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Subject: [kitten] I-D Action: draft-ietf-kitten-aes-cts-hmac-sha2-07.txt
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A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories.
 This draft is a work item of the Common Authentication Technology Next Generation Working Group of the IETF.

        Title           : AES Encryption with HMAC-SHA2 for Kerberos 5
        Authors         : Michael J. Jenkins
                          Michael A. Peck
                          Kelley W. Burgin
	Filename        : draft-ietf-kitten-aes-cts-hmac-sha2-07.txt
	Pages           : 16
	Date            : 2015-12-03

Abstract:
   This document specifies two encryption types and two corresponding
   checksum types for Kerberos 5.  The new types use AES in CTS mode
   (CBC mode with ciphertext stealing) for confidentiality and HMAC with
   a SHA-2 hash for integrity.


The IETF datatracker status page for this draft is:
https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-kitten-aes-cts-hmac-sha2/

There's also a htmlized version available at:
https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-kitten-aes-cts-hmac-sha2-07

A diff from the previous version is available at:
https://www.ietf.org/rfcdiff?url2=draft-ietf-kitten-aes-cts-hmac-sha2-07


Please note that it may take a couple of minutes from the time of submission
until the htmlized version and diff are available at tools.ietf.org.

Internet-Drafts are also available by anonymous FTP at:
ftp://ftp.ietf.org/internet-drafts/


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Subject: Re: [kitten] I-D Action: draft-ietf-kitten-aes-cts-hmac-sha2-07.txt
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On 12/03/2015 01:32 PM, Peck, Michael A wrote:
> We would appreciate working group feedback on this new finally posted draft.

This revision removes a random-to-key() invocation in section 4, which
defines the PBKDF2 construction for deriving long-term keys from
passphrases.  I don't think that's right.  (If I seem to be reversing
myself, note that the action item was to remove random-to-key() from
section 3, and that part is fine.)

Abstractly, random-to-key() maps a byte string of exactly 128 or 256
bits to a protocol key using the identity function.  KDF-HMAC-SHA2()
outputs a byte string after the change to section 3.

Since PBKDF2() outputs a byte string, we must convert it to a protocol
key with random-to-key() to have the right abstract type as input to
KDF-HMAC-SHA2().  Moreover, , we must apply random-to-key() again to
convert the output of KDF-HMAC-SHA2() to a protocol key.

So, I think we want to preserve the random-to-key() for the assignment
to tkey, and add another one for the assignment to base-key.

None of this is likely to affect implementation correctness, of course,
since random-to-key() is the identity function.

> While removing truncation from the PRF output, we also changed (with the goal of simplifying) the PRF computation (end of section 5 / top of page 7).

I think that's a good change.  The old definition performed two HMACs,
the first with a fixed string and the second with the PRF input.  The
new definition stuffs the PRF input into the first HMAC along with the
fixed parts.

There's some trailing whitespace at the end of some lines in the text;
you may want to check for that.

I was able to verify all of the test vectors using my Python
implementation.  (I didn't check the intermediate values.)  It's in the
the aes-sha2 branch of https://github.com/greghudson/pyk5 ; no promises
of stability.


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Subject: Re: [kitten] I-D Action: draft-ietf-kitten-aes-cts-hmac-sha2-07.txt
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Hi Mike,

Thanks for this. I=E2=80=99ve updated the Heimdal implementation with =
the PRF changes and verified all of the test vectors.

https://github.com/heimdal/heimdal/tree/lukeh/aes-cts-hmac-sha2

Cheers,
Luke

> On 4 Dec 2015, at 5:32 AM, Peck, Michael A <mpeck@mitre.org> wrote:
>=20
> Hi -
>=20
> We would appreciate working group feedback on this new finally posted =
draft.
> I believe we=E2=80=99ve addressed all of the action items from Ben=E2=80=
=99s April 17 email (quoted below).
>=20
> While removing truncation from the PRF output, we also changed (with =
the goal of simplifying) the PRF computation (end of section 5 / top of =
page 7).
> If the new computation isn=E2=80=99t desired, please let us know and =
we can change it back.
>=20
> We re-did the encryption and checksum test vectors to use the Kc, Ke, =
and Ki values generated by the key derivation test vectors so that all =
the steps would be shown.
> We also added verbosity to the PRF test vectors.
>=20
> Thanks,
> Mike
>=20
>=20
> On 4/17/2015 5:23 PM, Benjamin Kaduk wrote:
>> That seems to leave us with the following action items:
>> For the document editor:
>> * remove truncation from the PRF output and use the natural hash =
output
>> length
>> * remove the use of random-to-key() and discussion of constant values =
from
>> section 3
>> * add an output length argument to KDF-HMAC-SHA2() and adjust text
>> accordingly
>> * update test vectors to include base keys and key usage values for =
all
>> test cases
>> * reword the text discussing aes256 with 192-bit keys
>=20
>=20
>=20
>=20
>=20
> On 12/3/15, 1:24 PM, "Kitten on behalf of internet-drafts@ietf.org" =
<kitten-bounces@ietf.org on behalf of internet-drafts@ietf.org> wrote:
>=20
>>=20
>> A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts =
directories.
>> This draft is a work item of the Common Authentication Technology =
Next Generation Working Group of the IETF.
>>=20
>>       Title           : AES Encryption with HMAC-SHA2 for Kerberos 5
>>       Authors         : Michael J. Jenkins
>>                         Michael A. Peck
>>                         Kelley W. Burgin
>> 	Filename        : draft-ietf-kitten-aes-cts-hmac-sha2-07.txt
>> 	Pages           : 16
>> 	Date            : 2015-12-03
>>=20
>> Abstract:
>>  This document specifies two encryption types and two corresponding
>>  checksum types for Kerberos 5.  The new types use AES in CTS mode
>>  (CBC mode with ciphertext stealing) for confidentiality and HMAC =
with
>>  a SHA-2 hash for integrity.
>>=20
>>=20
>> The IETF datatracker status page for this draft is:
>> https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-kitten-aes-cts-hmac-sha2/
>>=20
>> There's also a htmlized version available at:
>> https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-kitten-aes-cts-hmac-sha2-07
>>=20
>> A diff from the previous version is available at:
>> =
https://www.ietf.org/rfcdiff?url2=3Ddraft-ietf-kitten-aes-cts-hmac-sha2-07=

>>=20
>>=20
>> Please note that it may take a couple of minutes from the time of =
submission
>> until the htmlized version and diff are available at tools.ietf.org.
>>=20
>> Internet-Drafts are also available by anonymous FTP at:
>> ftp://ftp.ietf.org/internet-drafts/
>>=20
>> _______________________________________________
>> Kitten mailing list
>> Kitten@ietf.org
>> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/kitten
> _______________________________________________
> Kitten mailing list
> Kitten@ietf.org
> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/kitten

--
www.lukehoward.com
soundcloud.com/lukehoward


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On 12/03/2015 01:32 PM, Peck, Michael A wrote:
> We would appreciate working group feedback on this new finally posted draft.

I'm looking at the description of ciphertext state in this draft versus
the description in RFC 3962.  RFC 3962 says:

   The initial vector carried out from one encryption for use in a
   subsequent encryption is the next-to-last block of the encryption
   output; this is the encrypted form of the last plaintext block.  When
   decrypting, the next-to-last block of the supplied ciphertext is
   carried forward as the next initial vector.  If only one ciphertext
   block is available (decrypting one block, or encrypting one block or
   less), then that one block is carried out instead.

The draft says:

      ciphertext = C | H[1..h]
      cipherstate = the last full (128 bit) block of C
      (i.e. the next-to-last block if the last block
      is not a full 128 bits)

I believe the intent was to align the draft with RFC 3962 (in that a
previous version of the draft used a simpler construction involving the
confounder, and it was later changed), but these definitions are not
identical when the last plaintext block is a full 128 bits, unless I'm
missing something.

As an implementor, I would like to reuse the AES enc-provider in MIT
krb5, which consumes and outputs ciphertext state, so I would prefer
that the definitions align.  It looks like Luke's implementation for
Heimdal also reuses the _krb5_evp_encrypt_cts() function, which consumes
and outputs ciphertext state.

(This discussion does not affect the test vectors, which do not use
cipher state.  Cipher state is really only used for the obsolete krb5
rlogin, as far as I know.)


From nobody Fri Dec  4 14:53:00 2015
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Thanks for pointing this out Greg =E2=80=93 obviously, yes, another vote =
for RFC3962 alignment from me (also prefer to reuse code).

=E2=80=94 Luke

> On 5 Dec 2015, at 4:22 AM, Greg Hudson <ghudson@MIT.EDU> wrote:
>=20
> On 12/03/2015 01:32 PM, Peck, Michael A wrote:
>> We would appreciate working group feedback on this new finally posted =
draft.
>=20
> I'm looking at the description of ciphertext state in this draft =
versus
> the description in RFC 3962.  RFC 3962 says:
>=20
>   The initial vector carried out from one encryption for use in a
>   subsequent encryption is the next-to-last block of the encryption
>   output; this is the encrypted form of the last plaintext block.  =
When
>   decrypting, the next-to-last block of the supplied ciphertext is
>   carried forward as the next initial vector.  If only one ciphertext
>   block is available (decrypting one block, or encrypting one block or
>   less), then that one block is carried out instead.
>=20
> The draft says:
>=20
>      ciphertext =3D C | H[1..h]
>      cipherstate =3D the last full (128 bit) block of C
>      (i.e. the next-to-last block if the last block
>      is not a full 128 bits)
>=20
> I believe the intent was to align the draft with RFC 3962 (in that a
> previous version of the draft used a simpler construction involving =
the
> confounder, and it was later changed), but these definitions are not
> identical when the last plaintext block is a full 128 bits, unless I'm
> missing something.
>=20
> As an implementor, I would like to reuse the AES enc-provider in MIT
> krb5, which consumes and outputs ciphertext state, so I would prefer
> that the definitions align.  It looks like Luke's implementation for
> Heimdal also reuses the _krb5_evp_encrypt_cts() function, which =
consumes
> and outputs ciphertext state.
>=20
> (This discussion does not affect the test vectors, which do not use
> cipher state.  Cipher state is really only used for the obsolete krb5
> rlogin, as far as I know.)
>=20
> _______________________________________________
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> Kitten@ietf.org
> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/kitten

--
www.lukehoward.com
soundcloud.com/lukehoward


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Subject: [kitten] AES-GCM for Kerberos GSS-API
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I had a bit of a play with adding support for AES-GCM to Heimdal. Notes:

* GCM is added as a RFC 3961 enctype, but it=E2=80=99s really a =
pseudo-enctype =E2=80=93 were it to be documented, it might not be at =
the 3961 layer at all (except camping on the enctype namespace for =
negotiation).

* The target application is only GSS, and it=E2=80=99s assumed it'd be =
negotiated using RFC4537.

* Encryption/decryption functions are extended to support associated =
data (this was already there in the implementation, but 3961 would need =
to be updated).

* KDF is SP800-108 in counter/feedback mode with CMAC, this is used both =
for key derivation and for RFC4401 PRF. (Wasn=E2=80=99t sure if was safe =
to use GMAC here?)

   Ke  =3D KDF-CMAC(base-key, usage | 0xAA)
   PRF =3D KDF-CMAC(base-key, "prf" | octet-string)

There is no Ki/Kc because there is no separate checksum or integrity =
usage.

* No string-to-key function is defined.

* No checksum types are defined, instead MIC tokens are constructed =
using the encryption function with an empty plaintext. I figured this =
was less intrusive than extending the checksum function to take a cipher =
state parameter, but comments are welcome.

* The cipher state is the GCM initialisation vector length; the length =
is 96 bits (excluding counter). A (key, IV) combination must never be =
reused. TOK_ID || Flags || 0xFF || SND_SEQ is used as the initialisation =
vector for all RFC 4121 tokens.

* The encrypted copy of the 4121 token header is removed (it is =
protected by the IV, except for the EC field which implementations must =
validate independently). We could additionally protect it as associated =
data.

Implementation (forked off aes-sha2 work):

https://github.com/heimdal/heimdal/tree/lukeh/aes-gcm =
<https://github.com/heimdal/heimdal/tree/lukeh/aes-gcm>

=E2=80=94 Luke=

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<html><head><meta http-equiv=3D"Content-Type" content=3D"text/html =
charset=3Dutf-8"></head><body style=3D"word-wrap: break-word; =
-webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" =
class=3D""><div class=3D""><div class=3D"">I had a bit of a play with =
adding support for AES-GCM to Heimdal. Notes:</div></div><div =
class=3D""><br class=3D""></div><div class=3D"">* GCM is added as a RFC =
3961 enctype, but it=E2=80=99s really a pseudo-enctype =E2=80=93 were it =
to be documented, it might not be at the 3961 layer at all (except =
camping on the enctype namespace for negotiation).</div><div =
class=3D""><br class=3D""></div><div class=3D"">* The target application =
is only GSS, and it=E2=80=99s assumed it'd be negotiated using =
RFC4537.</div><div class=3D""><br class=3D""></div><div class=3D"">* =
Encryption/decryption functions are extended to support associated data =
(this was already there in the implementation, but 3961 would need to be =
updated).</div><div class=3D""><br class=3D""></div><div class=3D"">* =
KDF is SP800-108 in counter/feedback mode with CMAC, this is used both =
for key derivation and for RFC4401 PRF. (Wasn=E2=80=99t sure if was safe =
to use GMAC here?)</div><div class=3D""><br class=3D""></div><div =
class=3D""><pre class=3D"newpage" style=3D"font-size: 13.3333px; =
margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; page-break-before: always; =
line-height: normal; widows: 1;"><span style=3D"font-size: 13.3333px;" =
class=3D"">   Ke  =3D KDF-CMAC(base-key, usage | 0xAA)</span></pre><pre =
class=3D"newpage" style=3D"font-size: 13.3333px; margin-top: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; page-break-before: always; line-height: normal; =
widows: 1;"><pre class=3D"newpage" style=3D"font-size: 13.3333px; =
margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; page-break-before: always; =
line-height: normal;">   PRF =3D KDF-CMAC(base-key, "prf" | =
octet-string)</pre></pre></div><div class=3D""><br class=3D""></div><div =
class=3D"">There is no Ki/Kc because there is no separate checksum or =
integrity usage.</div><div class=3D""><br class=3D""></div><div =
class=3D"">* No string-to-key function is defined.</div><div =
class=3D""><br class=3D""></div><div class=3D"">* No checksum types are =
defined, instead MIC tokens are constructed using the encryption =
function with an empty plaintext. I figured this was less intrusive than =
extending the checksum function to take a cipher state parameter, but =
comments are welcome.</div><div class=3D""><br class=3D""></div><div =
class=3D"">* The cipher state is the GCM initialisation vector length; =
the length is 96 bits (excluding counter). A (key, IV) combination must =
never be reused. TOK_ID || Flags || 0xFF || SND_SEQ is used as the =
initialisation vector for all RFC 4121 tokens.</div><div class=3D""><br =
class=3D""></div><div class=3D"">* The encrypted copy of the 4121 token =
header is removed (it is protected by the IV, except for the EC field =
which implementations must validate independently). We could =
additionally protect it as associated data.</div><div class=3D""><br =
class=3D""></div><div class=3D""><div class=3D"">Implementation (forked =
off aes-sha2 work):</div><div class=3D""><br class=3D""></div><div =
class=3D""><a =
href=3D"https://github.com/heimdal/heimdal/tree/lukeh/aes-gcm" =
class=3D"">https://github.com/heimdal/heimdal/tree/lukeh/aes-gcm</a></div>=
</div><div class=3D""><br class=3D""></div><div class=3D"">=E2=80=94 =
Luke</div></body></html>=

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Subject: Re: [kitten] AES-GCM for Kerberos GSS-API
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> * The cipher state is the GCM initialisation vector length; the length is 9=
6 bits (excluding counter). A (key, IV) combination must never be reused. TO=
K_ID || Flags || 0xFF || SND_SEQ is used as the initialisation vector for al=
l RFC 4121 tokens.

Poorly worded - the cipher state is the GCM IV, the GCM IV is 96 bits long.=


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> On 7 Dec 2015, at 7:52 PM, Luke Howard <lukeh@padl.com> wrote:
>=20
> * KDF is SP800-108 in counter/feedback mode with CMAC, this is used =
both for key derivation and for RFC4401 PRF. (Wasn=E2=80=99t sure if was =
safe to use GMAC here?)
>=20
>    Ke  =3D KDF-CMAC(base-key, usage | 0xAA)
>    PRF =3D KDF-CMAC(base-key, "prf" | octet-string)


I can=E2=80=99t find much about using a GMAC-based KDF, and I have no =
idea how safe it is in this usage with a constant IV. Still, if it=E2=80=99=
s possible, it would certainly be nice and symmetrical.

=E2=80=94 Luke=

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<html><head><meta http-equiv=3D"Content-Type" content=3D"text/html =
charset=3Dutf-8"></head><body style=3D"word-wrap: break-word; =
-webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" =
class=3D""><br class=3D""><div><blockquote type=3D"cite" class=3D""><div =
class=3D"">On 7 Dec 2015, at 7:52 PM, Luke Howard &lt;<a =
href=3D"mailto:lukeh@padl.com" class=3D"">lukeh@padl.com</a>&gt; =
wrote:</div><br class=3D"Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=3D""><div =
class=3D"" style=3D"font-family: Georgia; font-size: 18px; font-style: =
normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: =
normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; =
text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: =
0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">* KDF is SP800-108 in =
counter/feedback mode with CMAC, this is used both for key derivation =
and for RFC4401 PRF. (Wasn=E2=80=99t sure if was safe to use GMAC =
here?)</div><div class=3D"" style=3D"font-family: Georgia; font-size: =
18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; =
letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: =
0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; =
word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><br =
class=3D""></div><div class=3D"" style=3D"font-family: Georgia; =
font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: =
normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; =
text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: =
auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><pre =
class=3D"newpage" style=3D"font-size: 13.3333px; margin-top: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; page-break-before: always; line-height: normal; =
widows: 1;"><span class=3D"" style=3D"font-size: 13.3333px;">   Ke  =3D =
KDF-CMAC(base-key, usage | 0xAA)</span></pre><pre class=3D"newpage" =
style=3D"font-size: 13.3333px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
page-break-before: always; line-height: normal; widows: 1;"><pre =
class=3D"newpage" style=3D"font-size: 13.3333px; margin-top: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; page-break-before: always; line-height: normal;">   =
PRF =3D KDF-CMAC(base-key, "prf" | =
octet-string)</pre></pre></div></div></blockquote></div><div =
class=3D""><br class=3D""></div>I can=E2=80=99t find much about using a =
GMAC-based KDF, and I have no idea how safe it is in this usage with a =
constant IV. Still, if it=E2=80=99s possible, it would certainly be nice =
and symmetrical.<div class=3D""><br class=3D""><div class=3D"">=E2=80=94 =
Luke</div></div></body></html>=

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> On 7 Dec 2015, at 11:44 PM, Luke Howard <lukeh@padl.com> wrote:
>=20
>=20
>> On 7 Dec 2015, at 7:52 PM, Luke Howard <lukeh@padl.com =
<mailto:lukeh@padl.com>> wrote:
>>=20
>> * KDF is SP800-108 in counter/feedback mode with CMAC, this is used =
both for key derivation and for RFC4401 PRF. (Wasn=E2=80=99t sure if was =
safe to use GMAC here?)
>>=20
>>    Ke  =3D KDF-CMAC(base-key, usage | 0xAA)
>>    PRF =3D KDF-CMAC(base-key, "prf" | octet-string)
>=20
>=20
> I can=E2=80=99t find much about using a GMAC-based KDF, and I have no =
idea how safe it is in this usage with a constant IV. Still, if it=E2=80=99=
s possible, it would certainly be nice and symmetrical.

I did find this however:

http://marc.info/?l=3Dcfrg&m=3D143336328026648&w=3D2 =
<http://marc.info/?l=3Dcfrg&m=3D143336328026648&w=3D2>
https://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/cfrg/current/msg02689.html =
<https://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/cfrg/current/msg02689.html>

=E2=80=94 Luke=

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<html><head><meta http-equiv=3D"Content-Type" content=3D"text/html =
charset=3Dutf-8"></head><body style=3D"word-wrap: break-word; =
-webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" =
class=3D""><br class=3D""><div><blockquote type=3D"cite" class=3D""><div =
class=3D"">On 7 Dec 2015, at 11:44 PM, Luke Howard &lt;<a =
href=3D"mailto:lukeh@padl.com" class=3D"">lukeh@padl.com</a>&gt; =
wrote:</div><br class=3D"Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=3D""><meta =
http-equiv=3D"Content-Type" content=3D"text/html charset=3Dutf-8" =
class=3D""><div style=3D"word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: =
space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=3D""><br =
class=3D""><div class=3D""><blockquote type=3D"cite" class=3D""><div =
class=3D"">On 7 Dec 2015, at 7:52 PM, Luke Howard &lt;<a =
href=3D"mailto:lukeh@padl.com" class=3D"">lukeh@padl.com</a>&gt; =
wrote:</div><br class=3D"Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=3D""><div =
class=3D"" style=3D"font-family: Georgia; font-size: 18px; font-style: =
normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: =
normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; =
text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: =
0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">* KDF is SP800-108 in =
counter/feedback mode with CMAC, this is used both for key derivation =
and for RFC4401 PRF. (Wasn=E2=80=99t sure if was safe to use GMAC =
here?)</div><div class=3D"" style=3D"font-family: Georgia; font-size: =
18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; =
letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: =
0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; =
word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><br =
class=3D""></div><div class=3D"" style=3D"font-family: Georgia; =
font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: =
normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; =
text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: =
auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><pre =
class=3D"newpage" style=3D"font-size: 13.3333px; margin-top: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; page-break-before: always; line-height: normal; =
widows: 1;"><span class=3D"" style=3D"font-size: 13.3333px;">   Ke  =3D =
KDF-CMAC(base-key, usage | 0xAA)</span></pre><pre class=3D"newpage" =
style=3D"font-size: 13.3333px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
page-break-before: always; line-height: normal; widows: 1;"><pre =
class=3D"newpage" style=3D"font-size: 13.3333px; margin-top: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; page-break-before: always; line-height: normal;">   =
PRF =3D KDF-CMAC(base-key, "prf" | =
octet-string)</pre></pre></div></div></blockquote></div><div =
class=3D""><br class=3D""></div>I can=E2=80=99t find much about using a =
GMAC-based KDF, and I have no idea how safe it is in this usage with a =
constant IV. Still, if it=E2=80=99s possible, it would certainly be nice =
and symmetrical.</div></div></blockquote><br class=3D""></div><div>I did =
find this however:</div><div><br class=3D""></div><div><a =
href=3D"http://marc.info/?l=3Dcfrg&amp;m=3D143336328026648&amp;w=3D2" =
class=3D"">http://marc.info/?l=3Dcfrg&amp;m=3D143336328026648&amp;w=3D2</a=
></div><div><a =
href=3D"https://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/cfrg/current/msg02689.html" =
class=3D"">https://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/cfrg/current/msg02689.htm=
l</a></div><div><br class=3D""></div><div>=E2=80=94 =
Luke</div></body></html>=

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From: Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@MIT.EDU>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] AES-GCM for Kerberos GSS-API
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On Mon, 7 Dec 2015, Luke Howard wrote:

>
> > On 7 Dec 2015, at 11:44 PM, Luke Howard <lukeh@padl.com> wrote:
> >
> >
> >> On 7 Dec 2015, at 7:52 PM, Luke Howard <lukeh@padl.com <mailto:lukeh@p=
adl.com>> wrote:
> >>
> >> * KDF is SP800-108 in counter/feedback mode with CMAC, this is used bo=
th for key derivation and for RFC4401 PRF. (Wasn=A2t sure if was safe to us=
e GMAC here?)
> >>
> >>    Ke  =3D KDF-CMAC(base-key, usage | 0xAA)
> >>    PRF =3D KDF-CMAC(base-key, "prf" | octet-string)
> >
> >
> > I can=A2t find much about using a GMAC-based KDF, and I have no idea ho=
w safe it is in this usage with a constant IV. Still, if it=A2s possible, i=
t would certainly be nice and symmetrical.
>
> I did find this however:
>
> http://marc.info/?l=3Dcfrg&m=3D143336328026648&w=3D2 <http://marc.info/?l=
=3Dcfrg&m=3D143336328026648&w=3D2>
> https://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/cfrg/current/msg02689.html <https:/=
/www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/cfrg/current/msg02689.html>

Perhaps I am just remembering those posts, but I do agree that GMAC is not
appropriate for KDF usage.


> * No checksum types are defined, instead MIC tokens are constructed
> using the encryption function with an empty plaintext. I figured this
> was less intrusive than extending the checksum function to take a cipher
> state parameter, but comments are
> welcome.

That seems reasonable at first glance.

I did not get to take a glance at the code itself yet, but thanks for
putting together the proof-of-concept.  Do you have any performance
numbers for comparison?

-Ben
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From: Luke Howard <lukeh@padl.com>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] AES-GCM for Kerberos GSS-API
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> On 8 Dec 2015, at 9:08 AM, Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@mit.edu> wrote:
>=20
> I did not get to take a glance at the code itself yet, but thanks for
> putting together the proof-of-concept.  Do you have any performance
> numbers for comparison?

Not yet but given this is the principal motivation for GCM, I should =
really get some together. Will do.

=E2=80=94 Luke


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> On 7 Dec 2015, at 7:52 PM, Luke Howard <lukeh@padl.com> wrote:
>=20
> * The cipher state is the GCM initialisation vector length; the length =
is 96 bits (excluding counter). A (key, IV) combination must never be =
reused. TOK_ID || Flags || 0xFF || SND_SEQ is used as the initialisation =
vector for all RFC 4121 tokens.

FWIW I took a quick look at IPsec (RFC4106 s8.1) and we could use that =
approach for IV construction =E2=80=93 make the key length 20 (or 36) =
bytes and construct the IV as:

last four bytes Ke || SND_SEQ

however this lacks a direction bit, so we=E2=80=99d most likely need to =
steal the high bit from SND_SEQ which halves the number of messages that =
can be transmitted (perhaps not a practical issue).

Nico doesn=E2=80=99t think this is worth worrying about (GCM spec says =
that it=E2=80=99s OK to have a completely deterministic IV as long as =
it=E2=80=99s not reused with the same key), but perhaps the extra =
entropy / consistency with TLS/IPsec is a good idea?

=E2=80=94 Luke=

--Apple-Mail=_BC76E5E3-7D40-4E92-B2D3-0BAE71794E04
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html;
	charset=utf-8

<html><head><meta http-equiv=3D"Content-Type" content=3D"text/html =
charset=3Dutf-8"></head><body style=3D"word-wrap: break-word; =
-webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" =
class=3D""><br class=3D""><div><blockquote type=3D"cite" class=3D""><div =
class=3D"">On 7 Dec 2015, at 7:52 PM, Luke Howard &lt;<a =
href=3D"mailto:lukeh@padl.com" class=3D"">lukeh@padl.com</a>&gt; =
wrote:</div><br class=3D"Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=3D""><div =
class=3D"" style=3D"font-family: Georgia; font-size: 18px; font-style: =
normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: =
normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; =
text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: =
0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">* The cipher state is the GCM =
initialisation vector length; the length is 96 bits (excluding counter). =
A (key, IV) combination must never be reused. TOK_ID || Flags || 0xFF || =
SND_SEQ is used as the initialisation vector for all RFC 4121 =
tokens.</div></div></blockquote><br class=3D""></div><div>FWIW I took a =
quick look at IPsec (RFC4106 s8.1) and we could use that approach for IV =
construction =E2=80=93 make the key length 20 (or 36) bytes and =
construct the IV as:</div><div><br class=3D""></div><div>last four bytes =
Ke || SND_SEQ</div><div><br class=3D""></div><div>however this lacks a =
direction bit, so we=E2=80=99d most likely need to steal the high bit =
from SND_SEQ which halves the number of messages that can be transmitted =
(perhaps not a practical issue).</div><div><br class=3D""></div><div>Nico =
doesn=E2=80=99t think this is worth worrying about (GCM spec says that =
it=E2=80=99s OK to have a completely deterministic IV as long as it=E2=80=99=
s not reused with the same key), but perhaps the extra entropy / =
consistency with TLS/IPsec is a good idea?</div><div><br =
class=3D""></div><div class=3D"">=E2=80=94 Luke</div></body></html>=

--Apple-Mail=_BC76E5E3-7D40-4E92-B2D3-0BAE71794E04--


From nobody Mon Dec  7 20:06:18 2015
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Subject: Re: [kitten] AES-GCM for Kerberos GSS-API
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OK, I changed the implementation to more closely reflect other IETF =
usage of GCM. This gives the IV some more entropy I assume is not a bad =
thing.

The RFC3961 key length is now 20 bytes for aes128-gcm-128 and 36 bytes =
for aes128-gcm-128; the last four bytes are used to salt the IV in the =
same manner as TLS and IPsec.

The initialisation vector exposed at the 3961 level is now only eight =
bytes long and this meeds to include both a direction flag and the =
sequence number. Hence only 2^63 messages can be sent before the =
sequence number wraps (not a problem with Heimdal which only uses 32-bit =
sequence numbers, but perhaps an issue with other implementations). The =
first bit of the initialisation vector is set if the message is sent by =
the acceptor, unset if not.

Because the IV now only protects the sequence number, rather than most =
of the token header, the entire token header is input as the last item =
of associated data, for both Wrap and MIC tokens. (We could just include =
the first 8 bytes but I see no reason not to protect the entire header.)
=20
Thoughts welcome (I know Nico thinks this change was not necessary!).

=E2=80=94 Luke=


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Subject: Re: [kitten] AES-GCM for Kerberos GSS-API
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On 12/07/2015 07:28 PM, Luke Howard wrote:
> Nico doesn’t think this is worth worrying about (GCM spec says that it’s
> OK to have a completely deterministic IV as long as it’s not reused with
> the same key), but perhaps the extra entropy / consistency with
> TLS/IPsec is a good idea?

I agree with Nico; I think this is extra complexity we don't want or need.


From nobody Mon Dec  7 21:47:39 2015
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Subject: Re: [kitten] AES-GCM for Kerberos GSS-API
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> On 8 Dec 2015, at 4:01 PM, Greg Hudson <ghudson@mit.edu> wrote:
>=20
> On 12/07/2015 07:28 PM, Luke Howard wrote:
>> Nico doesn=92t think this is worth worrying about (GCM spec says that =
it=92s
>> OK to have a completely deterministic IV as long as it=92s not reused =
with
>> the same key), but perhaps the extra entropy / consistency with
>> TLS/IPsec is a good idea?
>=20
> I agree with Nico; I think this is extra complexity we don't want or =
need.

OK. Are you OK with not protecting the token header in the MAC (i.e. =
asserting valid values of EC and relying on the IV)?

=97 Luke=


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From: mrex@sap.com (Martin Rex)
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Subject: Re: [kitten] AES-GCM for Kerberos GSS-API
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Luke Howard wrote:
> 
>> Luke Howard <lukeh@padl.com> wrote:
>> 
>>> Luke Howard <lukeh@padl.com <mailto:lukeh@padl.com>> wrote:
>>> 
>>> * KDF is SP800-108 in counter/feedback mode with CMAC, this is used
>>>   both for key derivation and for RFC4401 PRF. (Wasn't sure if was
>>>   safe to use GMAC here?)
>>> 
>>>    Ke  = KDF-CMAC(base-key, usage | 0xAA)
>>>    PRF = KDF-CMAC(base-key, "prf" | octet-string)
>> 
>> 
>> I can't find much about using a GMAC-based KDF, and I have no idea
>> how safe it is in this usage with a constant IV. Still, if it's
>> possible, it would certainly be nice and symmetrical.
>
> I did find this however:
> 
> http://marc.info/?l=cfrg&m=143336328026648&w=2
> https://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/cfrg/current/msg02689.html


I assume that the hash function for use in the key derivation
needs to have cryptographic hash properties.


NIST SP 800-38D "Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) and GMAC",
2nd paragraph on page 10 of NIST SP 800-38D

http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-38D/SP-800-38D.pdf

   GHASH is a keyed hash function but not, on its own, a cryptographic
   hash function. This Recommendation only approves GHASH for use within
   the context of GCM. 


-Martin


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Subject: Re: [kitten] AES-GCM for Kerberos GSS-API
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If we profile for GSS only, we could (ignoring=20
GSS PRF for a second) eliminate the need for key derivation entirely as ther=
e is no Kc/Ki and the token ID in the IV disambiguates Wrap from MIC usage.

But this might be risky if we are defining this at the 3961 level unless we c=
an mandate the usage be part of the IV (but that means increasing the IV siz=
e which affects performance and also changes some of the NIST guarantees abo=
ut safety IIRC).

Thoughts? Seems simplest to align with 3961 as closely as possible if defini=
ng at this layer, else if defining at GSS layer we can be more creative.

Sent from my iPhone

> On 8 Dec 2015, at 19:09, Martin Rex <mrex@sap.com> wrote:
>=20
> Luke Howard wrote:
>>=20
>>> Luke Howard <lukeh@padl.com> wrote:
>>>=20
>>>> Luke Howard <lukeh@padl.com <mailto:lukeh@padl.com>> wrote:
>>>>=20
>>>> * KDF is SP800-108 in counter/feedback mode with CMAC, this is used
>>>>  both for key derivation and for RFC4401 PRF. (Wasn't sure if was
>>>>  safe to use GMAC here?)
>>>>=20
>>>>   Ke  =3D KDF-CMAC(base-key, usage | 0xAA)
>>>>   PRF =3D KDF-CMAC(base-key, "prf" | octet-string)
>>>=20
>>>=20
>>> I can't find much about using a GMAC-based KDF, and I have no idea
>>> how safe it is in this usage with a constant IV. Still, if it's
>>> possible, it would certainly be nice and symmetrical.
>>=20
>> I did find this however:
>>=20
>> http://marc.info/?l=3Dcfrg&m=3D143336328026648&w=3D2
>> https://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/cfrg/current/msg02689.html
>=20
>=20
> I assume that the hash function for use in the key derivation
> needs to have cryptographic hash properties.
>=20
>=20
> NIST SP 800-38D "Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) and GMAC",
> 2nd paragraph on page 10 of NIST SP 800-38D
>=20
> http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-38D/SP-800-38D.pdf
>=20
>   GHASH is a keyed hash function but not, on its own, a cryptographic
>   hash function. This Recommendation only approves GHASH for use within
>   the context of GCM.=20
>=20
>=20
> -Martin


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From: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] AES-GCM for Kerberos GSS-API
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On Tue, Dec 08, 2015 at 04:47:21PM +1100, Luke Howard wrote:
> > On 8 Dec 2015, at 4:01 PM, Greg Hudson <ghudson@mit.edu> wrote:
> > On 12/07/2015 07:28 PM, Luke Howard wrote:
> >> Nico doesn=E2=80=99t think this is worth worrying about (GCM spec sa=
ys that it=E2=80=99s
> >> OK to have a completely deterministic IV as long as it=E2=80=99s not=
 reused with
> >> the same key), but perhaps the extra entropy / consistency with
> >> TLS/IPsec is a good idea?
> >=20
> > I agree with Nico; I think this is extra complexity we don't want or =
need.

In particular: a deterministic IV construction is the key to preventing
key/IV reuse, _and_, we only need entropy in the key.

Entropy in the IV doesn't help security because whatever bits of it are
randomly chosen have to be sent in the clear as otherwise the peer won't
be able to reconstruct them.  The IV cannot be secret for GSS because of
the out of sequence token delivery/consumption requirement (well, it's
an option, but one we want).

For an RFC3961 octet stream application like AFS' rx the initial IV
could be secret and non-deterministic, thereafter just a counter.  In
this case entropy in the IV might increase security, but we don't need
that to make the enctype secure for GSS.

Entropy in the IV doesn't help UNLESS you just cannot construct a
deterministic IV.  Since here we can, we should not have any entropy in
the IV.

> OK. Are you OK with not protecting the token header in the MAC (i.e.
> asserting valid values of EC and relying on the IV)?

Putting the header into the IV necessarily protects the header.

This lets us have a savings of 16 bytes (no confounder) and 16 more
bytes (no header added to the plaintext), and costs us 4 bytes (the
integrity tag is 128 bits instead of 96 for the AES CTS HMAC-SHA1
enctypes), saving us a total of 28 bytes of overheade for wrap with
confidentiality tokens.  This is huge for small tokens, and a big
performance improvement: less data to transmit, less to move around, and
two fewer block operations, at no extra cost for protecting the header,
plus it's now parallelizable, and the integrity tag computation is
faster than HMAC-SHA-1.

The whole header is 128 bits and doesn't fit in 96 bits, but there are
five bytes that don't need protection, and if in a pinch we could
squeeze two more bytes out of the header.  So making the IV this is good
enough:

  TOK_ID || Flags || 0xFF || SEND_SEQ

The EC field is going to be a constant in all cases for these enctypes.
And the RRC field has never needed integrity protection.  That's the
four bytes we drop from the header to form the IV.

This leaves us with 32 bits of counter for the message data, which means
64GB wrap token w/ confidentiality max size.  64GB is plenty for this.

(There's only three TOK_ID values of interest here, and only three flags
bits used, so we could fold the TOK_ID into flags, leaving us with three
bytes for whatever we want, if we needed them.  But we don't need them.)

Nico
--=20


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Subject: Re: [kitten] AES-GCM for Kerberos GSS-API
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Note that in my proposal - based on IPSec - the entropy came from the last f=
our bytes of the acceptor sub session key (having made that 20 instead of 16=
 bytes) so it wasn't sent in the clear, but I agree it probably adds no util=
ity. It looks as if this exists in IPSec because keys may be reused, which w=
e're asserting is not the case in the GSS profile.

Sent from my iPhone

> On 9 Dec 2015, at 09:36, Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com> wrote:
>=20
> On Tue, Dec 08, 2015 at 04:47:21PM +1100, Luke Howard wrote:
>>> On 8 Dec 2015, at 4:01 PM, Greg Hudson <ghudson@mit.edu> wrote:
>>>> On 12/07/2015 07:28 PM, Luke Howard wrote:
>>>> Nico doesn=E2=80=99t think this is worth worrying about (GCM spec says t=
hat it=E2=80=99s
>>>> OK to have a completely deterministic IV as long as it=E2=80=99s not re=
used with
>>>> the same key), but perhaps the extra entropy / consistency with
>>>> TLS/IPsec is a good idea?
>>>=20
>>> I agree with Nico; I think this is extra complexity we don't want or nee=
d.
>=20
> In particular: a deterministic IV construction is the key to preventing
> key/IV reuse, _and_, we only need entropy in the key.
>=20
> Entropy in the IV doesn't help security because whatever bits of it are
> randomly chosen have to be sent in the clear as otherwise the peer won't
> be able to reconstruct them.  The IV cannot be secret for GSS because of
> the out of sequence token delivery/consumption requirement (well, it's
> an option, but one we want).
>=20
> For an RFC3961 octet stream application like AFS' rx the initial IV
> could be secret and non-deterministic, thereafter just a counter.  In
> this case entropy in the IV might increase security, but we don't need
> that to make the enctype secure for GSS.
>=20
> Entropy in the IV doesn't help UNLESS you just cannot construct a
> deterministic IV.  Since here we can, we should not have any entropy in
> the IV.
>=20
>> OK. Are you OK with not protecting the token header in the MAC (i.e.
>> asserting valid values of EC and relying on the IV)?
>=20
> Putting the header into the IV necessarily protects the header.
>=20
> This lets us have a savings of 16 bytes (no confounder) and 16 more
> bytes (no header added to the plaintext), and costs us 4 bytes (the
> integrity tag is 128 bits instead of 96 for the AES CTS HMAC-SHA1
> enctypes), saving us a total of 28 bytes of overheade for wrap with
> confidentiality tokens.  This is huge for small tokens, and a big
> performance improvement: less data to transmit, less to move around, and
> two fewer block operations, at no extra cost for protecting the header,
> plus it's now parallelizable, and the integrity tag computation is
> faster than HMAC-SHA-1.
>=20
> The whole header is 128 bits and doesn't fit in 96 bits, but there are
> five bytes that don't need protection, and if in a pinch we could
> squeeze two more bytes out of the header.  So making the IV this is good
> enough:
>=20
>  TOK_ID || Flags || 0xFF || SEND_SEQ
>=20
> The EC field is going to be a constant in all cases for these enctypes.
> And the RRC field has never needed integrity protection.  That's the
> four bytes we drop from the header to form the IV.
>=20
> This leaves us with 32 bits of counter for the message data, which means
> 64GB wrap token w/ confidentiality max size.  64GB is plenty for this.
>=20
> (There's only three TOK_ID values of interest here, and only three flags
> bits used, so we could fold the TOK_ID into flags, leaving us with three
> bytes for whatever we want, if we needed them.  But we don't need them.)
>=20
> Nico
> --=20


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Date: Tue, 8 Dec 2015 18:11:50 -0600
From: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] AES-GCM for Kerberos GSS-API
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On Wed, Dec 09, 2015 at 09:46:01AM +1100, Luke Howard wrote:
> Note that in my proposal - based on IPSec - the entropy came from the
> last four bytes of the acceptor sub session key (having made that 20

But in that case no new entropy was contributed anyways...

> instead of 16 bytes) so it wasn't sent in the clear, but I agree it
> probably adds no utility. It looks as if this exists in IPSec because
> keys may be reused, which we're asserting is not the case in the GSS
> profile.

Correct.  Senders never reuse sequence numbers; session keys are chosen
randomly, and hopefully never reused.  Initial sequence numbers are also
chosen randomly (so, in fact, we get some entropy in the IV after all!
just indirectly), though monotonically increasing thereafter.

A bad RNG could result in the same session keys (and initial sequence
numbers) being chosen repeatedly, but only sessions will be compromised,
not long-term keys nor Ticket session keys.

IPsec is a very different beast.

Nico
-- 


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To: Luke Howard <lukeh@padl.com>, "Peck, Michael A" <mpeck@mitre.org>
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On 12/03/2015 10:07 PM, Luke Howard wrote:
> Hi Mike,
> 
> Thanks for this. Iâ€™ve updated the Heimdal implementation with the PRF changes and verified all of the test vectors.
> 
> https://github.com/heimdal/heimdal/tree/lukeh/aes-cts-hmac-sha2

I have an implementation for MIT krb5 at:

https://github.com/greghudson/krb5/tree/aes-sha2

(No guarantee of commit ID stability, and the branch will likely go away
if and when it is merged to the upstream master branch.)  Obviously no
implementation can be production-ready until we have enctype and
checksumtype assignments.  All of the test vectors are verified.


From nobody Tue Dec  8 22:09:57 2015
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> On 9 Dec 2015, at 2:04 PM, Greg Hudson <ghudson@mit.edu> wrote:
>=20
> On 12/03/2015 10:07 PM, Luke Howard wrote:
>> Hi Mike,
>>=20
>> Thanks for this. I=E2=80=99ve updated the Heimdal implementation with =
the PRF changes and verified all of the test vectors.
>>=20
>> https://github.com/heimdal/heimdal/tree/lukeh/aes-cts-hmac-sha2
>=20
> I have an implementation for MIT krb5 at:
>=20
> https://github.com/greghudson/krb5/tree/aes-sha2
>=20
> (No guarantee of commit ID stability, and the branch will likely go =
away
> if and when it is merged to the upstream master branch.)  Obviously no
> implementation can be production-ready until we have enctype and
> checksumtype assignments.  All of the test vectors are verified.

I have verified:

* MIT kinit against Heimdal KDC
* Heimdal gss-client against MIT gss-server

Greg =E2=80=93 what do you think about default enctype ordering, should =
it be preferred over the 3962 enctypes?

=E2=80=94 Luke=


From nobody Wed Dec  9 01:37:59 2015
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Date: Wed, 9 Dec 2015 03:37:54 -0600
From: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
To: "Henry B (Hank) Hotz, CISSP" <hbhotz@oxy.edu>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] New EncTypes?
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On Wed, Nov 18, 2015 at 04:20:41PM -0800, Henry B (Hank) Hotz, CISSP wrot=
e:
> It seems to be time to do housecleaning on algorithms selections. Is
> anyone interested in adding a new enctype to Kerberos?

Luke's working on AEAD enctypes.

> Why (else)?  Speaking strictly for myself, I=E2=80=99d like to see a
> mandatory-to-implement enctype that shares *nothing* with the current
> aes-sha1-hmac stuff. I=E2=80=99m speaking purely strategically and not =
from
> any mathematical suspicion of weakness. If someone discovers something
> fundamentally wrong with the math behind SHA1 or AES, then it might
> take out SHA2 or Camellia as well.

It's hard not to share AES.  Nowadays CPUs can do AES in constant time,
very fast, in hardware.  That's hard to pass up.

Yes, AES in software is terrible for security, and an alternative would
be nice for systems that don't have AES HW.

> Just to throw some straw (just straw, not an actual strawman) on the
> table, how about something that uses one of the European stream cipher
> finalists with SHA-3?

AEAD enctypes seem a lot more appealing to me.

Luke's work will reduce the RFC4121/3962 overhead on GSS wrap tokens
with confidentiality by 28 bytes, and will reduce the number of block
operations by 2 blocks per wrap w/ conf token, as well as support
parallelization (in principle anyways).  Plus AEAD cipher modes can be
quite fast.

Nico
--=20


From nobody Wed Dec  9 01:47:50 2015
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Date: Wed, 9 Dec 2015 03:47:47 -0600
From: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
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On Thu, Nov 19, 2015 at 08:30:18AM +0100, Rick van Rein wrote:
> > It seems to be time to do housecleaning on algorithms selections. Is
> > anyone interested in adding a new enctype to Kerberos?
> >
> One thing I would like to bring into any such discussion is that it
> would be possible to use through PKCS #11, the de-facto standard for
> storing keys on tokens, including hardware keys that will never share
> keys directly but allow their use through the API.  This extends the
> range of possible uses for Kerberos, I think.

It's kinda meaningless to use hardware tokens for Kerberos.

On the KDC side you'd have to put the entire KDC in the token for it to
be meaningful.  You can leave the KDB outside, but now all KDB records
have to be signed, and keys encrypted (the latter is generally
supported, but the former would require significant rototilling).  It's
easier instead to harden a KDC, building it like a large HSM.  On the
service side (including the TGS), your hardware tokens had better be
*fast* -- if not then forget it.  A TGS can be slow, if the HW is slow,
but throughput has to be reasonable, and total latency per-request below
the point at which clients timeout.

Hardware tokens make a lot more sense for PK-based protocols.  If you
really want HW tokens, then Kerberos is not for you.

I'd be much more interested in working on a DANE-based mech_dh
replacement than in working on putting a KDC in a token.  Such a mech
could have Kerberos-compatible principal naming and even attribute
certificates to match authorization-data.  Being PK- and DNSSEC-based
would mean cross-realm functionality would be present from the get-go,
and it'd mean that HW tokens would be meaningful from day one as well
(well, as meaningful as they are with any PK today).

> For instance, AES-CTS-HMAC uses plain standard AES and HMAC, and CTS can
> be implemented in terms of standard CBC, so it ought to be possible to
> implement with PKCS #11 (not that I've already actually tried, but it
> looks possible).

Solaris/Illumos implements CTS in terms of CBC, so, yes, it can be done.
It takes up to three calls to CBC, so HW latency can be a problem.  (See
above remarks.)

Nico
-- 


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Date: Wed, 9 Dec 2015 03:50:22 -0600
From: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
To: Greg Hudson <ghudson@mit.edu>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] Non-Password Password Change
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On Thu, Oct 15, 2015 at 05:51:50PM -0400, Greg Hudson wrote:
> On 10/15/2015 03:59 PM, Henry B (Hank) Hotz, CISSP wrote:
> > There=E2=80=99s been work on improved password change protocols, but =
I=E2=80=99m not sure how much actually completed. I also remember once su=
ggesting that loading a KDB entry from a keytab file would be useful, at =
least for handling cross-realm principals.
>=20
> I believe the most recent work is:
>=20
>     https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-set-passwd-0=
8
>=20
> I vaguely recall an explicit decision not to continue with that work
> because no one believed they were likely to implement it.

Yes.

> > Are there any password change protocols where you can supply the enct=
ype and a key instead of a text password?
>=20
> This is probably obvious, but any such facility allows the client to
> circumvent password policies, and therefore usually require special
> permissions.

Roland Dowdeswell's krb5_admin has a method for setting principal keys
with a multi-party DH exchange where the KDC is one of the parties.
This works *very* well.  I strongly recommend it.  https://github.com/elr=
ic1/

Nico
--=20


From nobody Wed Dec  9 05:15:59 2015
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A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories.
 This draft is a work item of the Common Authentication Technology Next Generation Working Group of the IETF.

        Title           : AES Encryption with HMAC-SHA2 for Kerberos 5
        Authors         : Michael J. Jenkins
                          Michael A. Peck
                          Kelley W. Burgin
	Filename        : draft-ietf-kitten-aes-cts-hmac-sha2-08.txt
	Pages           : 17
	Date            : 2015-12-09

Abstract:
   This document specifies two encryption types and two corresponding
   checksum types for Kerberos 5.  The new types use AES in CTS mode
   (CBC mode with ciphertext stealing) for confidentiality and HMAC with
   a SHA-2 hash for integrity.


The IETF datatracker status page for this draft is:
https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-kitten-aes-cts-hmac-sha2/

There's also a htmlized version available at:
https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-kitten-aes-cts-hmac-sha2-08

A diff from the previous version is available at:
https://www.ietf.org/rfcdiff?url2=draft-ietf-kitten-aes-cts-hmac-sha2-08


Please note that it may take a couple of minutes from the time of submission
until the htmlized version and diff are available at tools.ietf.org.

Internet-Drafts are also available by anonymous FTP at:
ftp://ftp.ietf.org/internet-drafts/


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Subject: Re: [kitten] I-D Action: draft-ietf-kitten-aes-cts-hmac-sha2-08.txt
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On 12/09/2015 08:19 AM, Peck, Michael A wrote:
> This -08 draft hopefully addresses Gregâ€™s feedback (random-to-key function, cipherstate definition).

I think these changes are correct and address my feedback.


From nobody Thu Dec 10 15:01:14 2015
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Date: Fri, 11 Dec 2015 00:00:57 +0100
From: Rick van Rein <rick@openfortress.nl>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] New EncTypes?
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Hi Nico,

I was thinking of client-side tokens, not the KDC.
> It's kinda meaningless to use hardware tokens for Kerberos.

Symmetric keys reside on two ends, but the client will be much weaker in
its protection than the KDC; a reason for using PKCS #11 on the client
end is to uplift that level (and have better entropy than a password
supplies).  That would be an improvement even if the KDC was not changed
at all.  I agree that hardening the KDC can be pretty much comparable to
hardening an HSM.
> Hardware tokens make a lot more sense for PK-based protocols.  If you
> really want HW tokens, then Kerberos is not for you.

Yes and no... it's not a one-dimensional choice between PK and KRB5.

> I'd be much more interested in working on a DANE-based mech_dh
> replacement than in working on putting a KDC in a token.

I have a student working on that now :) and will send a project
description/proposal to at least MIT krb, and perhaps also Kitten,
sometime soon.

> Such a mech
> could have Kerberos-compatible principal naming and even attribute
> certificates to match authorization-data.  Being PK- and DNSSEC-based
> would mean cross-realm functionality would be present from the get-go,
> and it'd mean that HW tokens would be meaningful from day one as well
> (well, as meaningful as they are with any PK today).

PKINIT makes PK usable already, so I'm not sure why you bring
DNSSEC/DANE in here?  Do you want to improve on the cryptographic
strength of the initial password to protect AS?

Solaris/Illumos implements CTS in terms of CBC, so, yes, it can be done.
It takes up to three calls to CBC, so HW latency can be a problem.  (See
above remarks.)

Three is the total; encryption takes one CBC call, decryption takes two:
https://github.com/arpa2/kerberos-pkcs11/blob/master/aes128-cts-pkcs11.c#L221
https://github.com/arpa2/kerberos-pkcs11/blob/master/aes128-cts-pkcs11.c#L236
https://github.com/arpa2/kerberos-pkcs11/blob/master/aes128-cts-pkcs11.c#L241

Thanks,
 -Rick



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From: Nico Williams <nico@cryptonector.com>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] New EncTypes?
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On Fri, Dec 11, 2015 at 12:00:57AM +0100, Rick van Rein wrote:
> I was thinking of client-side tokens, not the KDC.

There's no need for KITTEN to be involved in making Kerberos clients use
a token.

> > I'd be much more interested in working on a DANE-based mech_dh
> > replacement than in working on putting a KDC in a token.
> 
> I have a student working on that now :) and will send a project
> description/proposal to at least MIT krb, and perhaps also Kitten,
> sometime soon.

Oh, that's interesting.

> > Such a mech
> > could have Kerberos-compatible principal naming and even attribute
> > certificates to match authorization-data.  Being PK- and DNSSEC-based
> > would mean cross-realm functionality would be present from the get-go,
> > and it'd mean that HW tokens would be meaningful from day one as well
> > (well, as meaningful as they are with any PK today).
> 
> PKINIT makes PK usable already, so I'm not sure why you bring
> DNSSEC/DANE in here?  Do you want to improve on the cryptographic
> strength of the initial password to protect AS?

DNSSEC/DANE is to get a PKI.  DNSSEC is a PKI, a true hierarchical one,
and one using domainnames as issuer and end entity names.  The WebPKI is
not really hierarchical, doesn't deal well with domainnames, and has
other shortcomings.  Using DNSSEC/DANE means instant "PKCROSS" for a
modern mech_dh.  The key is to staple DNS responses that contain all the
necessary RRs, with the trust chain mostly as additional RRs.

Nico
-- 


From nobody Thu Dec 10 16:12:09 2015
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> On Dec 10, 2015, at 3:00 PM, Rick van Rein <rick@openfortress.nl> =
wrote:
>=20
> Hi Nico,
>=20
> I was thinking of client-side tokens, not the KDC.
>=20
> Symmetric keys reside on two ends, but the client will be much weaker =
in
> its protection than the KDC; a reason for using PKCS #11 on the client
> end is to uplift that level (and have better entropy than a password
> supplies).  That would be an improvement even if the KDC was not =
changed
> at all.  I agree that hardening the KDC can be pretty much comparable =
to
> hardening an HSM.
>> Hardware tokens make a lot more sense for PK-based protocols.  If you
>> really want HW tokens, then Kerberos is not for you.
>=20
> Yes and no... it's not a one-dimensional choice between PK and KRB5.

There=92s no reason you can=92t build a smart card that will do AES on =
supplied data once unlocked with a PIN.  Keys importable, but not =
exportable. I think the right comparison is to a keytab, so it=92s not =
even that radical.

Agree that X.509/PKIX has a lot of distracting complexities (I=92m being =
polite), and DNSSEC is a better PKI for us. I like the possibility of a =
more scalable cross-realm alternative. The existing one is good for =
small scale, like single-hop relationships.=20

Is there actually interest in a HSM/KDC combination? I toyed with the =
idea once. . .

More to the point of the thread, I=92m not sure any of these things =
necessitate EncType or protocol changes. Defining a relationship between =
DNSSEC and PKINIT/PKCROSS is a new area. While we=92re at it, could we =
define the user=92s Principal to be a functional email address in DNSSEC =
and make signed/encrypted email usable? I could argue that this is the =
way things are supposed to work!



Personal:  hbhotz@oxy.edu
Business: hhotz@securechannels.com


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Subject: Re: [kitten] New EncTypes?
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On Wed, 9 Dec 2015, Nico Williams wrote:

> On Wed, Nov 18, 2015 at 04:20:41PM -0800, Henry B (Hank) Hotz, CISSP wrot=
e:
> > It seems to be time to do housecleaning on algorithms selections. Is
> > anyone interested in adding a new enctype to Kerberos?
>
> Luke's working on AEAD enctypes.
>
> > Why (else)?  Speaking strictly for myself, I=E2=80=99d like to see a
> > mandatory-to-implement enctype that shares *nothing* with the current
> > aes-sha1-hmac stuff. I=E2=80=99m speaking purely strategically and not =
from
> > any mathematical suspicion of weakness. If someone discovers something
> > fundamentally wrong with the math behind SHA1 or AES, then it might
> > take out SHA2 or Camellia as well.
>
> It's hard not to share AES.  Nowadays CPUs can do AES in constant time,
> very fast, in hardware.  That's hard to pass up.
>
> Yes, AES in software is terrible for security, and an alternative would
> be nice for systems that don't have AES HW.

You don't see potential in a chacha/poly scheme?  Not that I'm
volunteering to write the draft, mind you...

-Ben
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On Thu, 10 Dec 2015, Henry B (Hank) Hotz, CISSP wrote:

>
> More to the point of the thread, I=92m not sure any of these things
> necessitate EncType or protocol changes. Defining a relationship between
> DNSSEC and PKINIT/PKCROSS is a new area. While we=92re at it, could we
> define the user=92s Principal to be a functional email address in DNSSEC
> and make signed/encrypted email usable? I could argue that this is the
> way things are supposed to work!

I have not been following particularly closely, but I thought there was a
lot of trouble finding a reasonable way to present email addresses in the
DNS and get continuity of keying -- the DNS administrator may not have a
good connection to where the user's key gets set, etc..

I forget where this discussion was going on, though ... maybe perpass,
though that doesn't quite feel right.

-Ben
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From nobody Fri Dec 11 03:02:23 2015
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Hi Henry,

> I like the possibility of a more scalable cross-realm alternative. The
> existing one is good for small scale, like single-hop relationships.
>
I will put it up soon, and sounds like I should also post that MIT krb5
project here.  Writing to do for me...

> Is there actually interest in a HSM/KDC combination? I toyed with the
> idea once. . .
>
It's a design alternative I'm looking into for InternetWide.org identity
management.  So, I'm also toying with it and thought when discussing new
enctypes it would be good to bring up as a potential avenue.

As for email-style names, interesting, we generally look at the concept
of a NAI, RFC 7542.  The difference being, it's not necessarily possible
to send email to this user@domain.name style address.  We defined
general patterns for those as well, http://donai.arpa2.net/selector.html

Cheers,
 -Rick


From nobody Fri Dec 11 08:53:04 2015
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Subject: Re: [kitten] New EncTypes?
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On 12/10/2015 11:28 PM, Benjamin Kaduk wrote:
>
> You don't see potential in a chacha/poly scheme?  Not that I'm
> volunteering to write the draft, mind you...

I would like to see a chacha/poly enctype but I'm not going to fund its
development in the short term.

It would be good to have a non-AES enctype in our back pocket even if we
aren't using it regularly today.

Jeffrey Altman



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From nobody Fri Dec 11 09:12:29 2015
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From: Simo Sorce <simo@redhat.com>
To: Jeffrey Altman <jaltman@secure-endpoints.com>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] New EncTypes?
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On Fri, 2015-12-11 at 11:52 -0500, Jeffrey Altman wrote:
> On 12/10/2015 11:28 PM, Benjamin Kaduk wrote:
> >
> > You don't see potential in a chacha/poly scheme?  Not that I'm
> > volunteering to write the draft, mind you...
> 
> I would like to see a chacha/poly enctype but I'm not going to fund its
> development in the short term.
> 
> It would be good to have a non-AES enctype in our back pocket even if we
> aren't using it regularly today.

MIT implements Camellia ...

Simo.

-- 
Simo Sorce * Red Hat, Inc * New York


From nobody Fri Dec 11 09:36:39 2015
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Subject: Re: [kitten] New EncTypes?
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IIUC Camillia is based on the same math as AES. I was advocating for =
something unrelated. I think chacha/poly qualifies, so I=E2=80=99m =
interested.


> On Dec 11, 2015, at 9:12 AM, Simo Sorce <simo@redhat.com> wrote:
>=20
> On Fri, 2015-12-11 at 11:52 -0500, Jeffrey Altman wrote:
>> On 12/10/2015 11:28 PM, Benjamin Kaduk wrote:
>>>=20
>>> You don't see potential in a chacha/poly scheme?  Not that I'm
>>> volunteering to write the draft, mind you...
>>=20
>> I would like to see a chacha/poly enctype but I'm not going to fund =
its
>> development in the short term.
>>=20
>> It would be good to have a non-AES enctype in our back pocket even if =
we
>> aren't using it regularly today.
>=20
> MIT implements Camellia ...
>=20
> Simo.
>=20
> --=20
> Simo Sorce * Red Hat, Inc * New York
>=20
> _______________________________________________
> Kitten mailing list
> Kitten@ietf.org
> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/kitten


Personal:  hbhotz@oxy.edu
Business: hhotz@securechannels.com


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A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories.
 This draft is a work item of the Common Authentication Technology Next Generation Working Group of the IETF.

        Title           : A Pseudo-Random Function (PRF) for the Kerberos V Generic Security Service Application Program Interface (GSS-API) Mechanism
        Authors         : Shawn Emery
                          Nicolas             Williams
	Filename        : draft-ietf-kitten-rfc4402bis-02.txt
	Pages           : 8
	Date            : 2015-12-11

Abstract:
   This document defines the Pseudo-Random Function (PRF) for the
   Kerberos V mechanism for the Generic Security Service Application
   Program Interface (GSS-API), based on the PRF defined for the
   Kerberos V cryptographic framework, for keying application protocols
   given an established Kerberos V GSS-API security context.

   This document obsoletes RFC 4402 and reclassifies that document as
   historic.  RFC 4402 starts the PRF+ counter at 1, however a number of
   implementations starts the counter at 0.  As a result, the original
   specification would not be interoperable with existing
   implementations.


The IETF datatracker status page for this draft is:
https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-kitten-rfc4402bis/

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> On 12 Dec 2015, at 3:52 AM, Jeffrey Altman =
<jaltman@secure-endpoints.com> wrote:
>=20
> On 12/10/2015 11:28 PM, Benjamin Kaduk wrote:
>>=20
>> You don't see potential in a chacha/poly scheme?  Not that I'm
>> volunteering to write the draft, mind you...
>=20
> I would like to see a chacha/poly enctype but I'm not going to fund =
its
> development in the short term.
>=20
> It would be good to have a non-AES enctype in our back pocket even if =
we
> aren't using it regularly today.

I can=E2=80=99t promise an implementation, but RFC 7539 looks similar =
enough to AES-GCM that I could profile it in the {krb,gss}-aead drafts =
I=E2=80=99m writing.

=E2=80=94 Luke=


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A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories.
 This draft is a work item of the Common Authentication Technology Next Generation Working Group of the IETF.

        Title           : Public Key Cryptography for Initial Authentication in Kerberos (PKINIT) Freshness Extension
        Authors         : Michiko Short
                          Seth Moore
                          Paul Miller
	Filename        : draft-ietf-kitten-pkinit-freshness-02.txt
	Pages           : 8
	Date            : 2015-12-11

Abstract:
   This document describes how to further extend the Public Key
   Cryptography for Initial Authentication in Kerberos (PKINIT)
   extension [RFC4556] to exchange an opaque data blob that a KDC can
   validate to ensure that the client is currently in possession of the
   private key during a PKINIT AS exchange.


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In 5.,  there=E2=80=99s a missing space after the comma after Sam=E2=80=99=
s second acknowledgement.

=E2=80=94 Luke=


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I have just one substantive concern:

    If the freshness token is not valid, the KDC MUST return
    KDC_ERR_PREAUTH_EXPIRED [RFC6113] with PA_AS_FRESHNESS.
[...]
    If a client receives a KDC_ERR_PREAUTH_EXPIRED KRB_ERROR message
    that includes a freshness token, [...]

KDC_ERR_PREAUTH_FAILED has been changed to KDC_ERR_PREAUTH_EXPIRED as I
requested.  However, it still talks vaguely about including a freshness
token in the error, which I noted as a problem in my August 17 feedback.

In RFC 4120, the e-data field is an octet string whose form and
semantics depend on the error code, with speculation that it might
contain TYPED-DATA (a presumption which we have since abandoned).  Only
KDC_ERR_PREAUTH_REQUIRED has a specified e-data format in RFC 4120; that
format is METHOD-DATA, which is a SEQUENCE OF PA-DATA.

RFC 6113 section 5.4.4 implicitly forces all error e-data to be in
METHOD-DATA form if the error might occur in response to a FAST request.
 A facility is given for translating TYPED-DATA to METHOD-DATA, but
there unfortunately isn't an explicit statement about how the e-data
model is changed.  Sam alluded to this in March 2009:
http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/krb-wg/current/msg00067.html

An implementor who sees "KDC_ERR_PREAUTH_EXPIRED with PA_AS_FRESHNESS"
might do several things, depending on their depth of understanding.
With a good understanding of RFC 6113 (or perhaps by accident), they
might encode METHOD-DATA containing a PA_AS_FRESHNESS element and put
that in the e-data field.  With a bad understanding, the implementor
might put the freshness value directly in the e-data field, or something
else.

In my August 17 feedback, I suggested:
> One alternative is to use KDC_ERR_PREAUTH_EXPIRED from RFC 6113.  There
> is no specification for including METHOD-DATA in such an error, so the
> client would have to restart from scratch, without the benefit of a
> newly valid freshness token.  But I think that is okay; recovering from
> a delay which resulted in a not-so-fresh freshness token should not be a
> common scenario.

I still think that is the simplest thing to do.  There is no need to
optimize round-trips for such an uncommon scenario.  At a minimum, I
think clients should be allowed to respond to KDC_ERR_PREAUTH_EXPIRED by
restarting with an unauthenticated AS-REQ.

Editorial concerns:

* "Public key encryption requires certificates with an encryption key,
that is not deployed on many existing smart cards": he added comma is
good, but "which" should not have been changed to "that," as the clause
is non-restrictive.  (Ben's August 16 feedback was not meant to apply to
every use of the word "which".)

* "the client uses its private key only to sign the AuthPack structure
(...), that is performed before any traffic is sent to the KDC": again,
"which" should not have been changed to "that," as the clause is
non-restrictive.

* Section 2.3, "The PA_AS_FRESHNESS padata-value field of the PA-DATA
structure SHALL": strike the "PA_AS_FRESHNESS" from this sentence.
(This was a problem with the previous version of the draft, which I
failed to notice in my August 17 feedback.)

* Section 7: "single use" should be "single-use".

* Section 8: add a comma before the word "depending."  Add a "the"
before "existing".



From nobody Sat Dec 12 17:49:18 2015
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> On 12 Dec 2015, at 3:52 AM, Jeffrey Altman =
<jaltman@secure-endpoints.com> wrote:
>=20
> On 12/10/2015 11:28 PM, Benjamin Kaduk wrote:
>>=20
>> You don't see potential in a chacha/poly scheme?  Not that I'm
>> volunteering to write the draft, mind you...
>=20
> I would like to see a chacha/poly enctype but I'm not going to fund =
its
> development in the short term.

As soon as OpenSSL 1.1.0 is released and supported by Heimdal, an =
implementation of chacha20-poly1305 will be trivial in the aes-gcm =
branch.

=E2=80=94 Luke=


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Subject: Re: [kitten] New EncTypes?
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Hi

> IIUC Camillia is based on the same math as AES. I was advocating for
> something unrelated. I think chacha/poly qualifies, so I’m interested.
>
That is actually a very good idea. Such a good idea, that one wonders
why only one of the AES contestors was standardised. Could any of the
alternatives to Rijndael be worth a further look? This effort would
probably be beneficial for protocols other than Kerberos.

-Rick


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Hi,

> one wonders
> why only one of the AES contestors was standardised.

Following up on this thought, I selected some trivia from WikiPedia:

All five algorithms, commonly referred to as "AES finalists", were designed by cryptographers considered well-known and respected in the community. The AES2 conference votes were as follows:

 * Rijndael: 86 positive, 10 negative
 * Serpent: 59 positive, 7 negative
 * Twofish: 31 positive, 21 negative
 * RC6: 23 positive, 37 negative
 * MARS: 13 positive, 84 negative

All have the same interface as AES, a block size of 128 bits and support for a key size of 128, 192 or 256 bits.

The official NIST report on AES competition classified Serpent as having a high security margin along with MARS and Twofish, in contrast to the adequate security margin of RC6 and Rijndael (currently AES).[3] In final voting, Serpent had the least number of negative votes among the finalists, but scored second place overall because Rijndael had substantially more positive votes, the deciding factor being that Rijndael allowed for a far more efficient software implementation.

[3] Report on the Development of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
    http://csrc.nist.gov/archive/aes/round2/r2report.pdf

Sources:
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard_process
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_(cipher)

Cheers,
 -Rick


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As a historical note, the early RFC3961 drafts did specify Serpent and =
Twofish as well as AES:

https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-raeburn-krb-rijndael-krb-01

=E2=80=94 Luke=


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Subject: [kitten] RFC 3961 AEAD extensions
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This document defines extensions to RFC 3961 for use with AEAD ciphers =
that require deterministic initialisation vectors (such as GCM), by =
allowing encryption types to modify their behaviour depending on whether =
they are being used with long-term keys or not.

https://www.ietf.org/id/draft-howard-krb-aead-00.txt

=E2=80=94 Luke=


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Subject: [kitten] RFC 4121 AEAD extensions
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This document defines extensions to RFC 4121 for using the AEAD =
encryption types defined in draft-howard-krb-aead.

https://www.ietf.org/id/draft-howard-gssapi-aead-00.txt =
<https://www.ietf.org/id/draft-howard-gssapi-aead-00.txt>

=E2=80=94 Luke
--
www.lukehoward.com
soundcloud.com/lukehoward


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<html><head><meta http-equiv=3D"Content-Type" content=3D"text/html =
charset=3Dutf-8"></head><body style=3D"word-wrap: break-word; =
-webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" =
class=3D"">This document defines extensions to RFC 4121 for using the =
AEAD encryption types defined in&nbsp;draft-howard-krb-aead.<div =
class=3D""><br class=3D""></div><div class=3D""><a =
href=3D"https://www.ietf.org/id/draft-howard-gssapi-aead-00.txt" =
class=3D"">https://www.ietf.org/id/draft-howard-gssapi-aead-00.txt</a></di=
v><div class=3D""><br class=3D""></div><div class=3D"">=E2=80=94 Luke<br =
class=3D""><div apple-content-edited=3D"true" class=3D"">
<div style=3D"color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: =
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From nobody Sun Dec 13 18:13:08 2015
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Subject: Re: [kitten] AES-GCM for Kerberos GSS-API
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> On 8 Dec 2015, at 4:01 PM, Greg Hudson <ghudson@MIT.EDU> wrote:
>=20
> On 12/07/2015 07:28 PM, Luke Howard wrote:
>> Nico doesn=92t think this is worth worrying about (GCM spec says that =
it=92s
>> OK to have a completely deterministic IV as long as it=92s not reused =
with
>> the same key), but perhaps the extra entropy / consistency with
>> TLS/IPsec is a good idea?
>=20
> I agree with Nico; I think this is extra complexity we don't want or =
need.

Reading RFC 3610 Section 5, this would help guard against =
pre-computation attacks, but so does the choice of a random initial =
sequence number in the AP-REQ (RFC 1510 section 3.2.2).

Anyway, on your advice I did not pursue this approach.

=97 Luke


From nobody Sun Dec 13 20:08:31 2015
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Subject: Re: [kitten] New EncTypes?
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  This message is in MIME format.  The first part should be readable text,
  while the remaining parts are likely unreadable without MIME-aware tools.

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On Sun, 13 Dec 2015, Rick van Rein wrote:

> Hi
>
> > IIUC Camillia is based on the same math as AES. I was advocating for
> > something unrelated. I think chacha/poly qualifies, so I=92m interested=
=2E
> >
> That is actually a very good idea. Such a good idea, that one wonders
> why only one of the AES contestors was standardised. Could any of the
> alternatives to Rijndael be worth a further look? This effort would
> probably be beneficial for protocols other than Kerberos.

Perhaps, but one should probably assume that people working on other
protocols are clever enough to have the same idea and have discarded it
for one reason or another.  If there is a need for it in Kerberos, by all
means go ahead, but I do not think we are necessarily the leaders of
crypto primitive usage in software, anymore.

-Ben
---559023410-1369982221-1450066104=:26829--


From nobody Sun Dec 13 21:34:51 2015
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Subject: Re: [kitten] RFC 3961 AEAD extensions
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On 12/13/2015 08:33 PM, Luke Howard wrote:
> This document defines extensions to RFC 3961 for use with AEAD ciphers that require deterministic initialisation vectors (such as GCM), by allowing encryption types to modify their behaviour depending on whether they are being used with long-term keys or not.

I am tentatively okay with reserving points in the enctype namespace for
use with GSS AEAD enctypes (I'll call them that even though they could
be used by other protocols), so that we can use RFC 4537 enctype
negotiation during the AP-REQ/AP-REP exchange to negotiate their use.

I am tentatively opposed to sharing any part of the abstract API between
RFC 3961 ciphers and these GSS AEAD enctypes.  There's too much
potential for misuse.

I think we can avoid having to define a KDF (and therefore bring in
dependencies on additional primitives, such as SHA-256 for
chacha20-poly1305).  We may not need an analog to "key usage numbers" at
all, as these enctypes are only for use with ephemeral keys, never with
the same key across multiple protocols.  If we do determine a need for
key usage numbers, I think they could be included at the beginning of
the additional data for each message.


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From: Luke Howard <lukeh@padl.com>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] RFC 3961 AEAD extensions
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Hi Greg,

Thanks for the quick feedback.

> I am tentatively opposed to sharing any part of the abstract API =
between
> RFC 3961 ciphers and these GSS AEAD enctypes.  There's too much
> potential for misuse.

Right, this is the alternate approach: define a single update to RFC =
4121 for use with AEAD encryption types, where RFC 3961 is imported =
purely in order to leverage RFC 4537 enctype negotiation. =46rom an =
implementation perspective: for Heimdal, it was ostensibly easier to =
implement this at the RFC 3961 layer. I agree it is probably impossible =
to completely guard against misuse. For the record I did the following =
to mitigate against misuse in my Heimdal implementation:

* No string-to-key function or associated checksum types will make most =
non-AEAD usages fail
* IV must be non-NULL on call to encrypt/decrypt
* AEAD encryption types unavailable except through krb5_encrypt_iov_ivec =
API
* Encryption type enumerate APIs hide any AEAD types unless the consumer =
is RFC 4537

Jeff: would be good to hear your thoughts on how useful GCM/etc are for =
non-GSS-API use (e.g. OpenAFS).

> I think we can avoid having to define a KDF (and therefore bring in
> dependencies on additional primitives, such as SHA-256 for
> chacha20-poly1305).  We may not need an analog to "key usage numbers" =
at
> all, as these enctypes are only for use with ephemeral keys, never =
with
> the same key across multiple protocols.  If we do determine a need for
> key usage numbers, I think they could be included at the beginning of
> the additional data for each message.

Good point. Yes, if this is really a RFC 4121 only profile, then TOK_ID =
is sufficient to disambiguate the Wrap and MIC usages, and we do not =
need any key derivation.

=E2=80=94 Luke=


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Subject: Re: [kitten] RFC 3961 AEAD extensions
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Another approach is that we do actually define an approach for long-term =
keys (although I=E2=80=99m not sure how we=E2=80=99d do this elegantly =
with existing Unix APIs =E2=80=93 perhaps checking for the absence of a =
HEADER in the IOV APIs).

KDF for long-term keys could be KDF(base-key, confounder | usage | =
0xAA). I=E2=80=99m sure there are other workable constructions.

But =E2=80=93 this is all additional complexity for implementations to =
deal with.

=E2=80=94 Luke=


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Subject: Re: [kitten] RFC 3961 AEAD extensions
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> On 14 Dec 2015, at 4:34 PM, Greg Hudson <ghudson@MIT.EDU> wrote:
>=20
> I am tentatively opposed to sharing any part of the abstract API =
between
> RFC 3961 ciphers and these GSS AEAD enctypes.  There's too much
> potential for misuse.

As a middle ground, we could stay a little clearer of RFC 3961 but still =
define the AEAD primitives separately so that non-GSS consumers can =
still take advantage of them.

=E2=80=94 Luke=


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On Mon, 14 Dec 2015, Luke Howard wrote:

>
> * No string-to-key function or associated checksum types will make most non-AEAD usages fail
> * IV must be non-NULL on call to encrypt/decrypt
> * AEAD encryption types unavailable except through krb5_encrypt_iov_ivec API
> * Encryption type enumerate APIs hide any AEAD types unless the consumer is RFC 4537
>
> Jeff: would be good to hear your thoughts on how useful GCM/etc are for
> non-GSS-API use (e.g. OpenAFS).

I'm not Jeff, but I am a coauthor on the rxgk-afs specs [0,1] that would
be applicable for OpenAFS.  We only use GSS-API for a single negotiation
loop in which the AFS server essentually functions as a kerberos KDC,
vending a ticket-analogue ("token") that is used to authenticate
subsequent connections.  The "session key" contained in that token (called
the "token master key") is not used directly; instead a unique transport
key is generated for each connection using PRF+ (this is section 8.3 of
[0]).  It is these subsequent connections that perform bulk data transfer,
and one would expect that GCM/etc would provide some speed benefit, to the
extent that the network stack is not the bottleneck.  (The OpenAFS rx
stack is notoriously non-performant, particularly for links with large
RTT.)  But, the network can be improved with "just" a "small matter of
programming", so it seems beneficial to provide a way that these new
enctypes could be used by non-GSSAPI protocols.

-Ben


[0] https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-wilkinson-afs3-rxgk-11
[1] https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-wilkinson-afs3-rxgk-afs-08


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From: Greg Hudson <ghudson@mit.edu>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] RFC 3961 AEAD extensions
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On 12/14/2015 12:54 PM, Benjamin Kaduk wrote:
> But, the network can be improved with "just" a "small matter of
> programming", so it seems beneficial to provide a way that these new
> enctypes could be used by non-GSSAPI protocols.

AES-GCM and chacha20-poly1305 are already well-specified; beyond
assigning enctype numbers that can be negotiated alongside RFC 3961
enctypes, I'm not sure we really have anything to say.

In the GSS layer, we of course have to specify what to use as the IV and
what to provide as additional data.  But all that is very much specific
to GSS.


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From: Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@MIT.EDU>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] RFC 3961 AEAD extensions
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Hi Greg,

On Mon, 14 Dec 2015, Greg Hudson wrote:

> On 12/14/2015 12:54 PM, Benjamin Kaduk wrote:
> > But, the network can be improved with "just" a "small matter of
> > programming", so it seems beneficial to provide a way that these new
> > enctypes could be used by non-GSSAPI protocols.
>
> AES-GCM and chacha20-poly1305 are already well-specified; beyond
> assigning enctype numbers that can be negotiated alongside RFC 3961
> enctypes, I'm not sure we really have anything to say.
>
> In the GSS layer, we of course have to specify what to use as the IV and
> what to provide as additional data.  But all that is very much specific
> to GSS.

The text you quoted and your reply seem like something of a non-sequitur
to me.

I suppose I did leave out the key fact that the OpenAFS/rxgk case is
currently using raw 3961 crypto for its bulk data protection.  rxgk does
have its own enctype negotiation scheme, though someone would need to do
an audit to ensure that the "token master key" is not used anywhere
without the appropriate key derivation to ensure global uniqueness.

-Ben


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Subject: Re: [kitten] I-D Action: draft-ietf-kitten-pkinit-freshness-02.txt
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> In 5.,  there?s a missing space after the comma after Sam?s second acknow=
ledgement.



Yep, I will add a space in the next version.



Thanks,
Michiko Short


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<p class=3D"MsoPlainText">&gt; In 5.,&nbsp; there?s a missing space after t=
he comma after Sam?s second acknowledgement.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoPlainText"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoPlainText">Yep, I will add a space in the next version.<o:p>=
</o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal">Thanks,<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><b>Michiko S<span style=3D"color:gray">hort<o:p></o:=
p></span></b></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
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From: Seth Moore <sethmo@microsoft.com>
To: Greg Hudson <ghudson@mit.edu>, "kitten@ietf.org" <kitten@ietf.org>
Thread-Topic: [kitten] I-D Action: draft-ietf-kitten-pkinit-freshness-02.txt
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Archived-At: <http://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/msg/kitten/RszxlL6gvD1IwatGoxwfFWeFh1Q>
Subject: Re: [kitten] I-D Action: draft-ietf-kitten-pkinit-freshness-02.txt
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Thanks for the feedback, Greg.

> -----Original Message-----
> From: Kitten [mailto:kitten-bounces@ietf.org] On Behalf Of Greg Hudson
> Sent: Saturday, December 12, 2015 4:58 PM
> To: kitten@ietf.org

> KDC_ERR_PREAUTH_FAILED has been changed to
> KDC_ERR_PREAUTH_EXPIRED as I requested.  However, it still talks vaguely
> about including a freshness token in the error, which I noted as a proble=
m in
> my August 17 feedback.
>=20
> In RFC 4120, the e-data field is an octet string whose form and semantics
> depend on the error code, with speculation that it might contain TYPED-DA=
TA
> (a presumption which we have since abandoned).  Only
> KDC_ERR_PREAUTH_REQUIRED has a specified e-data format in RFC 4120;
> that format is METHOD-DATA, which is a SEQUENCE OF PA-DATA.
>=20
> RFC 6113 section 5.4.4 implicitly forces all error e-data to be in METHOD=
-DATA
> form if the error might occur in response to a FAST request.

Fair point. Michiko and I had a chat, and we agree it would be clearer to j=
ust=20
add an explicit note that the e-data is a METHOD-DATA which contains an=20
entry containing the PA_AS_FRESHNESSS octet string. This would be in sectio=
n
2.2 "Generation of KRB_ERROR Message". This should avoid implementation
Confusion.

> In my August 17 feedback, I suggested:
> > One alternative is to use KDC_ERR_PREAUTH_EXPIRED from RFC 6113.
> > There is no specification for including METHOD-DATA in such an error,
> > so the client would have to restart from scratch, without the benefit
> > of a newly valid freshness token.  But I think that is okay;
> > recovering from a delay which resulted in a not-so-fresh freshness
> > token should not be a common scenario.
>=20
> I still think that is the simplest thing to do.  There is no need to opti=
mize
> round-trips for such an uncommon scenario.  At a minimum, I think clients
> should be allowed to respond to KDC_ERR_PREAUTH_EXPIRED by restarting
> with an unauthenticated AS-REQ.

It would be a little simpler, sure. However, it seems overly pessimistic to=
 do=20
so. I'm not sure we know enough about possible implementations to state
that the expired error will truly be rare. In addition, any time a client p=
asses
expired freshness to a KDC, it seems safe to assume that the client will wa=
nt
a new freshness token. Why not just supply it to them?

Cheers,
Seth


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To: Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@MIT.EDU>, Luke Howard <lukeh@padl.com>
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From: Stefan Metzmacher <metze@samba.org>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] RFC 3961 AEAD extensions
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Hi Benjamin,

>> * No string-to-key function or associated checksum types will make mos=
t non-AEAD usages fail
>> * IV must be non-NULL on call to encrypt/decrypt
>> * AEAD encryption types unavailable except through krb5_encrypt_iov_iv=
ec API
>> * Encryption type enumerate APIs hide any AEAD types unless the consum=
er is RFC 4537
>>
>> Jeff: would be good to hear your thoughts on how useful GCM/etc are fo=
r
>> non-GSS-API use (e.g. OpenAFS).
>=20
> I'm not Jeff, but I am a coauthor on the rxgk-afs specs [0,1] that woul=
d
> be applicable for OpenAFS.  We only use GSS-API for a single negotiatio=
n
> loop in which the AFS server essentually functions as a kerberos KDC,
> vending a ticket-analogue ("token") that is used to authenticate
> subsequent connections.  The "session key" contained in that token (cal=
led
> the "token master key") is not used directly; instead a unique transpor=
t
> key is generated for each connection using PRF+ (this is section 8.3 of=

> [0]).  It is these subsequent connections that perform bulk data transf=
er,
> and one would expect that GCM/etc would provide some speed benefit, to =
the
> extent that the network stack is not the bottleneck.  (The OpenAFS rx
> stack is notoriously non-performant, particularly for links with large
> RTT.)  But, the network can be improved with "just" a "small matter of
> programming", so it seems beneficial to provide a way that these new
> enctypes could be used by non-GSSAPI protocols.

You may want to have a look at
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc246482.aspx
to see how aes-ccm-128 and aes-gcm-128 are used in SMB3.
It also uses GSSAPI to do the authentication and do custom crypto
based on the authentication session key.

metze


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From nobody Tue Dec 15 00:06:52 2015
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From: Luke Howard <lukeh@padl.com>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] RFC 3961 AEAD extensions
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Thanks Metze, very useful pointer. Out of interest do you know what =
their nonces look like? I=92m surprised they say the nonce formation is =
implementation-specific as they do not appear to be using different keys =
for each direction (so the implementations would need to cooperate to =
avoid repeating nonces).

(FWIW: SMB appears to use HMAC-SHA256 as the KDF hash function for =
GCM/CCM rather than CMAC.)

=97 Luke

> On 15 Dec 2015, at 6:33 PM, Stefan Metzmacher <metze@samba.org> wrote:
>=20
> You may want to have a look at
> https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc246482.aspx
> to see how aes-ccm-128 and aes-gcm-128 are used in SMB3.
> It also uses GSSAPI to do the authentication and do custom crypto
> based on the authentication session key.

--
www.lukehoward.com
soundcloud.com/lukehoward


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> On 15 Dec 2015, at 7:06 PM, Luke Howard <lukeh@padl.com> wrote:
>=20
> Thanks Metze, very useful pointer. Out of interest do you know what =
their nonces look like? I=92m surprised they say the nonce formation is =
implementation-specific as they do not appear to be using different keys =
for each direction (so the implementations would need to cooperate to =
avoid repeating nonces).

Sorry this was a bit misleading =96 what I meant to say is that, for =
GCM, you want to have a completely deterministic IV construction in =
order to not be limited to 2^32 invocations. But maybe this is not an =
issue for SMB3.

=97 Luke=


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From: Stefan Metzmacher <metze@samba.org>
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Hi Luke,

> Thanks Metze, very useful pointer. Out of interest do you know what the=
ir nonces look like? I=92m surprised they say the nonce formation is impl=
ementation-specific as they do not appear to be using different keys for =
each direction (so the implementations would need to cooperate to avoid r=
epeating nonces).
>=20
> (FWIW: SMB appears to use HMAC-SHA256 as the KDF hash function for GCM/=
CCM rather than CMAC.)

There's a encryption and a decryption key.

https://git.samba.org/?p=3Dsamba.git;a=3Dblob;f=3Dlibcli/smb/smbXcli_base=
=2Ec#l5565

Windows uses the nonce like this:

8 byte counter
8 byte session id

Depending on the algorithm the nonce is then truncated.

Samba uses this:

8 byte counter low
8 byte counter high

The high value is random and truncated by the algorithm nonce size.

See:
https://git.samba.org/?p=3Dsamba.git;a=3Dblob;f=3Dlibcli/smb/smbXcli_base=
=2Ec#l5737
https://git.samba.org/?p=3Dsamba.git;a=3Dblob;f=3Dlibcli/smb/smbXcli_base=
=2Ec#l2974

metze


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Subject: Re: [kitten] RFC 3961 AEAD extensions
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Hi Metze,

> There's a encryption and a decryption key.

Ah, thanks Metze, I=92d somehow missed that in [MS-SMB2]. Well, all is =
good then =96 sorry for the distraction!

=97 Luke=


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Barry Leiba has entered the following ballot position for
draft-ietf-kitten-rfc4402bis-02: No Objection

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----------------------------------------------------------------------
COMMENT:
----------------------------------------------------------------------

There is one thing I'd like to discuss here (lower-case "discuss"):

   This document obsoletes RFC 4402 and reclassifies that document as
   historic.

We don't have a clear sense of what "historic" means and how it interacts
with "obsolete", so let me start with how I look at it:
I think that a newer version of a protocol specification makes the old
version of that protocol obsolete.
I think that a protocol (but not a version) that is no longer recommended
for use might become historic.
I think that if we have a protocol called ABCDP, and we make a new
protocol called LMNOP that replaces ABCDP, we might likely make ABCDP
historic.
I think that if we then have an updated version of LMNOP, that obsoletes
the earlier version... but it doesn't make it historic.

So I question whether the "reclassifies as historic" is the right thing
here or not.  4402 will be marked "obsolete", and that should be enough.



From nobody Wed Dec 16 14:19:17 2015
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----------------------------------------------------------------------
COMMENT:
----------------------------------------------------------------------

I would have found a "changes from 4402" section helpful.

I concur with Barry's comment concerning obsoleting vs changing to
historical.



From nobody Thu Dec 17 04:39:39 2015
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From: Luke Howard <lukeh@padl.com>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] RFC 3961 AEAD extensions
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> On 15 Dec 2015, at 5:33 AM, Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@mit.edu> wrote:
>=20
> I suppose I did leave out the key fact that the OpenAFS/rxgk case is
> currently using raw 3961 crypto for its bulk data protection.  rxgk =
does
> have its own enctype negotiation scheme, though someone would need to =
do
> an audit to ensure that the "token master key" is not used anywhere
> without the appropriate key derivation to ensure global uniqueness.

Right, I took a quick look at your code/draft, the authenticator and =
packets are fine (the IV can contain the sequence number, where seq=3D0 =
for the authenticator). But token encryption may need more care.

=E2=80=94 Luke=


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From: "Alvaro Retana (aretana)" <aretana@cisco.com>
To: Barry Leiba <barryleiba@computer.org>, The IESG <iesg@ietf.org>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] Barry Leiba's No Objection on draft-ietf-kitten-rfc4402bis-02: (with COMMENT)
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On 12/16/15, 12:35 PM, "iesg on behalf of Barry Leiba"
<iesg-bounces@ietf.org on behalf of barryleiba@computer.org> wrote:

>So I question whether the "reclassifies as historic" is the right thing
>here or not.  4402 will be marked "obsolete", and that should be enough.

I agree.

Alvaro.


From nobody Thu Dec 17 06:05:43 2015
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Subject: Re: [kitten] Barry Leiba's No Objection on draft-ietf-kitten-rfc4402bis-02: (with COMMENT)
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On 17/12/15 14:03, Alvaro Retana (aretana) wrote:
> On 12/16/15, 12:35 PM, "iesg on behalf of Barry Leiba"
> <iesg-bounces@ietf.org on behalf of barryleiba@computer.org> wrote:
> 
>> So I question whether the "reclassifies as historic" is the right thing
>> here or not.  4402 will be marked "obsolete", and that should be enough.
> 
> I agree.

OTOH what harm is there is just leaving it as the WG
wanted? I see none.

S.

> 
> Alvaro.
> 
> _______________________________________________
> Kitten mailing list
> Kitten@ietf.org
> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/kitten
> 


From nobody Thu Dec 17 06:35:27 2015
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Subject: Re: [kitten] Barry Leiba's No Objection on draft-ietf-kitten-rfc4402bis-02: (with COMMENT)
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>>> So I question whether the "reclassifies as historic" is the right thing
>>> here or not.  4402 will be marked "obsolete", and that should be enough.
>
> OTOH what harm is there is just leaving it as the WG
> wanted? I see none.

The possible harm is that someone seeing that 4402 is Historic might
think that the *protocol* described in 4402 is Historic, and that's
not what we mean.  That's why Obsoletes and Historic are different
things.

Barry


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Subject: Re: [kitten] Barry Leiba's No Objection on draft-ietf-kitten-rfc4402bis-02: (with COMMENT)
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On 17/12/15 14:35, Barry Leiba wrote:
>>>> So I question whether the "reclassifies as historic" is the right thing
>>>> here or not.  4402 will be marked "obsolete", and that should be enough.
>>
>> OTOH what harm is there is just leaving it as the WG
>> wanted? I see none.
> 
> The possible harm is that someone seeing that 4402 is Historic might
> think that the *protocol* described in 4402 is Historic, and that's
> not what we mean.  That's why Obsoletes and Historic are different
> things.

Sure, that's a possible interpretation. My take is that
most RFC labels are ambiguous and slowly fluid (like
treacle:-) so I don't care much.

However in this case the kitten WG interpretation iiuc
is that the PRF in 4402 is historic (this one differing
substantively even if only in one input bit), so I think
we ought all be fine with that. IOW, I think you and they
are both correct if by "protocol" in your text one means
just the PRF.

Nobody is of course saying that Kerberos is historic. (Well,
not v5 anyway;-)

S

> 
> Barry
> 


From nobody Thu Dec 17 22:42:38 2015
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Subject: Re: [kitten] Barry Leiba's No Objection on draft-ietf-kitten-rfc4402bis-02: (with COMMENT)
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On 12/17/15 07:41 AM, Stephen Farrell wrote:
>
> On 17/12/15 14:35, Barry Leiba wrote:
>>>>> So I question whether the "reclassifies as historic" is the right thing
>>>>> here or not.  4402 will be marked "obsolete", and that should be enough.
>>> OTOH what harm is there is just leaving it as the WG
>>> wanted? I see none.
>> The possible harm is that someone seeing that 4402 is Historic might
>> think that the *protocol* described in 4402 is Historic, and that's
>> not what we mean.  That's why Obsoletes and Historic are different
>> things.
> Sure, that's a possible interpretation. My take is that
> most RFC labels are ambiguous and slowly fluid (like
> treacle:-) so I don't care much.
>
> However in this case the kitten WG interpretation iiuc
> is that the PRF in 4402 is historic (this one differing
> substantively even if only in one input bit), so I think
> we ought all be fine with that. IOW, I think you and they
> are both correct if by "protocol" in your text one means
> just the PRF.
>
> Nobody is of course saying that Kerberos is historic. (Well,
> not v5 anyway;-)

Yes, your differentiation is correct.  There was a least one vendor that 
had implemented 4402 as specified and could not interoperate. We want to 
make clear that the previous PRF is not to be relied upon (albeit to no 
fault of its own).

Shawn.
--


From nobody Sat Dec 19 16:45:22 2015
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From: Luke Howard <lukeh@padl.com>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] I-D Action: draft-ietf-kitten-aes-cts-hmac-sha2-08.txt
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So, what=E2=80=99s the next step for this? I can only speak to Heimdal, =
but would be great to get the implementation integrated.

=E2=80=94 Luke

> On 10 Dec 2015, at 9:46 AM, Greg Hudson <ghudson@MIT.EDU> wrote:
>=20
> On 12/09/2015 08:19 AM, Peck, Michael A wrote:
>> This -08 draft hopefully addresses Greg=E2=80=99s feedback =
(random-to-key function, cipherstate definition).
>=20
> I think these changes are correct and address my feedback.
>=20
> _______________________________________________
> Kitten mailing list
> Kitten@ietf.org
> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/kitten

--
www.lukehoward.com
soundcloud.com/lukehoward


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On 12/19/2015 7:43 PM, Luke Howard wrote:
> So, what=E2=80=99s the next step for this? I can only speak to Heimdal,=
 but would be great to get the implementation integrated.
>=20
> =E2=80=94 Luke
>

The document editor(s) request the Working Group chair(s) initiate
another Working Group Last Call.

Jeffrey Altman



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From nobody Mon Dec 21 10:24:04 2015
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Subject: [kitten] Protocol Action: 'Kerberos Authorization Data Container Authenticated by Multiple MACs' to Proposed Standard (draft-ietf-kitten-cammac-04.txt)
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The IESG has approved the following document:
- 'Kerberos Authorization Data Container Authenticated by Multiple MACs'
  (draft-ietf-kitten-cammac-04.txt) as Proposed Standard

This document is the product of the Common Authentication Technology Next
Generation Working Group.

The IESG contact persons are Stephen Farrell and Kathleen Moriarty.

A URL of this Internet Draft is:
https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-kitten-cammac/





Technical Summary

   This document specifies a Kerberos Authorization Data
   container that supersedes AD-KDC-ISSUED.  It allows for multiple
   Message Authentication Codes (MACs) or signatures to authenticate the
   contained Authorization Data elements.  This document updates RFC
   4120.

Working Group Summary

The review process for this document was quite spread out in time, with
action occurring in occasional bursts.  Almost all of the Kerberos
experts who regularly participate in the WG have contributed to
reviewing this document at some point in its history, but not
necessarily all at the same time.  There was a lot of discussion around
the time of the initial few revisions, but then a lull in activity.
Eventually it got a lot of review comments, which resulted in some
(substantive, but relatively minor) changes to the specification.  It
was unclear what level of review those changes had received, after
essentially no comments were received during a WGLC period for the -08,
so we solicited further comments at that time, and got thorough review
from two Kerberos experts, which the shepherd believes is sufficient.
These post-WGLC reviews were largely editorial, but there were four
issues of substance that were raised, two of which received heavy

There was a second last call for this document - an error was discovered
when this was in the RFC editor queue, it was taken back to the WG
and is now ready to jump all the hoops again.

Document Quality

There are not currently any implementations, but Red Hat and MIT plan
to collaborate to produce an implementation.  MIT has a partial
implementation of an en/decoder for the ASN.1 types. (Not sure if
that's still correct, but I guess it can't have gotten worse:-)

Personnel

  The document shepherd is Benjamin Kaduk.  
  The irresponsible Area Director is Stephen Farrell.


From nobody Mon Dec 21 11:05:14 2015
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Subject: [kitten] Protocol Action: 'A Pseudo-Random Function (PRF) for the Kerberos V Generic Security Service Application Program Interface (GSS-API) Mechanism' to Proposed Standard (draft-ietf-kitten-rfc4402bis-02.txt)
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The IESG has approved the following document:
- 'A Pseudo-Random Function (PRF) for the Kerberos V Generic Security
   Service Application Program Interface (GSS-API) Mechanism'
  (draft-ietf-kitten-rfc4402bis-02.txt) as Proposed Standard

This document is the product of the Common Authentication Technology Next
Generation Working Group.

The IESG contact persons are Stephen Farrell and Kathleen Moriarty.

A URL of this Internet Draft is:
https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-kitten-rfc4402bis/





Technical Summary

   This document defines the Pseudo-Random Function (PRF) for the
   Kerberos V mechanism for the Generic Security Service Application
   Program Interface (GSS-API), based on the PRF defined for the
   Kerberos V cryptographic framework, for keying application protocols
   given an established Kerberos V GSS-API security context.

   This document obsoletes RFC 4402 and reclassifies that document as
   historic.  RFC 4402 starts the PRF+ counter at 1, however a number of
   implementations starts the counter at 0.  As a result, the original
   specification would not be interoperable with existing
   implementations.

Working Group Summary

This document is necessary because implementors of RFC 4402 erred
when implementing the PRF+ construct, starting the counter variable
at zero instead of one.  The error was present in multiple releases
of a shipping implementation when a second implementor discovered
the error in interoperability testing; that second implementor also
started the counter variable at zero for compatibility.  This document
serves to update RFC 4402 and reflect the implementation reality
that is deployed and functioning interoperably.  It is being published
as a Standards Track document to match RFC 4402 which it replaces,
as is consistent with most work on Kerberos in the IETF.

Document Quality


There is strong consensus for this document, which only differs from
RFC 4402 in the change of the initial value of the counter variable
and the removal of an unneeded and confusing paragraph from the
security considerations section.  It also adds test vectors, which
have been verified by two implementations (MIT and Heimdal Kerberos).
The WGLC period was part of a combined WGLC for three "bis" documents,
over a period of four weeks.  Most of the prominent WG contributors
reviewed the document, and no substantive issues were found (though
a couple of regressions from RFC 4402 were noted and fixed).

Personnel


Benjamin Kaduk is the document shepherd.  Stephen Farrell is the
responsible Area Director.


From nobody Sat Dec 26 06:55:21 2015
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From: "Peck, Michael A" <mpeck@mitre.org>
To: Jeffrey Altman <jaltman@secure-endpoints.com>, "kitten@ietf.org" <kitten@ietf.org>, "kitten-chairs@ietf.org" <kitten-chairs@ietf.org>
Thread-Topic: [kitten] I-D Action: draft-ietf-kitten-aes-cts-hmac-sha2-08.txt
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Subject: Re: [kitten] I-D Action: draft-ietf-kitten-aes-cts-hmac-sha2-08.txt
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Date: Sat, 26 Dec 2015 16:43:42 -0500 (EST)
From: Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@MIT.EDU>
To: Greg Hudson <ghudson@MIT.EDU>
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Subject: Re: [kitten] I-D Action: draft-ietf-kitten-aes-cts-hmac-sha2-07.txt
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On Thu, 3 Dec 2015, Greg Hudson wrote:

> On 12/03/2015 01:32 PM, Peck, Michael A wrote:
> > We would appreciate working group feedback on this new finally posted draft.
>
> > While removing truncation from the PRF output, we also changed (with the goal of simplifying) the PRF computation (end of section 5 / top of page 7).
>
> I think that's a good change.  The old definition performed two HMACs,
> the first with a fixed string and the second with the PRF input.  The
> new definition stuffs the PRF input into the first HMAC along with the
> fixed parts.

I think I had asked for/suggested this, out of an abundance of caution and
a sense of alignment with some other PRF scheme in the sense of having an
intermediate Kp.  (Maybe in [0]?)

I believe the version in the -08 is fine, though -- me-from-2014 was
probably overcautious.

-Ben


[0] http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/kitten/current/msg04692.html


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Date: Sat, 26 Dec 2015 17:05:10 -0500 (EST)
From: Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@MIT.EDU>
To: Luke Howard <lukeh@padl.com>
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  This message is in MIME format.  The first part should be readable text,
  while the remaining parts are likely unreadable without MIME-aware tools.

---559023410-879165757-1451167510=:26829
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On Wed, 9 Dec 2015, Luke Howard wrote:

>
> Greg =E2=80=93 what do you think about default enctype ordering, should i=
t be
> preferred over the 3962 enctypes?

I'm not Greg, and this topic is out of scope for the document at hand, but
probably merits some discussion.  The immediate benefits of these new
enctypes are somewhat marginal -- use of encrypt-then-mac-with-confounder
instead of encrypt-and-mac-with-confounder is a more well-known secure
construction and a wider security margin due to the larger tag, and it
allows people to check off the box that they don't use SHA-1.  But, the
ciphertexts are larger, and there are potential issues if a service ends
up with a key for the new enctype but without software that can handle it.

For me, that would indicate a pretty gradual adoption scheme -- for a
software distribution like MIT krb5 that has regular releases, ship a
version that supports the new enctype but doesn't use it by default
anywhere, then in the next release start offering it for AS exchanges
(i.e., obtaining tickets that are mostly only going to be sent back to the
KDC and not to random application servers) and generating keys for it but
leave it un-preferred elsewhere, then in the following release consider
increasing its priority more generally.  I'm not sure whether Heimdal
would be able to get away with such a delayed rollout, though.

-Ben
---559023410-879165757-1451167510=:26829--


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Date: Sat, 26 Dec 2015 17:19:29 -0500 (EST)
From: Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@MIT.EDU>
To: "Peck, Michael A" <mpeck@mitre.org>
In-Reply-To: <0A463374-4AFC-48D8-884E-090441465E2D@mitre.org>
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Cc: "kitten@ietf.org" <kitten@ietf.org>, "kitten-chairs@ietf.org" <kitten-chairs@ietf.org>
Subject: Re: [kitten] I-D Action: draft-ietf-kitten-aes-cts-hmac-sha2-08.txt
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Thanks for all the updates; the diff between the -06 and the -08 looks
good.  I expect that the chairs will be able to start a new WGLC soon.

-Ben

On Sat, 26 Dec 2015, Peck, Michael A wrote:

> Thanks all for the feedback and the efforts put in to implement the draft=
 and verify the test vectors.
> We request that the chairs initiate another Working Group Last Call for d=
raft-ietf-kitten-aes-cts-hmac-sha2.
>
> Mike Peck
>
>
>
>
> On 12/19/15, 8:37 PM, "Kitten on behalf of Jeffrey Altman" <kitten-bounce=
s@ietf.org on behalf of jaltman@secure-endpoints.com> wrote:
>
> >On 12/19/2015 7:43 PM, Luke Howard wrote:
> >> So, what=E2=80=99s the next step for this? I can only speak to Heimdal=
, but would be great to get the implementation integrated.
> >>
> >> =E2=80=94 Luke
> >>
> >
> >The document editor(s) request the Working Group chair(s) initiate
> >another Working Group Last Call.
> >
> >Jeffrey Altman
> >
> >
>
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