id-test OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { kdf-id-arc foo(1) }

KDFAlgorithmId ::= SEQUENCE {
    kdf-id            [0] OBJECT IDENTIFIER, -- should be from kdf-id-arc
    ...
}

END


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Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@MIT.EDU> writes:

> On Mon, 17 Nov 2014, Bill Mills wrote:

>> 4) "OID id-pkinit-kdc has been assigned, but not defined in the module":
>> What needs to be done here?  I need suggested text.
>
> I think this is a typo and id-pkinit-kdf is what was meant ('f', not 'c').

I agree that it's probably a typo and should be id-pkinit-kdf.

> The text to be added is going to be in Appendix A, in the definition of
> KDFAlgorithmId, extending the comment with probably something like:
> The object identifier of the KDF, taken from the arc iso(1)
> identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5) kerberosV5(2)
> pkinit(3) kdf(6).

Are we implying that KDF OIDs must only come from that arc in the
future?  Anyway, it might be easier to refer to it by a shorter
identifier, e.g., "taken from the arc id-pkinit-kdf", and define
id-pkinit-kdf in the module as well.  We should also id-pkinit to the
IMPORTS clause if we do that.

> We should probably also mention the component identifier 'kdf' where the
> OIDs are laid out in section 6, so:
>
> id-pkinit-kdf OBJECT IDENTIFIER           ::= { id-pkinit kdf(6) }
>
> I guess we should probably come up with component identifiers for its
> children as well (the next four lines).  Anyone have thoughts on that?  I
> don't know how conventional "SHA-1", "SHA-256", etc. are for such things.

RFC 6955 and others seem to lean toward lowercase and unhyphenated (for
the base hash algorithm name).


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Subject: Re: [kitten] draft-ietf-krb-wg-pkinit-alg-agility-07 Re: now that I've volunteered....
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Also it would be good to change

          supportedKDFs     [4] SEQUENCE OF KDFAlgorithmId OPTIONAL,

to

          supportedKDFs     [4] SEQUENCE (SIZE (1..MAX)) OF
                                    KDFAlgorithmId OPTIONAL,

to avoid semantic ambiguity between an omitted supportedKDFs and an
included but empty one.

I think this will not be controversial, because I doubt anyone relies on
that semantic distinction, and the document doesn't specify the
difference in semantics between them.


From nobody Wed Nov 19 12:33:13 2014
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Date: Wed, 19 Nov 2014 14:33:08 -0600
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From: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
To: Tom Yu <tlyu@mit.edu>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] draft-ietf-krb-wg-pkinit-alg-agility-07 Re: now that I've volunteered....
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On Wed, Nov 19, 2014 at 2:23 PM, Tom Yu <tlyu@mit.edu> wrote:
> Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@MIT.EDU> writes:
>> On Mon, 17 Nov 2014, Bill Mills wrote:

>> The text to be added is going to be in Appendix A, in the definition of
>> KDFAlgorithmId, extending the comment with probably something like:
>> The object identifier of the KDF, taken from the arc iso(1)
>> identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5) kerberosV5(2)
>> pkinit(3) kdf(6).
>
> Are we implying that KDF OIDs must only come from that arc in the
> future?  Anyway, it might be easier to refer to it by a shorter
> identifier, e.g., "taken from the arc id-pkinit-kdf", and define
> id-pkinit-kdf in the module as well.  We should also id-pkinit to the
> IMPORTS clause if we do that.

I don't think we should require that KDF OIDs only come from that arc.
Rather, we would be creating a registry with that arc from which
protocol action assignments should be taken.

(One nice result from using OIDs is that private use assignments are
feasible with no communication with any external entity.  There's no
reason to preclude this.  Nor is there a way in x.680 to constrain the
OBJECT IDENTIFIER type to specific arcs, IIRC -- this wouldn't stop
us, of course.)

Nico
--


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Date: Wed, 19 Nov 2014 14:51:19 -0600
From: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
To: Eric Rescorla <ekr@rtfm.com>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] [TLS] 0-RTT security considerations (was OPTLS)
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On Wed, Nov 19, 2014 at 11:23:16AM -0800, Eric Rescorla wrote:
> On Tue, Nov 18, 2014 at 4:45 PM, Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
> wrote:
> > > Yes, I agree that this doesn't make sense. The server needs to
> > > provide anti-replay as part of the TLS stack using some sort of
> > > server-side state.  Servers which don't want to do that should not
> > > offer 0-RTT.
> >
> > But how would the client know the first time?  [...]
> 
> I'm not following. The idea here is that the server indicates to the
> client that it is in principle prepared to do 0-RTT and [...]

Certainly in the resumption case.  However, in other cases, we'd have to
have ensure that whatever oob method is used for establishing the
server's public key also conveys this (e.g., we'd need an RR type for
indicating this for DANE).  It's much easier to have the server hold the
early data and have it bound into the client's next handshake msg.

> > >  - Client authentication state
> > > >
> > > >    Imagine a handshake where the client is not authenticated until the
> > > >    second round trip, but we have key material for 0-RTT.  The server
> > > >    cannot authorize any application protocol commands at this stage
> > >
> > > Every proposal I have ever seen for 0-RTT has the client delivering
> > > client auth in the first flight for exactly this reason.
> >
> > Even ones where the client is afforded confidentiality for its ID? I
> 
> can certainly imagine protocols where that wouldn't be the case.

Sure, so can I.  I was describing generic 0-RTT security considerations.
If a specific protocol addresses one of those completely, great.

> If you can send encrypted data to the server, you can also
> encrypt the client's certificate. Yes, it's possible to design protocols
> where that doesn't work, but it's also possible to design ones where
> it does.

Yes, of course.  With TLS 1.2 one can renego.  Unless I missed
something, there's nothing in 1.3 for protecting the client's ID.

With DANE one could definitely authenticate the client in a 0-RTT way,
at least if the server has either a public encryption key or a public
key agreement key.

SSHv2, OTOH, is an example of a protocol where key exchange completes
prior to authenticating the user, so in principle one could extend it to
send "early data" and run into this security consideration.  But this is
mostly because SSHv2 is so... shockingly under-optimized as to round
trips...  so perhaps I was reaching with this consideration :)

> > [...]
> Good point. I agree that the client needs a strong PRNG.

Yes, and perhaps it's just not worth pointing out all the ways in which
not having a good RNG is bad.  We take the need for a good RNG as a
given nowadays... (though we should consider ways to minimize dependence
on strong RNGs, see, e.g., EdDSA).

Nico
-- 


From nobody Wed Nov 19 13:50:19 2014
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A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories.
 This draft is a work item of the Common Authentication Technology Next Generation Working Group of the IETF.

        Title           : Structure of the GSS Negotiation Loop
        Author          : Benjamin Kaduk
	Filename        : draft-ietf-kitten-gss-loop-01.txt
	Pages           : 20
	Date            : 2014-11-19

Abstract:
   This document specifies the generic structure of the negotiation loop
   to establish a GSS security context between initiator and acceptor.
   The control flow of the loop is indicated for both parties, including
   error conditions, and indications are given for where application-
   specific behavior must be specified.


The IETF datatracker status page for this draft is:
https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-kitten-gss-loop/

There's also a htmlized version available at:
http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-kitten-gss-loop-01

A diff from the previous version is available at:
http://www.ietf.org/rfcdiff?url2=draft-ietf-kitten-gss-loop-01


Please note that it may take a couple of minutes from the time of submission
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From nobody Wed Nov 19 19:07:21 2014
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Subject: Re: [kitten] draft-ietf-krb-wg-pkinit-alg-agility-07 Re: now that I've volunteered....
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On Wed, 19 Nov 2014, Nico Williams wrote:

> I don't think we should require that KDF OIDs only come from that arc.
> Rather, we would be creating a registry with that arc from which
> protocol action assignments should be taken.

Agreed, we shouldn't require that KDF OIDs only come from that arc.
I'm not sure I'm parsing the second sentence correctly.

Tom, do you have any interest in fleshing out Nico's example into
something suitable for Bill to include in the document's appendix?

Thanks,

Ben

> (One nice result from using OIDs is that private use assignments are
> feasible with no communication with any external entity.  There's no
> reason to preclude this.  Nor is there a way in x.680 to constrain the
> OBJECT IDENTIFIER type to specific arcs, IIRC -- this wouldn't stop
> us, of course.)


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From: Eric Rescorla <ekr@rtfm.com>
Date: Thu, 20 Nov 2014 09:06:21 -0800
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To: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
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Cc: kitten <kitten@ietf.org>, "tls@ietf.org" <tls@ietf.org>
Subject: Re: [kitten] [TLS] 0-RTT security considerations (was OPTLS)
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--001a11c3fb2058d4c705084d5b16
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On Wed, Nov 19, 2014 at 12:51 PM, Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
wrote:

> On Wed, Nov 19, 2014 at 11:23:16AM -0800, Eric Rescorla wrote:
> > On Tue, Nov 18, 2014 at 4:45 PM, Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
> > wrote:
> > > > Yes, I agree that this doesn't make sense. The server needs to
> > > > provide anti-replay as part of the TLS stack using some sort of
> > > > server-side state.  Servers which don't want to do that should not
> > > > offer 0-RTT.
> > >
> > > But how would the client know the first time?  [...]
> >
> > I'm not following. The idea here is that the server indicates to the
> > client that it is in principle prepared to do 0-RTT and [...]
>
> Certainly in the resumption case.


Also in the semi-static DHE cases.



> However, in other cases, we'd have to
> have ensure that whatever oob method is used for establishing the
> server's public key also conveys this (e.g., we'd need an RR type for
> indicating this for DANE).


I don't see that that's a problem. At present DANE doesn't contain enough
information for the client to generate a 0-RTT handshake at all, so as
a practical matter we would need to extend the record format, so that
would implicitly agree to 0-RTT (or explicitly if you prefer).



>   It's much easier to have the server hold the
> early data and have it bound into the client's next handshake msg.


This is not generically possible, because the client may have used
a key that the server has forgotten, which requires the client to
retransmit.


> If you can send encrypted data to the server, you can also
> > encrypt the client's certificate. Yes, it's possible to design protocols
> > where that doesn't work, but it's also possible to design ones where
> > it does.
>
> Yes, of course.  With TLS 1.2 one can renego.  Unless I missed
> something, there's nothing in 1.3 for protecting the client's ID.
>

In TLS 1.3, the client's second flight is sent encrypted. If it were sent
as part of the first flight, it would also be sent encrypted.

-Ekr

--001a11c3fb2058d4c705084d5b16
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

<div dir=3D"ltr"><br><div class=3D"gmail_extra"><br><div class=3D"gmail_quo=
te">On Wed, Nov 19, 2014 at 12:51 PM, Nico Williams <span dir=3D"ltr">&lt;<=
a href=3D"mailto:nico@cryptonector.com" target=3D"_blank">nico@cryptonector=
.com</a>&gt;</span> wrote:<br><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"ma=
rgin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><span>On Wed, =
Nov 19, 2014 at 11:23:16AM -0800, Eric Rescorla wrote:<br>
&gt; On Tue, Nov 18, 2014 at 4:45 PM, Nico Williams &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:n=
ico@cryptonector.com" target=3D"_blank">nico@cryptonector.com</a>&gt;<br>
&gt; wrote:<br>
</span><span>&gt; &gt; &gt; Yes, I agree that this doesn&#39;t make sense. =
The server needs to<br>
&gt; &gt; &gt; provide anti-replay as part of the TLS stack using some sort=
 of<br>
&gt; &gt; &gt; server-side state.=C2=A0 Servers which don&#39;t want to do =
that should not<br>
&gt; &gt; &gt; offer 0-RTT.<br>
&gt; &gt;<br>
</span>&gt; &gt; But how would the client know the first time?=C2=A0 [...]<=
br>
<span>&gt;<br>
&gt; I&#39;m not following. The idea here is that the server indicates to t=
he<br>
</span>&gt; client that it is in principle prepared to do 0-RTT and [...]<b=
r>
<br>
Certainly in the resumption case. </blockquote><div><br></div><div>Also in =
the semi-static DHE cases.</div><div><br></div><div>=C2=A0</div><blockquote=
 class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc soli=
d;padding-left:1ex">However, in other cases, we&#39;d have to<br>
have ensure that whatever oob method is used for establishing the<br>
server&#39;s public key also conveys this (e.g., we&#39;d need an RR type f=
or<br>
indicating this for DANE).</blockquote><div><br></div><div>I don&#39;t see =
that that&#39;s a problem. At present DANE doesn&#39;t contain enough</div>=
<div>information for the client to generate a 0-RTT handshake at all, so as=
</div><div>a practical matter we would need to extend the record format, so=
 that</div><div>would implicitly agree to 0-RTT (or explicitly if you prefe=
r).</div><div><br></div><div>=C2=A0</div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" =
style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">=C2=
=A0 It&#39;s much easier to have the server hold the<br>
early data and have it bound into the client&#39;s next handshake msg.</blo=
ckquote><div><br></div><div>This is not generically possible, because the c=
lient may have used</div><div>a key that the server has forgotten, which re=
quires the client to</div><div>retransmit.</div><div><br></div><div><br></d=
iv><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left=
:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><span>
&gt; If you can send encrypted data to the server, you can also<br>
&gt; encrypt the client&#39;s certificate. Yes, it&#39;s possible to design=
 protocols<br>
&gt; where that doesn&#39;t work, but it&#39;s also possible to design ones=
 where<br>
&gt; it does.<br>
<br>
</span>Yes, of course.=C2=A0 With TLS 1.2 one can renego.=C2=A0 Unless I mi=
ssed<br>
something, there&#39;s nothing in 1.3 for protecting the client&#39;s ID.<b=
r></blockquote><div><br></div><div>In TLS 1.3, the client&#39;s second flig=
ht is sent encrypted. If it were sent</div><div>as part of the first flight=
, it would also be sent encrypted.</div><div><br></div><div>-Ekr</div><div>=
<br></div></div><br></div></div>

--001a11c3fb2058d4c705084d5b16--


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-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----
Hash: SHA512

This message begins the second Working Group Last Call (WGLC) of
"Structure of the GSS Negotiation Loop" <
draft-ietf-kitten-gss-loop-01 >.  WGLC will end in two weeks, on
December 5.  The draft is available at:

http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-kitten-gss-loop-01

Because the changes between -00 and -01 are substantial, the Chairs
decided to issue a second last call.

Please review the document and send comments to the Working Group
mailing list < kitten at itef.org > or the co-chairs < kitten-chairs
at tools.ietf.org > before the end of the WGLC.  Any and all comments
on the document are sought in order to access the strength of
consensus.  Even if you have read and commented on this or earlier
versions of the draft, please feel free to comment again.  This is
particularly important if you found issues with the previous version.

As a reminder, comments can be anything from "this looks fine" to
"this is a horrible idea"; they can include suggestions for minor
editorial corrections to significant editorial changes.


- - Your Kitten Chairs
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Date: Fri, 21 Nov 2014 12:51:38 -0600
From: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
To: Eric Rescorla <ekr@rtfm.com>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] [TLS] 0-RTT security considerations (was OPTLS)
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On Thu, Nov 20, 2014 at 09:06:21AM -0800, Eric Rescorla wrote:
> On Wed, Nov 19, 2014 at 12:51 PM, Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
> wrote:
> 
> > Certainly in the resumption case.
> 
> Also in the semi-static DHE cases.

Yes, of course (it's like resumption in a way).

> > However, in other cases, we'd have to
> > have ensure that whatever oob method is used for establishing the
> > server's public key also conveys this (e.g., we'd need an RR type for
> > indicating this for DANE).
> 
> I don't see that that's a problem. At present DANE doesn't contain enough
> information for the client to generate a 0-RTT handshake at all, so as
> a practical matter we would need to extend the record format, so that
> would implicitly agree to 0-RTT (or explicitly if you prefer).

My inclination is to think that adding a new RR type or extending TLSA
for this is not worthwhile.  See below.

> >   It's much easier to have the server hold the
> > early data and have it bound into the client's next handshake msg.
> 
> This is not generically possible, because the client may have used
> a key that the server has forgotten, which requires the client to
> retransmit.

Yes, indeed.  Applications that can retransmit, could do that.  For
other applications (which is to say: most) the result has to be failure,
and then a reconnect.  Not good.  This is a good reason to want to
minimize 0-RTT usage to cases where the client has good reason to think
the server will be able to handle it: when a) the server said or
advertised so earlier, b) not much time has passed since.

0-RTT is an optimization, but if it can lead to failures that
applications must special-case, then that's problematic.  For HTTPS
that's probably not a problem (it's just one reconnect).

Will 1.3 support 0-RTT?

> > Yes, of course.  With TLS 1.2 one can renego.  Unless I missed
> > something, there's nothing in 1.3 for protecting the client's ID.
> 
> In TLS 1.3, the client's second flight is sent encrypted. If it were sent
> as part of the first flight, it would also be sent encrypted.

So... is confidentiality protection of the client's cert/ID explicitly
supported in 1.3?  That'd be great news.

Nico
-- 


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Subject: [kitten] IETF91 Draft Minutes
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-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----
Hash: SHA512

Hello All,

The current draft of minutes from the session at IETF 91 are now on
datatracker at <
http://www.ietf.org/proceedings/91/minutes/minutes-91-kitten >.

The action items that came from the meeting are:

1) draft-ietf-krb-wg-pkinit-alg-agility
* Bill Mills to edit document

2) draft-ietf-kitten-gss-loop
* Chairs to issue another WGLC when edits are published

3) draft-ietf-kitten-channel-bound-flag
* Chairs to find an editor

4) draft-josefsson-kitten-gs2bis
* Alexey Melnikov to edit document
* Sam Hartman to review

5) draft-ietf-kitten-rfc6112bis
* Sam Hartman to edit this document.
* Chairs to issue WGLC with other -bis drafts (4 weeks)

6) draft-ietf-kitten-rfc5653bis
* Chairs to issue WGLC with other -bis drafts (4 weeks)

7) draft-ietf-kitten-rfc5653bis
* Chairs to issue WGLC with other -bis drafts (4 weeks)

8) draft-ietf-kitten-rfc4402bis
* Chairs to issue WGLC with other -bis drafts (4 weeks)

9) draft-ietf-kitten-sasl-oauth
* Justin Richer and Nico Williams will re-read -17 and send
feedback to the
list
* WGLC once GSS-loop finishes its WGLC

Please submit any corrections to this list (kitten AT ietf.org) or to
the Chairs (kitten-chairs AT tools.ietf.org) as soon as possible.


- - Your kitten chairs
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From nobody Mon Nov 24 10:31:49 2014
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From: Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@MIT.EDU>
To: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] RFC2743 errata 4251
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On Mon, 10 Nov 2014, Nico Williams wrote:

> On Sat, Nov 08, 2014 at 02:48:20AM +0100, Martin Rex wrote:
> >
> > You find similar descriptions for GSS_S_FAILURE semantics all over
> > the GSS-API specification _on_purpose_, and you _may_not_ remove that
> > meaning here.
>
> Fair enough, we'll add text rather than replace text.

Nico, do you plan to come up with text for an alternate proposal?

Stephen can make the changes once we have text we're happy with.

-Ben


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On Mon, Nov 24, 2014 at 12:31 PM, Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@mit.edu> wrote:
> On Mon, 10 Nov 2014, Nico Williams wrote:
>
>> On Sat, Nov 08, 2014 at 02:48:20AM +0100, Martin Rex wrote:
>> >
>> > You find similar descriptions for GSS_S_FAILURE semantics all over
>> > the GSS-API specification _on_purpose_, and you _may_not_ remove that
>> > meaning here.
>>
>> Fair enough, we'll add text rather than replace text.
>
> Nico, do you plan to come up with text for an alternate proposal?

Yes, I do (I was hoping Martin might :).

> Stephen can make the changes once we have text we're happy with.

OK.


From nobody Mon Nov 24 10:51:39 2014
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Date: Mon, 24 Nov 2014 12:51:16 -0600
From: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
To: Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@MIT.EDU>
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References: <20141104204714.GI7913@localhost> <20141108014820.3278A1AFAB@ld9781.wdf.sap.corp> <20141110162504.GA3412@localhost> <alpine.GSO.1.10.1411241330400.19231@multics.mit.edu>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] RFC2743 errata 4251
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New proposal:

  Section 2.2.4 says:

     o  GSS_S_FAILURE indicates that the context is recognized, but that
     the GSS_Process_context_token() operation could not be performed
     for reasons unspecified at the GSS-API level.

  It should say:

     o  GSS_S_FAILURE indicates that the context is recognized, but
     either the GSS_Process_context_token() operation could not be
     performed for reasons unspecified at the GSS-API level, or the peer
     had an error consuming the last context token sent to it (when the
     local side must have been fully established but the peer hadn't yet
     been).  In either case the minor status code provides additional
     information.

     In the case of successful processing of error tokens, the minor
     status code provides information from the input token.  The display
     string outputs of GSS_Display_status() as applied to such minor
     status codes should indicate this, but note that there is no way to
     distinguish failures of GSS_Process_context_token() from error
     token information other than to read the human-readable status
     display strings.  Since status display strings are not machine-
     readable, there is no way to programmatically make this
     distinction.

     In practice, an unexpected security context token that imediately
     follows full security context establishment is very likely a
     context token conveying error information rather than a security
     context deletion token, especially since the latter are obsoleted.
     
     Though future GSS-API extensions may add new uses of asynchronous
     security context tokens and ways to process them, applications
     using the GSS-API version 2, update 1, should generally call
     GSS_Delete_sec_context() after calling GSS_Process_context_token(),
     when the latter returns GSS_S_COMPLETE or GSS_S_FAILURE.

     Applications using transports that may deliver messages out of
     order may continue to attempt to process per-message tokens between
     calling GSS_Process_context_token() and GSS_Delete_sec_context(),
     though there's no guarantee that processing per-message tokens will
     then succeed.

I hope this addresses all concerns, both Martin's and those arising from
the loop I-D.

Feel free to propose alternative text.

Nico
-- 


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Date: Mon, 24 Nov 2014 15:09:44 -0600
From: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
To: =?utf-8?B?4oyY?= Matt Miller <mamille2@cisco.com>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] WGLC of draft-ietf-kitten-gss-loop-01
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On Fri, Nov 21, 2014 at 08:46:04AM -0700, =E2=8C=98 Matt Miller wrote:
> http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-kitten-gss-loop-01
>=20
> Because the changes between -00 and -01 are substantial, the Chairs
> decided to issue a second last call.

Comments:

 - Section 2, nit: this should be a list with bullets.

 - Section 2, think there's no need to frame initial security context
   tokens differently than others, except asynchronous (error, deletion)
   context tokens, but the first and second list items give this
   impression...

   The node producing the error token doesn't know whether the peer
   thinks the context is fully established, therefore the second item in
   the list is... not workable.

   And whether an application needs to frame the initial security
   context token differently from others is really dependent on the
   application protocol.  E.g., the initiator might need to say "I'm
   starting the GSS login procedure", but for some protocols, such as
   'knc' the client just starts sending context tokens from the start,
   with no special framing beyond the token length, so there's no
   generic need.

   Proposed fix:

OLD:
      A way to frame and identify the initial context negotiation tokens
      in the loop.

      A way to frame and identify subsequent context-level tokens (e.g.,
      error tokens) after a GSS_S_COMPLETE return.

NEW:
      A way to frame and identify security context negotiation tokens in
      the loop.

      Error tokens should generally also get special framing, as the
      recipient may have no other way to distinguish unexpected error
      context tokens from per-message tokens.

 - Section 2, the application protocol may need to provide something
   like a "username" to authorize access to.  (E.g., SSHv2 does.)

OLD:
      The application (not the protocol) should provide for
      authorization checks in the acceptor.  The GSS-API authenticates
      the initiator, but does not make any claim about whether the
      initiator is authorized for any given operation.  In particular,
      the initiator may be from a different portion of a federated
      identity scheme.

NEW:
      The GSS-API provides for authentication of mechanism-specific
      principals (which have names).  Applications are responsible for
      authorization of authenticated peer principal names.

 - Section 4.2, last para, should be "in particular" "mutual
   authentication" and "replay protection" "are not available"...  And
   even "other services".  (E.g., if/when we add a GSS_C_PFS_FLAG, that
   may not be available at the same time as early PROT_READY.)

 - Section 4.3, second para, first sentence, nit: s/, but/; /

 - Section 4.3 and section 7, add reference to erratum 4151 (which we
   should revise with text like what I proposed today and do a consensus
   call on to get it or acceptable alternatives accepted as a valid
   erratum).

 - Section 6, Add text to the effect that "all security considerations
   from RFCs 2743 and 2744 apply".

 - Section 6, last para, the last two sentences should probably be
   swapped, or else in the next to last sentence s/existing
   software/implementations protocols intended to produce a secure octet
   stream/.

And that's it for me.  Most of the above are nits, really.  With those
nits fixed this I-D will be ready to be published.

Thanks for seeing this through!

Nico
--=20


From nobody Mon Nov 24 17:35:00 2014
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Hiya,

Sorry for being a bit slow with this. Some nitty points below, but
it's fine to consider 'em with any other LC comments and I'll now
start the IETF LC.

Thanks,
S.

- intro: I hate the term "trusted services" if you had a better one,
life would be a little nicer:-) But I guess that's baked in, though
you really only mean a host key I guess.

- I had to read section 3 twice, though it has been ages since I
delved into Kerberos detail. I think a diagram might help many
readers, but am fine if you think implementers wouldn't need that.

- the conditions in section 8 for when it's ok to create a new CAMMAC
without verifying the old are not very clear to this reader but do
look ok.  Would a bit of pseudo-code help maybe?


From nobody Tue Nov 25 06:13:08 2014
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Subject: [kitten] Last Call: <draft-ietf-kitten-cammac-00.txt> (Kerberos Authorization Data Container Authenticated by Multiple MACs) to Proposed Standard
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The IESG has received a request from the Common Authentication Technology
Next Generation WG (kitten) to consider the following document:
- 'Kerberos Authorization Data Container Authenticated by Multiple MACs'
  <draft-ietf-kitten-cammac-00.txt> as Proposed Standard

The IESG plans to make a decision in the next few weeks, and solicits
final comments on this action. Please send substantive comments to the
ietf@ietf.org mailing lists by 2014-12-09. Exceptionally, comments may be
sent to iesg@ietf.org instead. In either case, please retain the
beginning of the Subject line to allow automated sorting.

Abstract


   Abstract: This document specifies a Kerberos Authorization Data
   container that supersedes AD-KDC-ISSUED.  It allows for multiple
   Message Authentication Codes (MACs) or signatures to authenticate the
   contained Authorization Data elements.  This document updates RFC
   4120.




The file can be obtained via
http://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-kitten-cammac/

IESG discussion can be tracked via
http://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-kitten-cammac/ballot/


No IPR declarations have been submitted directly on this I-D.



From nobody Tue Nov 25 11:22:09 2014
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Subject: Re: [kitten] AD review of draft-ietf-kitten-cammac
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On Tue, 25 Nov 2014 01:34:34 +0000
Stephen Farrell <stephen.farrell@cs.tcd.ie> wrote:

> 
> Hiya,
> 
> Sorry for being a bit slow with this. Some nitty points below, but
> it's fine to consider 'em with any other LC comments and I'll now
> start the IETF LC.
> 
> Thanks,
> S.
> 
> - intro: I hate the term "trusted services" if you had a better one,
> life would be a little nicer:-) But I guess that's baked in, though
> you really only mean a host key I guess.

Not necessarily a host key, someone may just decide to use a different
service principal key, perhaps one dedicated just to the task. That's
why the plural and the "trusted".

> - I had to read section 3 twice, though it has been ages since I
> delved into Kerberos detail. I think a diagram might help many
> readers, but am fine if you think implementers wouldn't need that.

I am quite biased, as an author, as I've been working through the
details so much they are quite familiar to me. That said I think an
implementer should find the descriptions clear enough that there are
no ambiguities or difficulties in determining the meaning of the text.

> - the conditions in section 8 for when it's ok to create a new CAMMAC
> without verifying the old are not very clear to this reader but do
> look ok.  Would a bit of pseudo-code help maybe?

I am not sure pseudo-code is really needed, if an implementer really
has doubts he can simply always attach all required signatures and
always verify them, there is never a case where a party would fail
because everything is in place :)

Simo.

-- 
Simo Sorce * Red Hat, Inc * New York


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Subject: [kitten] I-D Action: draft-ietf-kitten-sasl-oauth-18.txt
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A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories.
 This draft is a work item of the Common Authentication Technology Next Generation Working Group of the IETF.

        Title           : A set of SASL Mechanisms for OAuth
        Authors         : William Mills
                          Tim Showalter
                          Hannes Tschofenig
	Filename        : draft-ietf-kitten-sasl-oauth-18.txt
	Pages           : 22
	Date            : 2014-11-25

Abstract:
   OAuth enables a third-party application to obtain limited access to a
   protected resource, either on behalf of a resource owner by
   orchestrating an approval interaction, or by allowing the third-party
   application to obtain access on its own behalf.

   This document defines how an application client uses credentials
   obtained via OAuth over the Simple Authentication and Security Layer
   (SASL) to access a protected resource at a resource serve.  Thereby,
   it enables schemes defined within the OAuth framework for non-HTTP-
   based application protocols.

   Clients typically store the user's long-term credential.  This does,
   however, lead to significant security vulnerabilities, for example,
   when such a credential leaks.  A significant benefit of OAuth for
   usage in those clients is that the password is replaced by a shared
   secret with higher entropy, i.e., the token.  Tokens typically
   provide limited access rights and can be managed and revoked
   separately from the user's long-term password.


The IETF datatracker status page for this draft is:
https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-kitten-sasl-oauth/

There's also a htmlized version available at:
http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-kitten-sasl-oauth-18

A diff from the previous version is available at:
http://www.ietf.org/rfcdiff?url2=draft-ietf-kitten-sasl-oauth-18


Please note that it may take a couple of minutes from the time of submission
until the htmlized version and diff are available at tools.ietf.org.

Internet-Drafts are also available by anonymous FTP at:
ftp://ftp.ietf.org/internet-drafts/


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Date: Tue, 25 Nov 2014 19:45:20 +0000 (UTC)
From: Bill Mills <wmills_92105@yahoo.com>
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Subject: [kitten] SASL/OAUTH WGLC one last time?
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Just submitted draft -18 including the feedback from -17 both here and from=
 the OAUTH list.. =C2=A0If WGLC hasn't started once again is it time yet?
Thanks,
-bill
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<html><body><div style="color:#000; background-color:#fff; font-family:HelveticaNeue, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif;font-size:12px"><div dir="ltr">Just submitted draft -18 including the feedback from -17 both here and from the OAUTH list.. &nbsp;If WGLC hasn't started once again is it time yet?</div><div dir="ltr"><br></div><div dir="ltr">Thanks,</div><div dir="ltr"><br></div><div dir="ltr">-bill</div></div></body></html>
------=_Part_928964_597743829.1416944720695--


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From: Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@MIT.EDU>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] WGLC of draft-ietf-kitten-gss-loop-01
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On Mon, 24 Nov 2014, Nico Williams wrote:

> On Fri, Nov 21, 2014 at 08:46:04AM -0700, =E2=8C=98 Matt Miller wrote:
> > http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-kitten-gss-loop-01
> >
> > Because the changes between -00 and -01 are substantial, the Chairs
> > decided to issue a second last call.
>
> Comments:

Thanks for the review.

>  - Section 2, nit: this should be a list with bullets.

Sure; I think that was my intention, but my xmlrfc was rusty.

>  - Section 2, think there's no need to frame initial security context
>    tokens differently than others, except asynchronous (error, deletion)
>    context tokens, but the first and second list items give this
>    impression...

Sure, I can see how that is misleading.  I think I can just combine them
into a single bullet point,

% A way to frame and identify all context-level tokens, whether in the
% initial context negotiation loop or subsequent traffic (e.g., error or
% deletion tokens).

>    The node producing the error token doesn't know whether the peer
>    thinks the context is fully established, therefore the second item in
>    the list is... not workable.

Well, in many cases is could; certain mechanisms only use a given number
of tokens.  But yes, in the general case the node can't know the peer's
state, especially after your extra round trips stuff is done.

>    And whether an application needs to frame the initial security
>    context token differently from others is really dependent on the
>    application protocol.  E.g., the initiator might need to say "I'm
>    starting the GSS login procedure", but for some protocols, such as
>    'knc' the client just starts sending context tokens from the start,
>    with no special framing beyond the token length, so there's no
>    generic need.
>
>    Proposed fix:
>
> OLD:
>       A way to frame and identify the initial context negotiation tokens
>       in the loop.
>
>       A way to frame and identify subsequent context-level tokens (e.g.,
>       error tokens) after a GSS_S_COMPLETE return.
>
> NEW:
>       A way to frame and identify security context negotiation tokens in
>       the loop.
>
>       Error tokens should generally also get special framing, as the
>       recipient may have no other way to distinguish unexpected error
>       context tokens from per-message tokens.

Hmm, I like your version better than mine (above).

>  - Section 2, the application protocol may need to provide something
>    like a "username" to authorize access to.  (E.g., SSHv2 does.)

(as the last item)

% To facilitate those authorization checks, the application protocol may
% need to provide a name of a resource to be accessed, e.g., as the SSHv2
% protocol passes a username.

> OLD:
>       The application (not the protocol) should provide for
>       authorization checks in the acceptor.  The GSS-API authenticates
>       the initiator, but does not make any claim about whether the
>       initiator is authorized for any given operation.  In particular,
>       the initiator may be from a different portion of a federated
>       identity scheme.
>
> NEW:
>       The GSS-API provides for authentication of mechanism-specific
>       principals (which have names).  Applications are responsible for
>       authorization of authenticated peer principal names.

I don't think I like this text as-is, since it starts off with a generic
statement about the GSS-API, not an application protocol requirement.

How about turning it around, as

% Applications are responsible for authorization of the authenticated peer
% principal names which are supplied by the GSS-API.  Such names are
% mechanism-specific, and may come from a different portion of a federated
% identity scheme.  Application protocols may need to supply additional
% information to support the authorization of access to a given resource,
% such as the SSHv2 "username" parameter.

>  - Section 4.2, last para, should be "in particular" "mutual
>    authentication" and "replay protection" "are not available"...  And
>    even "other services".  (E.g., if/when we add a GSS_C_PFS_FLAG, that
>    may not be available at the same time as early PROT_READY.)

Sure, that was one of the bits I was least confident about in the new
content.

"""In particular, mutual authentication, replay protection, and other
services (if requested) are services which will be active when
GSS_S_COMPLETE is returned, but which are not necessarily active
before the security context is fully established."""

I went back and looked at RFC 2743 to get the "will be active" wording
(section 2.2.1, buried in the middle in the paragraph starting with "Not
all of the optionally-requestable features".

>  - Section 4.3, second para, first sentence, nit: s/, but/; /

I think this is the first paragraph, third sentence?
I am fine with the change.

>  - Section 4.3 and section 7, add reference to erratum 4151 (which we
>    should revise with text like what I proposed today and do a consensus
>    call on to get it or acceptable alternatives accepted as a valid
>    erratum).

I guess this will go in the third paragraph of section 4.3
("GSS_Process_context_token() may indicate an error in its major_status
field [...]").  I confess I'll need to look up how to cite a specific
erratum, but agree it should be there.

>  - Section 6, Add text to the effect that "all security considerations
>    from RFCs 2743 and 2744 apply".

Sure.  I guess we should mention the security considerations of RFC 5653
as well, thought there does not seem to be anything especially relevant
there.

>  - Section 6, last para, the last two sentences should probably be
>    swapped, or else in the next to last sentence s/existing
>    software/implementations protocols intended to produce a secure octet
>    stream/.

I'm happy to swap the sentences.

> And that's it for me.  Most of the above are nits, really.  With those
> nits fixed this I-D will be ready to be published.

Thanks!

-Ben
---559023410-1983199521-1416877690=:19231--


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Date: Tue, 25 Nov 2014 21:09:20 -0600
From: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
To: Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@MIT.EDU>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] WGLC of draft-ietf-kitten-gss-loop-01
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On Tue, Nov 25, 2014 at 09:36:22PM -0500, Benjamin Kaduk wrote:
> On Mon, 24 Nov 2014, Nico Williams wrote:
> 
> [...]

Excellent.  I like all your suggestions.

> >  - Section 4.3, second para, first sentence, nit: s/, but/; /
> 
> I think this is the first paragraph, third sentence?

Oops, yes.

> >  - Section 6, Add text to the effect that "all security considerations
> >    from RFCs 2743 and 2744 apply".
> 
> Sure.  I guess we should mention the security considerations of RFC 5653
> as well, thought there does not seem to be anything especially relevant
> there.

RFC2744's sec cons apply because 2744 is not just the C bindings, but
actually fills in some gaps in 2743 (e.g., channel bindings, though
badly), and its security considerations text is generic.

> Thanks!

Thank you!  This will be a very helpful RFC to have to point people to.

Nico
-- 


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From: Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@MIT.EDU>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] SASL/OAUTH WGLC one last time?
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On Tue, 25 Nov 2014, Bill Mills wrote:

> Just submitted draft -18 including the feedback from -17 both here and
> from the OAUTH list.. =C2=A0If WGLC hasn't started once again is it time =
yet?

Thanks for the updates.

The current plan is to WGLC sasl-oauth after the gss-loop WGLC finishes,
which is on 5 December.  We will probably leave a little bit of a gap
between the two WGLC periods, but I don't expect it to be very long.

-Ben
---559023410-461650018-1416972739=:19231--


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Date: Wed, 26 Nov 2014 16:17:14 +0000 (UTC)
From: Bill Mills <wmills_92105@yahoo.com>
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Ah, I didn't realize we single threaded them. =C2=A0OK.=20

     On Tuesday, November 25, 2014 7:32 PM, Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@MIT.EDU> =
wrote:
  =20

 On Tue, 25 Nov 2014, Bill Mills wrote:

> Just submitted draft -18 including the feedback from -17 both here and
> from the OAUTH list.. =C2=A0If WGLC hasn't started once again is it time =
yet?

Thanks for the updates.

The current plan is to WGLC sasl-oauth after the gss-loop WGLC finishes,
which is on 5 December.=C2=A0 We will probably leave a little bit of a gap
between the two WGLC periods, but I don't expect it to be very long.

-Ben

   
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<html><body><div style=3D"color:#000; background-color:#fff; font-family:He=
lveticaNeue, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif;fo=
nt-size:12px"><div dir=3D"ltr"><span>Ah, I didn't realize we single threade=
d them. &nbsp;OK.</span></div> <div class=3D"qtdSeparateBR"><br><br></div><=
div class=3D"yahoo_quoted" style=3D"display: block;"> <div style=3D"font-fa=
mily: HelveticaNeue, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-=
serif; font-size: 12px;"> <div style=3D"font-family: HelveticaNeue, Helveti=
ca Neue, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"> <d=
iv dir=3D"ltr"> <font size=3D"2" face=3D"Arial"> On Tuesday, November 25, 2=
014 7:32 PM, Benjamin Kaduk &lt;kaduk@MIT.EDU&gt; wrote:<br> </font> </div>=
  <br><br> <div class=3D"y_msg_container">On Tue, 25 Nov 2014, Bill Mills w=
rote:<div class=3D"yqt5529638269" id=3D"yqtfd97608"><br clear=3D"none"><br =
clear=3D"none">&gt; Just submitted draft -18 including the feedback from -1=
7 both here and<br clear=3D"none">&gt; from the OAUTH list.. &nbsp;If WGLC =
hasn't started once again is it time yet?</div><br clear=3D"none"><br clear=
=3D"none">Thanks for the updates.<br clear=3D"none"><br clear=3D"none">The =
current plan is to WGLC sasl-oauth after the gss-loop WGLC finishes,<br cle=
ar=3D"none">which is on 5 December.&nbsp; We will probably leave a little b=
it of a gap<br clear=3D"none">between the two WGLC periods, but I don't exp=
ect it to be very long.<br clear=3D"none"><br clear=3D"none">-Ben<br><br></=
div>  </div> </div>  </div> </div></body></html>
------=_Part_1383817_1296341232.1417018634164--


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Date: Wed, 26 Nov 2014 11:24:24 -0500 (EST)
From: Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@MIT.EDU>
To: Bill Mills <wmills_92105@yahoo.com>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] SASL/OAUTH WGLC one last time?
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On Wed, 26 Nov 2014, Bill Mills wrote:

> Ah, I didn't realize we single threaded them. =C2=A0OK.

There's no rule that we have to single-thread them.  Given that we
sometimes have low energy in the WG, it seems that trying to do things in
parallel risks burnout for contributors, so we've been adopting the
single-threading as a goal, recently.

-Ben
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On Tue, 25 Nov 2014, Simo Sorce wrote:

> On Tue, 25 Nov 2014 01:34:34 +0000
> Stephen Farrell <stephen.farrell@cs.tcd.ie> wrote:
>
> > - I had to read section 3 twice, though it has been ages since I
> > delved into Kerberos detail. I think a diagram might help many
> > readers, but am fine if you think implementers wouldn't need that.
>
> I am quite biased, as an author, as I've been working through the
> details so much they are quite familiar to me. That said I think an
> implementer should find the descriptions clear enough that there are
> no ambiguities or difficulties in determining the meaning of the text.

To add a slightly less biased opinion (though as shepherd, I'm still quite
familiar with the document), I reread section 3 just now, and don't see
anything where a diagram would substantially help an implementor who is
already familiar with the AD-KDC-ISSUED container.

> > - the conditions in section 8 for when it's ok to create a new CAMMAC
> > without verifying the old are not very clear to this reader but do
> > look ok.  Would a bit of pseudo-code help maybe?
>
> I am not sure pseudo-code is really needed, if an implementer really
> has doubts he can simply always attach all required signatures and
> always verify them, there is never a case where a party would fail
> because everything is in place :)

Well, the KDC should always verify any signatures which are present on the
old CAMMAC.  Simo is right that always putting in all the signatures will
always be fine.  The two exceptions boil down to (1) when the target
service of the ticket is the KDC itself, so the kdc-verifier and
svc-verifier are redundant, and (2) the CAMMAC is being used where
AD-KDC-ISSUED would have been sufficient, in which case omitting the
kdc-verifier brings the security properties in line with those of
AD-KDC-ISSUED.  I think it's easier to just state those two cases than try
to represent them in pseudocode, which would probably not actually be more
clear than text.

-Ben

