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From: Acee Lindem <acee@REDBACK.COM>
Subject: Re: DB Synchronization
To: OSPF@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM
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If the everything matches between restarts (type, LS ID, advertising
router,
initial sequence number,  and  checksum) , I  don't see  any solution in
the
base protocol specification.

However, a router performing graceful restart will initially accept it's
pre-restart
LSAs. Hence,  when graceful restart terminates the restarting router will
originate a new LSA and purge the stale one.

Rikki Nguyen wrote:

> You seem to be correct.  I missed the part about the netmasks.
> The zero and negative-zero (0xff) has the same affect on
> the checksum, hence they end up being the same.  I don't see
> any other way of correcting this besides forcibly sending
> LS-Requests for self-originated LSA's.
>
> Parag Deshpande wrote:
>
>> I ran a small program with the following values -
>>
>> In this case the checksums are always the same! because
>> m1 & m2 are multiple of 8.
>> m1= 16 m2 = 24. ( also 8, 32)
>>
>> CK_SUM({00, 00, 00, FF}, 4) = CK_SUM( {00,00,FF,FF}, 4)
>> = CK_SUM( {00,FF,FF,FF},  4) = CK_SUM( {FF,FF,FF,FF}, 4)
>> = 0xFFFF
>>
>> (It does not matter what N1 is)
>>
>> Or I am goofing up somewhere :-)
>>
>> Parag
>>
>> ----- Original Message -----
>> From: Rikki Nguyen <rikki@REDBACK.COM>
>> To: <OSPF@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM>
>> Sent: Friday, August 29, 2003 12:53 PM
>> Subject: Re: DB Synchronization
>>
>>
>>
>>> Parag Deshpande wrote:
>>>
>>>> Hi,
>>>>
>>>> I had a doubt ->
>>>>
>>>> 2 routers A and B have an ospf adjacency.
>>>>
>>>> Router A sends an ASExt lsa for network N1/m1 with LSID = N1.
>>>> Then Router A goes down & comes up again & reoriginates
>>>> ASExt lsa for network N1/m2 with LSID = N1 and then
>>>> gets adjacent with Router B.
>>>>
>>>> **where m1 != m2 & they are multiple of 8. (/8, /16..)
>>>> also assuming that all other parameters are same.
>>>>
>>>> However in this case the DB Exchange will fail to
>>>> synchronize these LSAs bcoz they appear
>>>> to be similar- LSID, SeqNum, Checksums being equal**
>>>> and thus will have to wait for the LSA to get refreshed.
>>>
>>>
>>> The checksum is computed over the entire LSA body,
>>> this includes the netmask.  Since the netmasks are
>>> different, it would be difficult for the checksum
>>> to be the same.
>>>
>>>
>>>> I was wondering whether this can be resolved faster.
>>>>
>>>> Thanks
>>>> Parag
>>>>
>>>
>>
>


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From: Internet-Drafts@ietf.org
Subject: I-D ACTION:draft-bhatia-manral-diff-isis-ospf-00.txt
Comments: cc: isis-wg@ietf.org
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--NextPart

A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories.


        Title           : IS-IS and OSPF Difference Discussions
        Author(s)       : V. Manral, M. Bhatia
        Filename        : draft-bhatia-manral-diff-isis-ospf-00.txt
        Pages           : 42
        Date            : 2003-9-4

The increasing popularity of IS-IS [IS-IS] and OSPF [OSPF] over
the years has drawn significant attention to the relative merits
and de-merits of one with respect to the other. This draft presents
an elaborate comparison between the two routing protocols to explain
how the features and functionalities of one differs from the other.
Wherever applicable the differences between OSPFv2 and OSPFv3[OSPFv3]
have also been pointed out.

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From owner-ospf@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM  Thu Sep  4 17:04:34 2003
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This is going to be a multiple part comment,

        A) nits

        1) Abstract

        [IS-IS]  -> Has no item specified in References

        2) 1. Terminologies

        End System - Host   --> End System (ES) - Host
        Intermediate System - Router  ---> Intermediate System (IS) - Router

        Need something to specify that IS-IS uses the L1 and L2 to specify
        Level 1 and Level 2 respectively.

        3) References

        What are those strange characters? See [Martley], [Mesh], [OOB],
                                                [TUNNEL],

        4) 8. Checks on ...

        atleast --> at least

-------

        B) Technical comments

        1) 6.1 DR election deterministic..

        is sticky meaning --> is somewhat sticky because after the wait time
        has expired and a router has been elected, it tends to stay in that
        elected position. The reason that it is not fully stiicky is that
        if a elected router is added to a interface because of area merging,
        a DR will be selected from the two routers. This behaviour is specified
        in the OSPF RFCs.

        2) 7. Areas / Hierarchy

        There is a mixture of Level and L usages... You should probably pick
        one and stay with it.

        IS-IS

        - Routers are identified as L1, or L2, or L1/L2 routers.

        OSPF

        - Divides the routing domain into multiple area types.

        - The backbone area, area 0.0.0.0 or 0, is used to send packets
          from one non-backbone area to another non-backbone area.

        3) MTU Limitations

        OSPF

                Add

        - When the MTU values differ between routers, IP protocol
          allows the configuration to support non-fragmenting of packets that
are
          greater than MTU size and can result in the complete loss of packets.

        - When a packet is sent that is greater than MTU size and congestion
          occurs or is approaching (random early discard) within the internet,
          some implementations will drop these larger packets first.

        - When a packet is sent that is greater than MTU size, the loss of any
          part of this fragment will cause the complete packet to be resent.

        - Some vendors support disabling the MTU mismatch detection that
          would allow the adjacency to attempt to form.

        - Please note that MTU mismatch is one of a number of causes that
          can cause an adjacency to be stuck in exstart. One example could
          be duplicate router-ids.

        Mitchell Erblich
        Sr Software Engineer
        ---------------------------






Internet-Drafts@IETF.ORG wrote:
>
> A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories.
>
>         Title           : IS-IS and OSPF Difference Discussions
>         Author(s)       : V. Manral, M. Bhatia
>         Filename        : draft-bhatia-manral-diff-isis-ospf-00.txt
>         Pages           : 42
>         Date            : 2003-9-4
>
> The increasing popularity of IS-IS [IS-IS] and OSPF [OSPF] over
> the years has drawn significant attention to the relative merits
> and de-merits of one with respect to the other. This draft presents
> an elaborate comparison between the two routing protocols to explain
> how the features and functionalities of one differs from the other.
> Wherever applicable the differences between OSPFv2 and OSPFv3[OSPFv3]
> have also been pointed out.
>
> A URL for this Internet-Draft is:
> http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-bhatia-manral-diff-isis-ospf-00.txt
>
> To remove yourself from the IETF Announcement list, send a message to
> ietf-announce-request with the word unsubscribe in the body of the message.
>
> Internet-Drafts are also available by anonymous FTP. Login with the username
> "anonymous" and a password of your e-mail address. After logging in,
> type "cd internet-drafts" and then
>         "get draft-bhatia-manral-diff-isis-ospf-00.txt".
>
> A list of Internet-Drafts directories can be found in
> http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html
> or ftp://ftp.ietf.org/ietf/1shadow-sites.txt
>
> Internet-Drafts can also be obtained by e-mail.
>
> Send a message to:
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>
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>         exhibit different behavior, especially when dealing with
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From owner-ospf@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM  Fri Sep  5 02:22:58 2003
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From: Rohit Gupta <rohitgupta416@YAHOO.COM>
Subject: Elementary Problem!
To: OSPF@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM
Precedence: list

What happens when two OSPF speaking routers are
simultaneously switched on a broadcast network? Both
of them will put the DR and the BDR as Zero in their
HELLO packets.

They will both start with Neighbor Down state and
Interface down state. Once the Interface will come up
both will go to Waiting state. Now when they recieve
the HELLO message listiing each other they will reach
the 2-Way state.

What happens after that is not clear to me from the
RFC. How does the DR and BDR get elected? DO we wait
for the Wait timer to get expired?

The scenario is clear to me when one of them has
already elected a DR and a BDR. What is not clear to
me is when none of them have elected a DR and BDR.

Please help!

Regards,
Rohit


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From owner-ospf@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM  Fri Sep  5 02:43:32 2003
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From: Farshad Tavallaei <farshad@ONEBOX.COM>
Subject: Re: Elementary Problem!
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Rohit,

Here is a copy/paste from the RFC (please read carefully and tell me
what part you don't understand):

Electing the Designated Router

        This section describes the algorithm used for calculating a
        network's Designated Router and Backup Designated Router.  This
        algorithm is invoked by the Interface state machine.  The
initial time a router runs the election algorithm for a network,
the network's Designated Router and Backup Designated Router are
        initialized to 0.0.0.0.  This indicates the lack of both a
        Designated Router and a Backup Designated Router.

        The Designated Router election algorithm proceeds as follows:
        Call the router doing the calculation Router X.  The list of
        neighbors attached to the network and having established
        bidirectional communication with Router X is examined.  This
        list is precisely the collection of Router X's neighbors (on
this network) whose state is greater than or equal to 2-Way (see
        Section 10.1).  Router X itself is also considered to be on the
        list.  Discard all routers from the list that are ineligible to
        become Designated Router.  (Routers having Router Priority of 0
        are ineligible to become Designated Router.)  The following
        steps are then executed, considering only those routers that
        remain on the list:

        (1) Note the current values for the network's Designated Router
            and Backup Designated Router.  This is used later for
            comparison purposes.

        (2) Calculate the new Backup Designated Router for the network
            as follows.  Only those routers on the list that have not
            declared themselves to be Designated Router are eligible to
            become Backup Designated Router.  If one or more of these
            routers have declared themselves Backup Designated Router
            (i.e., they are currently listing themselves as Backup
            Designated Router, but not as Designated Router, in their
            Hello Packets) the one having highest Router Priority is
            declared to be Backup Designated Router.  In case of a tie,
            the one having the highest Router ID is chosen.  If no
            routers have declared themselves Backup Designated Router,
            choose the router having highest Router Priority, (again
            excluding those routers who have declared themselves
            Designated Router), and again use the Router ID to break
            ties.

        (3) Calculate the new Designated Router for the network as
            follows.  If one or more of the routers have declared
            themselves Designated Router (i.e., they are currently
            listing themselves as Designated Router in their Hello
            Packets) the one having highest Router Priority is declared
            to be Designated Router.  In case of a tie, the one having
            the highest Router ID is chosen.  If no routers have
declared themselves Designated Router, assign the Designated Router to
be the same as the newly elected Backup Designated Router.

        (4) If Router X is now newly the Designated Router or newly the
Backup Designated Router, or is now no longer the Designated Router or
no longer the Backup Designated Router, repeat steps 2 and 3, and then
proceed to step 5.  For example, if Router X is now the Designated
Router, when step 2 is repeated X will no longer be eligible for Backup
Designated Router election.  Among other things, this will ensure that
no router will declare itself both Backup Designated Router and
Designated Router.[5]

        (5) As a result of these calculations, the router itself may now
            be Designated Router or Backup Designated Router.  See
            Sections 7.3 and 7.4 for the additional duties this would
            entail.  The router's interface state should be set
accordingly.  If the router itself is now Designated Router, the new
interface state is DR.  If the router itself is now Backup Designated
Router, the new interface state is Backup. Otherwise, the new interface
state is DR Other.

        (6) If the attached network is non-broadcast, and the router
            itself has just become either Designated Router or Backup
            Designated Router, it must start sending Hello Packets to
            those neighbors that are not eligible to become Designated
            Router (see Section 9.5.1).  This is done by invoking the
            neighbor event Start for each neighbor having a Router
            Priority of 0.

        (7) If the above calculations have caused the identity of either
the Designated Router or Backup Designated Router to change, the set of
adjacencies associated with this interface will need to be modified.
Some adjacencies may need to be formed, and others may need to be
broken.  To accomplish this, invoke the event AdjOK?  on all neighbors
whose state is at least 2-Way.  This will cause their eligibility for
adjacency to be reexamined.

        The reason behind the election algorithm's complexity is the
        desire for an orderly transition from Backup Designated Router
        to Designated Router, when the current Designated Router fails.
        This orderly transition is ensured through the introduction of
        hysteresis: no new Backup Designated Router can be chosen until
        the old Backup accepts its new Designated Router
        responsibilities.

        The above procedure may elect the same router to be both
        Designated Router and Backup Designated Router, although that
        router will never be the calculating router (Router X) itself.
        The elected Designated Router may not be the router having the
        highest Router Priority, nor will the Backup Designated Router
        necessarily have the second highest Router Priority.  If Router
        X is not itself eligible to become Designated Router, it is
        possible that neither a Backup Designated Router nor a
        Designated Router will be selected in the above procedure.

        Note also that if Router X is the only attached router that is
        eligible to become Designated Router, it will select itself as
        Designated Router and there will be no Backup Designated Router
        for the network.


Best regards,

Farshad


-----Original Message-----
From: Mailing List [mailto:OSPF@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM] On Behalf Of Rohit
Gupta
Sent: Thursday, September 04, 2003 11:23 PM
To: OSPF@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM
Subject: Elementary Problem!

What happens when two OSPF speaking routers are
simultaneously switched on a broadcast network? Both
of them will put the DR and the BDR as Zero in their
HELLO packets.

They will both start with Neighbor Down state and
Interface down state. Once the Interface will come up
both will go to Waiting state. Now when they recieve
the HELLO message listiing each other they will reach
the 2-Way state.

What happens after that is not clear to me from the
RFC. How does the DR and BDR get elected? DO we wait
for the Wait timer to get expired?

The scenario is clear to me when one of them has
already elected a DR and a BDR. What is not clear to
me is when none of them have elected a DR and BDR.

Please help!

Regards,
Rohit


__________________________________
Do you Yahoo!?
Yahoo! SiteBuilder - Free, easy-to-use web site design software
http://sitebuilder.yahoo.com


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From: Rohit Dube <rohit@UTSTAR.COM>
Subject: Re: Working Group Last Call for draft-ietf-ospf-scalability-06.txt
Comments: cc: fenner@research.att.com, zinin@psg.com
To: OSPF@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM
In-Reply-To:  Message from Rohit Dube <rohit@UTSTAR.COM> of "Thu, 21 Aug 2003
              15:01:49 EDT." <200308211901.PAA14415@bigbird.nj.us.utstar.com>
Precedence: list

This working group call has ended without further comment.
The drafts now goes back to the ADs.

FYI,
--rohit.

On Thu, 21 Aug 2003 15:01:49 -0400 Rohit Dube writes:
=>This is the start of a Working Group last call for
=>Prioritized Treatment of Specific OSPF Packets and
=>Congestion Avoidance (draft-ietf-ospf-scalability-06.txt).
=>All comments should be received by 5PM (US Eastern), 09/04/2003.
=>
=>A previous (-05) version of this draft completed a WG last call on
=>June 13, 2003. It has since been reviewed by the ADs and this version
=>addresses their concerns.
=>
=>The draft can be found at
=>http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-ospf-scalability-06.txt
=>
=>--rohit.
___


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From: Erblichs <erblichs@EARTHLINK.NET>
Subject: Re: B: Re: I-D ACTION:draft-bhatia-manral-diff-isis-ospf-00.txt
To: OSPF@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM
Precedence: list
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Part B: really short

        A) Nits

        1 ) Terminology

                There is no DR specified. However, there is a BDR specified.

                BDR should be specified after Backup Designated Router.

        2) 5.2 ATM Encapsulation

                TCP ACK  ??won??t  : will not

        3) 8. Checks on Hellos ...

                remove "-" at the end of the first paragraph.


                [RFC1195] : should have a blank space after RFC and
                be specified in references

                RFC1195 : should have a blank space or a "-"

        4) Probably should have DRothers..


        B) Technical comments


        ADDDD:
        OSPFv2 and OSPFv3 only form adjacencies between DRothers with the
hellos
        from the DR and/or the BDR in BMA and NBMA network configurations.

        The E-bit and N-bit are found in the options field of the hello
        packet.


        Mitchell Erblich
        Sr Software Engineer
        ------------------------------






Erblichs wrote:
>
> This is going to be a multiple part comment,
>
>         A) nits
>
>         1) Abstract
>
>         [IS-IS]  -> Has no item specified in References
>
>         2) 1. Terminologies
>
>         End System - Host   --> End System (ES) - Host
>         Intermediate System - Router  ---> Intermediate System (IS) - Router
>
>         Need something to specify that IS-IS uses the L1 and L2 to specify
>         Level 1 and Level 2 respectively.
>
>         3) References
>
>         What are those strange characters? See [Martley], [Mesh], [OOB],
>                                                 [TUNNEL],
>
>         4) 8. Checks on ...
>
>         atleast --> at least
>
> -------
>
>         B) Technical comments
>
>         1) 6.1 DR election deterministic..
>
>         is sticky meaning --> is somewhat sticky because after the wait time
>         has expired and a router has been elected, it tends to stay in that
>         elected position. The reason that it is not fully stiicky is that
>         if a elected router is added to a interface because of area merging,
>         a DR will be selected from the two routers. This behaviour is specified
>         in the OSPF RFCs.
>
>         2) 7. Areas / Hierarchy
>
>         There is a mixture of Level and L usages... You should probably pick
>         one and stay with it.
>
>         IS-IS
>
>         - Routers are identified as L1, or L2, or L1/L2 routers.
>
>         OSPF
>
>         - Divides the routing domain into multiple area types.
>
>         - The backbone area, area 0.0.0.0 or 0, is used to send packets
>           from one non-backbone area to another non-backbone area.
>
>         3) MTU Limitations
>
>         OSPF
>
>                 Add
>
>         - When the MTU values differ between routers, IP protocol
>           allows the configuration to support non-fragmenting of packets that
> are
>           greater than MTU size and can result in the complete loss of packets.
>
>         - When a packet is sent that is greater than MTU size and congestion
>           occurs or is approaching (random early discard) within the internet,
>           some implementations will drop these larger packets first.
>
>         - When a packet is sent that is greater than MTU size, the loss of any
>           part of this fragment will cause the complete packet to be resent.
>
>         - Some vendors support disabling the MTU mismatch detection that
>           would allow the adjacency to attempt to form.
>
>         - Please note that MTU mismatch is one of a number of causes that
>           can cause an adjacency to be stuck in exstart. One example could
>           be duplicate router-ids.
>
>         Mitchell Erblich
>         Sr Software Engineer
>         ---------------------------
>
> Internet-Drafts@IETF.ORG wrote:
> >
> > A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories.
> >
> >         Title           : IS-IS and OSPF Difference Discussions
> >         Author(s)       : V. Manral, M. Bhatia
> >         Filename        : draft-bhatia-manral-diff-isis-ospf-00.txt
> >         Pages           : 42
> >         Date            : 2003-9-4
> >
> > The increasing popularity of IS-IS [IS-IS] and OSPF [OSPF] over
> > the years has drawn significant attention to the relative merits
> > and de-merits of one with respect to the other. This draft presents
> > an elaborate comparison between the two routing protocols to explain
> > how the features and functionalities of one differs from the other.
> > Wherever applicable the differences between OSPFv2 and OSPFv3[OSPFv3]
> > have also been pointed out.
> >
> > A URL for this Internet-Draft is:
> > http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-bhatia-manral-diff-isis-ospf-00.txt
> >
> > To remove yourself from the IETF Announcement list, send a message to
> > ietf-announce-request with the word unsubscribe in the body of the message.
> >
> > Internet-Drafts are also available by anonymous FTP. Login with the username
> > "anonymous" and a password of your e-mail address. After logging in,
> > type "cd internet-drafts" and then
> >         "get draft-bhatia-manral-diff-isis-ospf-00.txt".
> >
> > A list of Internet-Drafts directories can be found in
> > http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html
> > or ftp://ftp.ietf.org/ietf/1shadow-sites.txt
> >
> > Internet-Drafts can also be obtained by e-mail.
> >
> > Send a message to:
> >         mailserv@ietf.org.
> > In the body type:
> >         "FILE /internet-drafts/draft-bhatia-manral-diff-isis-ospf-00.txt".
> >
> > NOTE:   The mail server at ietf.org can return the document in
> >         MIME-encoded form by using the "mpack" utility.  To use this
> >         feature, insert the command "ENCODING mime" before the "FILE"
> >         command.  To decode the response(s), you will need "munpack" or
> >         a MIME-compliant mail reader.  Different MIME-compliant mail readers
> >         exhibit different behavior, especially when dealing with
> >         "multipart" MIME messages (i.e. documents which have been split
> >         up into multiple messages), so check your local documentation on
> >         how to manipulate these messages.
> >
> > Below is the data which will enable a MIME compliant mail reader
> > implementation to automatically retrieve the ASCII version of the
> > Internet-Draft.
> >
> >   ------------------------------------------------------------------------
> > Content-Type: text/plain
> > Content-ID:     <2003-9-4095456.I-D@ietf.org>


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From: Manral Vishwas-G19459 <vishwas@MOTOROLA.COM>
Subject: Re: B: Re: I-D ACTION:draft-bhatia-manral-diff-isis-ospf-00.txt
To: OSPF@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM
Precedence: list

Hi folks,

I have taken these comments on another list.

Thanks,
Vishwas

-----Original Message-----
From: Erblichs [mailto:erblichs@EARTHLINK.NET]
Sent: Saturday, September 06, 2003 02:27
To: OSPF@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM
Subject: Re: B: Re: I-D ACTION:draft-bhatia-manral-diff-isis-ospf-00.txt


Part B: really short

        A) Nits

        1 ) Terminology

                There is no DR specified. However, there is a BDR specified.

                BDR should be specified after Backup Designated Router.

        2) 5.2 ATM Encapsulation

                TCP ACK  ??won??t  : will not

        3) 8. Checks on Hellos ...

                remove "-" at the end of the first paragraph.


                [RFC1195] : should have a blank space after RFC and
                be specified in references

                RFC1195 : should have a blank space or a "-"

        4) Probably should have DRothers..


        B) Technical comments


        ADDDD:
        OSPFv2 and OSPFv3 only form adjacencies between DRothers with the
hellos
        from the DR and/or the BDR in BMA and NBMA network configurations.

        The E-bit and N-bit are found in the options field of the hello
        packet.


        Mitchell Erblich
        Sr Software Engineer
        ------------------------------






Erblichs wrote:
>
> This is going to be a multiple part comment,
>
>         A) nits
>
>         1) Abstract
>
>         [IS-IS]  -> Has no item specified in References
>
>         2) 1. Terminologies
>
>         End System - Host   --> End System (ES) - Host
>         Intermediate System - Router  ---> Intermediate System (IS) - Router
>
>         Need something to specify that IS-IS uses the L1 and L2 to specify
>         Level 1 and Level 2 respectively.
>
>         3) References
>
>         What are those strange characters? See [Martley], [Mesh], [OOB],
>                                                 [TUNNEL],
>
>         4) 8. Checks on ...
>
>         atleast --> at least
>
> -------
>
>         B) Technical comments
>
>         1) 6.1 DR election deterministic..
>
>         is sticky meaning --> is somewhat sticky because after the wait time
>         has expired and a router has been elected, it tends to stay in that
>         elected position. The reason that it is not fully stiicky is that
>         if a elected router is added to a interface because of area merging,
>         a DR will be selected from the two routers. This behaviour is specified
>         in the OSPF RFCs.
>
>         2) 7. Areas / Hierarchy
>
>         There is a mixture of Level and L usages... You should probably pick
>         one and stay with it.
>
>         IS-IS
>
>         - Routers are identified as L1, or L2, or L1/L2 routers.
>
>         OSPF
>
>         - Divides the routing domain into multiple area types.
>
>         - The backbone area, area 0.0.0.0 or 0, is used to send packets
>           from one non-backbone area to another non-backbone area.
>
>         3) MTU Limitations
>
>         OSPF
>
>                 Add
>
>         - When the MTU values differ between routers, IP protocol
>           allows the configuration to support non-fragmenting of packets that
> are
>           greater than MTU size and can result in the complete loss of packets.
>
>         - When a packet is sent that is greater than MTU size and congestion
>           occurs or is approaching (random early discard) within the internet,
>           some implementations will drop these larger packets first.
>
>         - When a packet is sent that is greater than MTU size, the loss of any
>           part of this fragment will cause the complete packet to be resent.
>
>         - Some vendors support disabling the MTU mismatch detection that
>           would allow the adjacency to attempt to form.
>
>         - Please note that MTU mismatch is one of a number of causes that
>           can cause an adjacency to be stuck in exstart. One example could
>           be duplicate router-ids.
>
>         Mitchell Erblich
>         Sr Software Engineer
>         ---------------------------
>
> Internet-Drafts@IETF.ORG wrote:
> >
> > A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories.
> >
> >         Title           : IS-IS and OSPF Difference Discussions
> >         Author(s)       : V. Manral, M. Bhatia
> >         Filename        : draft-bhatia-manral-diff-isis-ospf-00.txt
> >         Pages           : 42
> >         Date            : 2003-9-4
> >
> > The increasing popularity of IS-IS [IS-IS] and OSPF [OSPF] over
> > the years has drawn significant attention to the relative merits
> > and de-merits of one with respect to the other. This draft presents
> > an elaborate comparison between the two routing protocols to explain
> > how the features and functionalities of one differs from the other.
> > Wherever applicable the differences between OSPFv2 and OSPFv3[OSPFv3]
> > have also been pointed out.
> >
> > A URL for this Internet-Draft is:
> > http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-bhatia-manral-diff-isis-ospf-00.txt
> >
> > To remove yourself from the IETF Announcement list, send a message to
> > ietf-announce-request with the word unsubscribe in the body of the message.
> >
> > Internet-Drafts are also available by anonymous FTP. Login with the username
> > "anonymous" and a password of your e-mail address. After logging in,
> > type "cd internet-drafts" and then
> >         "get draft-bhatia-manral-diff-isis-ospf-00.txt".
> >
> > A list of Internet-Drafts directories can be found in
> > http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html
> > or ftp://ftp.ietf.org/ietf/1shadow-sites.txt
> >
> > Internet-Drafts can also be obtained by e-mail.
> >
> > Send a message to:
> >         mailserv@ietf.org.
> > In the body type:
> >         "FILE /internet-drafts/draft-bhatia-manral-diff-isis-ospf-00.txt".
> >
> > NOTE:   The mail server at ietf.org can return the document in
> >         MIME-encoded form by using the "mpack" utility.  To use this
> >         feature, insert the command "ENCODING mime" before the "FILE"
> >         command.  To decode the response(s), you will need "munpack" or
> >         a MIME-compliant mail reader.  Different MIME-compliant mail readers
> >         exhibit different behavior, especially when dealing with
> >         "multipart" MIME messages (i.e. documents which have been split
> >         up into multiple messages), so check your local documentation on
> >         how to manipulate these messages.
> >
> > Below is the data which will enable a MIME compliant mail reader
> > implementation to automatically retrieve the ASCII version of the
> > Internet-Draft.
> >
> >   ------------------------------------------------------------------------
> > Content-Type: text/plain
> > Content-ID:     <2003-9-4095456.I-D@ietf.org>


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From: Erblichs <erblichs@EARTHLINK.NET>
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Rohit,

        If you want a short answer here it is.

        If these two routers are the only ones
        on this broadcast networks, then they
        wait until the Wait timer expires to
        see if anyone annouces a DR and/or
        BDR.

        During that time we will form neighbors
        between these new routers if a number of
        parameters are consistent.

        Each router will then do the appropriate
        DR/BDR election.

        Mitchell Erblich
        Sr Software Engineer
        -------------------------


Rohit Gupta wrote:
>
> What happens when two OSPF speaking routers are
> simultaneously switched on a broadcast network? Both
> of them will put the DR and the BDR as Zero in their
> HELLO packets.
>
> They will both start with Neighbor Down state and
> Interface down state. Once the Interface will come up
> both will go to Waiting state. Now when they recieve
> the HELLO message listiing each other they will reach
> the 2-Way state.
>
> What happens after that is not clear to me from the
> RFC. How does the DR and BDR get elected? DO we wait
> for the Wait timer to get expired?
>
> The scenario is clear to me when one of them has
> already elected a DR and a BDR. What is not clear to
> me is when none of them have elected a DR and BDR.
>
> Please help!
>
> Regards,
> Rohit
>
> __________________________________
> Do you Yahoo!?
> Yahoo! SiteBuilder - Free, easy-to-use web site design software
> http://sitebuilder.yahoo.com


From owner-ospf@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM  Tue Sep  9 16:47:22 2003
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From: gail_browne@AGILENT.COM
Subject: Clarification on multiple instances for OSPFv3
To: OSPF@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM
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Hi All,

In OSPFv3 as per RFC2740 section 2.4, multiple instances are supported =
through the parameter Instance ID.  My understanding is that this is =
used because multiple OSPFv3 instances will potentially run over the =
same physical interface, and therefore use the same IPv6 addresses, and =
the instance ID will help in delivery of incoming OSPFv3 packets. New =
for OSPFv3 is the fact that neighbors are identified solely by their =
router Id (Section 3.2.2.1), this should imply that there needs to be an =
enforcement of no duplicate router Id's so that every instance of ospfv3 =
configured on a router must have its own unique router Id. Am I correct =
in this assumption?

Thanks in advance,
Gail


From owner-ospf@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM  Tue Sep  9 17:01:53 2003
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From: Acee Lindem <acee@REDBACK.COM>
Subject: Re: Clarification on multiple instances for OSPFv3
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gail_browne@AGILENT.COM wrote:

>Hi All,
>
>In OSPFv3 as per RFC2740 section 2.4, multiple instances are supported through the parameter Instance ID.  My understanding is that this is used because multiple OSPFv3 instances will potentially run over the same physical interface, and therefore use the same IPv6 addresses, and the instance ID will help in delivery of incoming OSPFv3 packets. New for OSPFv3 is the fact that neighbors are identified solely by their router Id (Section 3.2.2.1), this should imply that there needs to be an enforcement of no duplicate router Id's so that every instance of ospfv3 configured on a router must have its own unique router Id. Am I correct in this assumption?
>
Hi Gail,

No. Rather, I'd assume that the instances are part of separate areas or
routing domains.

Thanks,
Acee

>
>Thanks in advance,
>Gail
>
>
>


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From: Erblichs <erblichs@EARTHLINK.NET>
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Group,

        This draft was specifing nbr flooding vs interface
        flooding and was interested to know whether anyone
        was aware of what was meant by the phrase:

                "Multiaccess interfaces need special treatmeant"
                in the 3.1 Introduction section.

        By my read, if the interface was a BMA or a NBMA, then
        you would have needed "neighbor flooding active/passive"
        type configs.

        I have been asked to investigate some of its features, but
        believe that this draft never was pushed to RFC. Am I
        right and did anyone implement these features.

        Mitchell Erblich
        Sr Software Engineer
        ----------


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From: Vivek Dubey <vivek_ospf@REDIFFMAIL.COM>
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The case should not occur in case of standard ABR implementations for inter=
-area route calculations.=0ACISCO/IBM ABR implementations might lead to suc=
h scenario.=0A=0AVivek=0A=0A=0A=0A=0AOn Wed, 10 Sep 2003 Liu Yu wrote :=0A>=
Hi! all=0A>=0A>I notice that the clause in  RFC 2328 16.4 (3) is just for e=
xternal route.=0A>How about "inter-area routes"=EF=BC=9F RFC 2328 does not =
explicitly state this=0A>one! Just choose the "the path whose associated ar=
ea has the=0A>largest OSPF Area ID "=EF=BC=9F=EF=BC=9F Maybe every one has =
his own implentation.=0A>=0A>=0A>thanks!=0A>=0A>=0A>----- Original Message =
-----=0A> From: "Acee Lindem" <acee@REDBACK.COM>=0A>To: <OSPF@PEACH.EASE.LS=
OFT.COM>=0A>Sent: Friday, August 01, 2003 5:46 AM=0A>Subject: Re: ASBR reac=
hable via multiple areas=0A>=0A>=0A> > Rob,=0A> >=0A> > You are correct - I=
 missed that clause in 16.4 (3) when=0A> > re-reading. I should have checke=
d my implementation before=0A> > replying. I can't envision why installing =
an equal-costs=0A> > routes through multiple areas using the same 16.4.1 se=
lection=0A> > rules could cause a routing loop or other problem.=0A> >=0A> =
> Thanks,=0A> > Acee=0A> >=0A> > ROB PATH wrote:=0A> > > --- Acee Lindem <a=
cee@REDBACK.COM> wrote:=0A> > >=0A> > >>Igor Miroshnik wrote:=0A> > >>=0A> =
> >>>All,=0A> > >>>=0A> > >>>   RFC 1583 states: "AS boundary router's rout=
ing=0A> > >>=0A> > >>table entry must indicate a set of paths which=0A> > >=
>=0A> > >>>utilize a single area." (16.1)=0A> > >>>   Why not utilize all e=
qual-cost paths through=0A> > >>=0A> > >>different areas?=0A> > >>=0A> > >>=
Hi Igor,=0A> > >>=0A> > >>I believe you can calculate equal cost paths thro=
ugh=0A> > >>multiple=0A> > >>areas - read section 16.4 and 16.4.1 in RFC 23=
28=0A> > >>(which=0A> > >>obsoletes RFC 2178 which obsoletes RFC 1583).=0A>=
 > >>=0A> > >>=0A> > >=0A> > >=0A> > > The section 16.4 in RFC 2328 does no=
t explicitly state=0A> > > that equal cost paths through multiple areas cou=
ld be=0A> > > utilized (say for load balancing purposes).=0A> > >=0A> > > I=
t rather states that when there are multiple=0A> > > least cost paths avail=
able in the routing=0A> > > table, the path whose associated area has the=
=0A> > > largest OSPF Area ID is chosen.=0A> > >=0A> > > Also section 16.4.=
1 refers to section 16.4 for=0A> > > choosing a path based on cost, when th=
ere are=0A> > > multiple paths of equal highest preferences.=0A> > >=0A> > =
> So it essentially means that multiple equal cost=0A> > > inter-area paths=
 are not utilized.=0A> > >=0A> > > Thanks,=0A> > >     Rob.=0A> > >=0A> > >=
=0A> > >=0A> > >>=0A> > >>>   Thanks,=0A> > >>>   Igor=0A> > >>>=0A> > >>=
=0A> > >>=0A> > >>--=0A> > >>Acee=0A> > >=0A> > >=0A> > >=0A> > > =3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=0A> > > Rob Path=0A> > > E-Mail : rob_path@yahoo.com=0A> > >=0A> > >=
 __________________________________=0A> > > Do you Yahoo!?=0A> > > Yahoo! S=
iteBuilder - Free, easy-to-use web site design software=0A> > > http://site=
builder.yahoo.com=0A> > >=0A> >=0A> >=0A> > --=0A> > Acee=0A>=0A=0A________=
___________________________________________=0AMedicine meets Marketing; Dr.=
 Swati Weds Jayaram.=0ARediff Matchmaker strikes another interesting match =
!!=0AVisit http://rediff.com/matchmaker?2=0A


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From: Mark Christopher Puddephatt <M.C.Puddephatt@PGR.SALFORD.AC.UK>
Subject: OSPF Optional capabilities query
To: OSPF@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM
Precedence: list
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Group,

I am a PhD researcher at the University of Salford, UK, and am researching
into OSPF. I have read the recent draft "Extensions to OSPF for Advertising
Optional Router Capabilities", and it mentions that all the bits in the
Options field of the Hello packet are now in use.

However I cannot seem to find a full list of what they are all in use for.
RFC-2328 lists five bits of the 8, namely the E-bit, MC-bit, N/P-bit, DC-bit
and the EA-bit. RFC-2370 adds the O-bit. In Christian Huitema's "Routing in
the Internet" a T-bit is mentioned for TOS routing. That makes seven.

Could someone please point out to me what the final bit is being used for?

Thank you,

Mark

Mark Puddephatt
**********************************************************
m.c.puddephatt@pgr.salford.ac.uk or mark@markpud.com
CNTR www.cntr.net
School of Computing, Science and Engineering
University of Salford www.salford.ac.uk
**********************************************************


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From: Internet-Drafts@ietf.org
Subject: I-D ACTION:draft-ietf-bmwg-ospfconv-term-06.txt
Comments: cc: bmwg@ietf.org
To: OSPF@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM
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--NextPart

A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories.
This draft is a work item of the Benchmarking Methodology Working Group of the IETF.

        Title           : OSPF Benchmarking Terminology and Concepts
        Author(s)       : V. Manral, R. White, A. Shaikh
        Filename        : draft-ietf-bmwg-ospfconv-term-06.txt
        Pages           : 9
        Date            : 2003-9-11

This draft explains the terminology and concepts used in [BENCHMARK]
and future OSPF benchmarking drafts, within the context of those
drafts. While some of these terms may be defined elsewhere, and we
will refer the reader to those definitions in some cases, we also
include discussions concerning these terms as they relate
specifically to the tasks involved in benchmarking the OSPF protocol.

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From owner-ospf@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM  Thu Sep 11 16:51:12 2003
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From: Parag Deshpande <paragdeshpande@SDKSOFT.COM>
Subject: Re: OSPF Optional capabilities query
To: OSPF@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM
Precedence: list
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit

draft-ietf-ospf-2547-dnbit-00.txt mentions the use of high order bit called
DN bit.

Parag.
----- Original Message -----
From: Mark Christopher Puddephatt <M.C.Puddephatt@PGR.SALFORD.AC.UK>
To: <OSPF@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM>
Sent: Thursday, September 11, 2003 8:32 AM
Subject: OSPF Optional capabilities query


> Group,
>
> I am a PhD researcher at the University of Salford, UK, and am researching
> into OSPF. I have read the recent draft "Extensions to OSPF for
Advertising
> Optional Router Capabilities", and it mentions that all the bits in the
> Options field of the Hello packet are now in use.
>
> However I cannot seem to find a full list of what they are all in use for.
> RFC-2328 lists five bits of the 8, namely the E-bit, MC-bit, N/P-bit,
DC-bit
> and the EA-bit. RFC-2370 adds the O-bit. In Christian Huitema's "Routing
in
> the Internet" a T-bit is mentioned for TOS routing. That makes seven.
>
> Could someone please point out to me what the final bit is being used for?
>
> Thank you,
>
> Mark
>
> Mark Puddephatt
> **********************************************************
> m.c.puddephatt@pgr.salford.ac.uk or mark@markpud.com
> CNTR www.cntr.net
> School of Computing, Science and Engineering
> University of Salford www.salford.ac.uk
> **********************************************************
>


From owner-ospf@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM  Thu Sep 11 16:57:47 2003
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From: Ehsan Rezaaifar <ehsan.rezaaifar@ALCATEL.COM>
Organization: Alcatel CID
Subject: Re: OSPF Optional capabilities query
To: OSPF@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM
Precedence: list
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit

Hi,

The DN bit is used for OSPF PE-CE,  introduced in
"draft-rosen-ppvpn-ospf2547-area0"

Take care,
Ehsan

Mark Christopher Puddephatt wrote:

> Group,
>
> I am a PhD researcher at the University of Salford, UK, and am researching
> into OSPF. I have read the recent draft "Extensions to OSPF for Advertising
> Optional Router Capabilities", and it mentions that all the bits in the
> Options field of the Hello packet are now in use.
>
> However I cannot seem to find a full list of what they are all in use for.
> RFC-2328 lists five bits of the 8, namely the E-bit, MC-bit, N/P-bit, DC-bit
> and the EA-bit. RFC-2370 adds the O-bit. In Christian Huitema's "Routing in
> the Internet" a T-bit is mentioned for TOS routing. That makes seven.
>
> Could someone please point out to me what the final bit is being used for?
>
> Thank you,
>
> Mark
>
> Mark Puddephatt
> **********************************************************
> m.c.puddephatt@pgr.salford.ac.uk or mark@markpud.com
> CNTR www.cntr.net
> School of Computing, Science and Engineering
> University of Salford www.salford.ac.uk
> **********************************************************


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From: "Divya Mukundan (dmukunda)" <dmukunda@CISCO.COM>
Subject: RFC1850 - compilation error
To: OSPF@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM
Precedence: list

Hi,

I'm getting the following compilation error in "compliance statements"
of RFC1850 (OSPF-TRAP-MIB). I'm using smicng and Fred Baker
said that the MIB compiled with it and that smicng could have changed
subsequently. Is anyone aware of an option in smicng that can suppress
this error? Any other suggestions?

-----------------------------------RFC1850--------------------------------------------
-- compliance statements

       ospfTrapCompliance MODULE-COMPLIANCE
           STATUS  current
           DESCRIPTION
              "The compliance statement "
          MODULE  -- this module
          MANDATORY-GROUPS { ospfTrapControlGroup }  <<<====


           GROUP       ospfTrapControlGroup <<<====
           DESCRIPTION
              "This group is optional but recommended for all
              OSPF systems"


-----------------------------------ERROR----------------------------------------------
E: f(OSPF-TRAP-MIB.my), (470,21) Group "ospfTrapControlGroup" is both a
MANDATORY and conditional group for module "OSPF-TRAP-MIB"

Thanks,
-Divya


From owner-ospf@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM  Fri Sep 12 14:11:39 2003
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From: Don Goodspeed <dgoodspe@EXCITE.COM>
Subject: Re: RFC1850 - compilation error
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Divya,

You can try using -CT.  For more on smicng, contact Dave Perkins
at www.snmpinfo.com as he is the author of smicng.  These option
are also described in his book "Understanding SNMP MIBs" which
is where I looked.

-don

====================================================
Hi,

I'm getting the following compilation error in "compliance statements"
of RFC1850 (OSPF-TRAP-MIB). I'm using smicng and Fred Baker
said that the MIB compiled with it and that smicng could have changed
subsequently. Is anyone aware of an option in smicng that can suppress
this error? Any other suggestions?

-----------------------------------RFC1850--------------------------------------------
-- compliance statements

ospfTrapCompliance MODULE-COMPLIANCE
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The compliance statement "
MODULE -- this module
MANDATORY-GROUPS { ospfTrapControlGroup } <<<====


GROUP ospfTrapControlGroup <<<====
DESCRIPTION
"This group is optional but recommended for all
OSPF systems"


-----------------------------------ERROR----------------------------------------------
E: f(OSPF-TRAP-MIB.my), (470,21) Group "ospfTrapControlGroup" is both a
MANDATORY and conditional group for module "OSPF-TRAP-MIB"

Thanks,
-Divya

_______________________________________________
Join Excite! - http://www.excite.com
The most personalized portal on the Web!


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From: Igor Miroshnik <IgorM@RADLAN.COM>
Subject: Incremental update of Fletcher's checksum
To: OSPF@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM
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Dear All,

Why should one wish to bother with this? Well, I thought not to issue a new
LSA if it differs from the predecessor merely in the sequence number.
(Unless the sequence is promoted on purpose.) The checksum comparison is a
reasonable first measure for decision on identity of two instances. Thus,
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number. Doing the things incrementally would save some effort.

1) May the Fletcher's checksum be updated incrementally?
2) Does anybody know another way to effectively determine the need of
promoting the sequence?

Thanks,
Igor


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From owner-ospf@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM  Mon Sep 15 02:10:49 2003
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From: rmalhotra@BANKOFNY.COM
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I will be out of the office starting  09/12/2003 and will not return
until 09/17/2003.



I will respond to your message when I return.

Thank You,

Ravi Malhotra




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From owner-ospf@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM  Mon Sep 15 04:25:06 2003
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From: "Divya Mukundan (dmukunda)" <dmukunda@CISCO.COM>
Subject: Re: RFC1850 - compilation error
To: OSPF@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM
In-Reply-To:  <20030912181131.C7D90B6DC@xmxpita.excite.com>
Precedence: list

Don,

Thanks for your tip. That did not work though :(
I'm passing the following options to smicng. In addition to these,
I tried compiling with -CT but that did not suppress the error.

SMICOPTS = "-CF -C0N -CN -C0T -C03"

Am I doing the right thing by adding CT to these options or does
it conflict with any of the above?

Thanks,
-Divya

At 02:11 PM 9/12/2003 -0400, Don Goodspeed wrote:
>Divya,
>
>You can try using -CT.  For more on smicng, contact Dave Perkins
>at www.snmpinfo.com as he is the author of smicng.  These option
>are also described in his book "Understanding SNMP MIBs" which
>is where I looked.
>
>-don
>
>====================================================
>Hi,
>
>I'm getting the following compilation error in "compliance statements"
>of RFC1850 (OSPF-TRAP-MIB). I'm using smicng and Fred Baker
>said that the MIB compiled with it and that smicng could have changed
>subsequently. Is anyone aware of an option in smicng that can suppress
>this error? Any other suggestions?
>
>-----------------------------------RFC1850--------------------------------------------
>-- compliance statements
>
>ospfTrapCompliance MODULE-COMPLIANCE
>STATUS current
>DESCRIPTION
>"The compliance statement "
>MODULE -- this module
>MANDATORY-GROUPS { ospfTrapControlGroup } <<<====
>
>
>GROUP ospfTrapControlGroup <<<====
>DESCRIPTION
>"This group is optional but recommended for all
>OSPF systems"
>
>
>-----------------------------------ERROR----------------------------------------------
>E: f(OSPF-TRAP-MIB.my), (470,21) Group "ospfTrapControlGroup" is both a
>MANDATORY and conditional group for module "OSPF-TRAP-MIB"
>
>Thanks,
>-Divya
>
>_______________________________________________
>Join Excite! - http://www.excite.com
>The most personalized portal on the Web!


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From: Fred Baker <fred@CISCO.COM>
Subject: Re: Incremental update of Fletcher's checksum
To: OSPF@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM
In-Reply-To:  <LISTSERV%2003091311061035@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM>
Precedence: list

At 08:06 AM 9/13/2003, Igor Miroshnik wrote:
>1) May the Fletcher's checksum be updated incrementally?

Yes. ISO DIS 8473 (CLNS) actually requires that to be done, and specifies
in Annex C how to go about it. Of course, the copy of DIS 8473 I have
doesn't actually have such a section, although it refers to it...


From owner-ospf@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM  Mon Sep 15 14:58:31 2003
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From: Don Goodspeed <dgoodspe@EXCITE.COM>
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Divya,

I think so, so at this point, it's probably best to contact
Dave Perkins at snmpinfo.com.  An alternate source within
Cisco might be Simon Chow who I used to work for and also
knows Dave and knows smic and smicng.

-don

===================================
Don,

Thanks for your tip. That did not work though :(
I'm passing the following options to smicng. In addition to these,
I tried compiling with -CT but that did not suppress the error.

SMICOPTS = "-CF -C0N -CN -C0T -C03"

Am I doing the right thing by adding CT to these options or does
it conflict with any of the above?

Thanks,
-Divya

At 02:11 PM 9/12/2003 -0400, Don Goodspeed wrote:
>Divya,
>
>You can try using -CT. For more on smicng, contact Dave Perkins
>at www.snmpinfo.com as he is the author of smicng. These option
>are also described in his book "Understanding SNMP MIBs" which
>is where I looked.
>
>-don
>


_______________________________________________
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From owner-ospf@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM  Tue Sep 16 15:10:40 2003
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From: Acee Lindem <acee@REDBACK.COM>
Subject: Re: Inter-area routes reachable via multiple areas
To: OSPF@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM
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Liuyu wrote:
> I have read RFC 3509:Alternative Implementations of OSPF Area Border Routers
>
> But it still does not explicitly state how to  choose a inter-area route from multi associated areas.
>
> For example:
> R3 attaches to Area 2 and Area 1, but it is not a ABR acrroding to RFC 3509.
> When R3 caculate the route to inter-area route Net K, it will find one with next hop to R2
> with metric equal to 4 in Area 1 and the other one with next hop set to R4 with the same metric.
>
> How will R3 install the inter-area route Net K in its routing table?  Huawei's VRP will choose the latest
> caculated route.
>
> As you konw , the ECMP in OSPF must  be the same type and in the same area.

Note that RFC 3509 is an informational RFC and not a standard. Therefore, you
shouldn't treat it as such. In this situation, I see no reason why you couldn't
install an ECMP route.


>
> Thanks a lot!
>
>                       .        Backbone         .
>                      .           Net K           .
>                      .   ---------------------   .
>                       .   |1               1|   .
>                        ..+--+.............+--+..
>                        ..|R1|.....    ....|R4|..
>                       .  +--+     .  .    +--+  .
>                       .   1|      .  .     /4   .
>                       .    |    2 +--+ 4  /     .
>                       .    |    +-|R3|---+      .
>                       .   1|   /  +--+\4        .
>                       .  +--+ /   .  . \ 4 +--+ .
>                       .  |R2|/2   .  .  +--|R5| .
>                       .  +--+     .  .     +--+ .
>                       .   |       .  .       |  .
>                       . --------- .  . -------- .
>                       .   net N   .  .  net M   .
>                       .           .  .          .
>                       .  Area 1   .  .  Area 2  .
>                        ...........    ..........
>
>
> ----- Original Message -----
> From: "Vivek Dubey" <vivek_ospf@REDIFFMAIL.COM>
> To: <OSPF@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM>
> Sent: Wednesday, September 10, 2003 6:13 PM
> Subject: Re: Inter-area routes reachable via multiple areas
>
>
> The case should not occur in case of standard ABR implementations for inter-area route calculations.
> CISCO/IBM ABR implementations might lead to such scenario.
>
> Vivek
>
>
>
>
> On Wed, 10 Sep 2003 Liu Yu wrote :
>
>>Hi! all
>>
>>I notice that the clause in  RFC 2328 16.4 (3) is just for external route.
>>How about "inter-area routes"ï¼Y RFC 2328 does not explicitly state this
>>one! Just choose the "the path whose associated area has the
>>largest OSPF Area ID "ï¼Yï¼Y Maybe every one has his own implentation.
>>
>>
>>thanks!
>>
>>
>>----- Original Message -----
>>From: "Acee Lindem" <acee@REDBACK.COM>
>>To: <OSPF@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM>
>>Sent: Friday, August 01, 2003 5:46 AM
>>Subject: Re: ASBR reachable via multiple areas
>>
>>
>>
>>>Rob,
>>>
>>>You are correct - I missed that clause in 16.4 (3) when
>>>re-reading. I should have checked my implementation before
>>>replying. I can't envision why installing an equal-costs
>>>routes through multiple areas using the same 16.4.1 selection
>>>rules could cause a routing loop or other problem.
>>>
>>>Thanks,
>>>Acee
>>>
>>>ROB PATH wrote:
>>>
>>>>--- Acee Lindem <acee@REDBACK.COM> wrote:
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>>Igor Miroshnik wrote:
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>>>All,
>>>>>>
>>>>>>  RFC 1583 states: "AS boundary router's routing
>>>>>
>>>>>table entry must indicate a set of paths which
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>>>utilize a single area." (16.1)
>>>>>>  Why not utilize all equal-cost paths through
>>>>>
>>>>>different areas?
>>>>>
>>>>>Hi Igor,
>>>>>
>>>>>I believe you can calculate equal cost paths through
>>>>>multiple
>>>>>areas - read section 16.4 and 16.4.1 in RFC 2328
>>>>>(which
>>>>>obsoletes RFC 2178 which obsoletes RFC 1583).
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>The section 16.4 in RFC 2328 does not explicitly state
>>>>that equal cost paths through multiple areas could be
>>>>utilized (say for load balancing purposes).
>>>>
>>>>It rather states that when there are multiple
>>>>least cost paths available in the routing
>>>>table, the path whose associated area has the
>>>>largest OSPF Area ID is chosen.
>>>>
>>>>Also section 16.4.1 refers to section 16.4 for
>>>>choosing a path based on cost, when there are
>>>>multiple paths of equal highest preferences.
>>>>
>>>>So it essentially means that multiple equal cost
>>>>inter-area paths are not utilized.
>>>>
>>>>Thanks,
>>>>    Rob.
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>>>  Thanks,
>>>>>>  Igor
>>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>>--
>>>>>Acee
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>=====
>>>>Rob Path
>>>>E-Mail : rob_path@yahoo.com
>>>>
>>>>__________________________________
>>>>Do you Yahoo!?
>>>>Yahoo! SiteBuilder - Free, easy-to-use web site design software
>>>>http://sitebuilder.yahoo.com
>>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>--
>>>Acee
>>
>
> ___________________________________________________
> Medicine meets Marketing; Dr. Swati Weds Jayaram.
> Rediff Matchmaker strikes another interesting match !!
> Visit http://rediff.com/matchmaker?2

--
Acee


From owner-ospf@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM  Tue Sep 16 17:23:24 2003
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From: Acee Lindem <acee@REDBACK.COM>
Subject: Comments on draft-ietf-ospf-2547-dnbit-00.txt
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Eric,

Here are my comments:

   Section 2 Introduction

      The terminology is somewhat confusing. Normally, we
      "export" or "redistribute" routes rather than "convert"
      them. In this case routes are being installed from
      backbone BGP into the VPN route table. When
      they are redistributed (or exported) into the OSPF in the
      VPN they are advertised as summary and AS external LSAs.
      Similarly, routes that OSPF installs into the VPN route
      table will be redistributed and advertised across the VPN
      backbone.

   Section 3

      Replace all instances of "decision process" with "routing computation".

      The text in parenthesis (The reader will note...) should be explained
      better or removed. The OSPF-VPN draft dictates that a PE router
      has to be part of area 0. If it is part of area 0, the summaries in
      area 0 are used for the route computation and hence feedback is
      prevented if the PE-CE connection is not in area 0.

      With the generalized use of the DN bit, the PE area 0 restriction
      could be relaxed a bit to say that the PE router must advertise itself
      as an ABR (via its router bits in its router LSA) and the CE routers
      must not have any area 0 connections when the PE router connection isn't
      an area 0 connection. However, I'm not sure there is a requirement since
      no has complained heretofore.

   Section 4

      Please add a diagram of the OSPF options bits with the DN bit included.

--
Acee


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From: vj cadman <vjcadman@YAHOO.COM>
Subject: ospfv3 MIB - ospfv3NbrTable
To: OSPF@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM
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Regarding the ospfv3NbrIfIndex defined in the ospfv3NbrTable for ospfv3 MIB, is it the neighbor's interface ID specified in the neighbor's hello packet?

Thanks,
Viva




---------------------------------
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<DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>Regarding the ospfv3NbrIfIndex defined in the ospfv3NbrTable for ospfv3 MIB, is it the neighbor's interface ID specified in the neighbor's hello packet?</DIV>
<DIV>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV>Thanks,</DIV>
<DIV>Viva</DIV></DIV></DIV><p><hr SIZE=1>
Do you Yahoo!?<br>
<a href="http://us.rd.yahoo.com/evt=10469/*http://sitebuilder.yahoo.com">Yahoo! SiteBuilder</a> - Free, easy-to-use web site design software
--0-202961741-1063808656=:97796--


From owner-ospf@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM  Wed Sep 17 10:39:22 2003
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From: Acee Lindem <acee@REDBACK.COM>
Subject: Re: ospfv3 MIB - ospfv3NbrTable
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vj cadman wrote:
> Regarding the ospfv3NbrIfIndex defined in the ospfv3NbrTable for ospfv3
> MIB, is it the neighbor's interface ID specified in the neighbor's hello
> packet?

Hi Viva,

Nope - it is your own interface ID.

     ospfv3NbrIfIndex OBJECT-TYPE
             SYNTAX          InterfaceIndex
             MAX-ACCESS      not-accessible
             STATUS          current
             DESCRIPTION
                 "The local link ID of the link over which the
                      ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                  neighbor can be reached."
             ::= { ospfv3NbrEntry 1 }




>
> Thanks,
> Viva
>
> ------------------------------------------------------------------------
> Do you Yahoo!?
> Yahoo! SiteBuilder
> <http://us.rd.yahoo.com/evt=10469/*http://sitebuilder.yahoo.com> - Free,
> easy-to-use web site design software

--
Acee


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From: Erblichs <erblichs@EARTHLINK.NET>
Subject: draft-ietf-ospf-cap-00.txt : Inconsistency Questions
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Group,

        I think I am dense because I have a couple of questions that
        doesn't seem to be resolved in this "work-in-progress". :)

        1) If we look at just one capability specified in this
        draft: Stub router support via bit 6. This is RFC 3137
        from June 2001.

        I will make the assumption that some routers support this
        RFC, but don't yet support the capability "work-in-progress".
        In this case, the absense of this RI Opaque LSA doesn't reflect
        the absense of this capability or in a more general sense, the
        absense of support for any of the capabilities of the specified
        bits.

        2) Once this draft becomes a RFC and future drafts add more
           capability bits, then how should one determine that
           missing capibility bits means no capability versus not
           yet specified capability in the IR LSA.

           If the LSA field were incremented from a "4" to a "5" then
           we could make the distinction. A "4" would mean that it
           may have (0 - 3) and/or 10-31 capabilities, and a "5"
           with capabilites not yet, means no capabilities.

        3) Can the LSA be specified as a DNA (Do not age) LSA?

        Mitchell Erblich


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From: Erblichs <erblichs@EARTHLINK.NET>
Subject: Stupid checksum and next LSA begining question
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Group,

        When given a "update packet with say 5 LSAs", and the
        1st LSA in this packet has a checksum error, should
        the rest of the LSAs in the update be attempted to be
        processed?

        Note: If we have a checksum error, this means that the
        length and the start of the next LSA COULD be wrong.

        We could assume that checking the type of the next LSA
        could be within a valid LSA type range, and still not
        have the correct begining of the 2nd or 3rd ... LSAs.

        Is this behaviour specified anywhere?

        Mitchell Erblich
        Sr Software Engineer
        --------------------


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From: Liu Yu <liu_yu@HUAWEI.COM>
Subject: Re: Inter-area routes reachable via multiple areas
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From owner-ospf@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM  Wed Sep 17 23:00:36 2003
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Date:         Wed, 17 Sep 2003 23:01:33 -0400
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Sender: Mailing List <OSPF@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM>
From: Acee Lindem <acee@REDBACK.COM>
Subject: Re: Inter-area routes reachable via multiple areas
To: OSPF@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM
In-Reply-To:  <003a01c37d87$62c80b00$938a6e0a@liuyu18957n>
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Liu Yu wrote:
>     Acee :
>
> Please read the following :

       Liu  :

   Then don't implement RFC 3509 since by definition it
   deviates from RFC 2338.




>
> RFC 2328: OSPF
>
> Section 16.8 Equal-cost multipath
> "
> Each one of the multiple routes will be       of the same type
>       (intra-area, inter-area, type 1 external or type 2 external),
>       cost, and will have the same associated area.  However, each
>       route may specify a separate next hop and Advertising router."
>
> Thanks!
>
> ----- Original Message -----
> From: "Acee Lindem" <acee@REDBACK.COM>
> To: <OSPF@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM>
> Sent: Wednesday, September 17, 2003 3:13 AM
> Subject: Re: Inter-area routes reachable via multiple areas
>
>
>
>>Liuyu wrote:
>>
>>>I have read RFC 3509:Alternative Implementations of OSPF Area Border Routers
>>>
>>>But it still does not explicitly state how to  choose a inter-area route from multi associated areas.
>>>
>>>For example:
>>>R3 attaches to Area 2 and Area 1, but it is not a ABR acrroding to RFC 3509.
>>>When R3 caculate the route to inter-area route Net K, it will find one with next hop to R2
>>>with metric equal to 4 in Area 1 and the other one with next hop set to R4 with the same metric.
>>>
>>>How will R3 install the inter-area route Net K in its routing table?  Huawei's VRP will choose the latest
>>>caculated route.
>>>
>>>As you konw , the ECMP in OSPF must  be the same type and in the same area.
>>
>>Note that RFC 3509 is an informational RFC and not a standard. Therefore, you
>>shouldn't treat it as such. In this situation, I see no reason why you couldn't
>>install an ECMP route.
>>
>>
>>
>>>Thanks a lot!
>>>
>>>                      .        Backbone         .
>>>                     .           Net K           .
>>>                     .   ---------------------   .
>>>                      .   |1               1|   .
>>>                       ..+--+.............+--+..
>>>                       ..|R1|.....    ....|R4|..
>>>                      .  +--+     .  .    +--+  .
>>>                      .   1|      .  .     /4   .
>>>                      .    |    2 +--+ 4  /     .
>>>                      .    |    +-|R3|---+      .
>>>                      .   1|   /  +--+\4        .
>>>                      .  +--+ /   .  . \ 4 +--+ .
>>>                      .  |R2|/2   .  .  +--|R5| .
>>>                      .  +--+     .  .     +--+ .
>>>                      .   |       .  .       |  .
>>>                      . --------- .  . -------- .
>>>                      .   net N   .  .  net M   .
>>>                      .           .  .          .
>>>                      .  Area 1   .  .  Area 2  .
>>>                       ...........    ..........
>>>
>>>
>>>----- Original Message -----
>>>From: "Vivek Dubey" <vivek_ospf@REDIFFMAIL.COM>
>>>To: <OSPF@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM>
>>>Sent: Wednesday, September 10, 2003 6:13 PM
>>>Subject: Re: Inter-area routes reachable via multiple areas
>>>
>>>
>>>The case should not occur in case of standard ABR implementations for inter-area route calculations.
>>>CISCO/IBM ABR implementations might lead to such scenario.
>>>
>>>Vivek
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>On Wed, 10 Sep 2003 Liu Yu wrote :
>>>
>>>
>>>>Hi! all
>>>>
>>>>I notice that the clause in  RFC 2328 16.4 (3) is just for external route.
>>>>How about "inter-area routes"ï¼Y RFC 2328 does not explicitly state this
>>>>one! Just choose the "the path whose associated area has the
>>>>largest OSPF Area ID "ï¼Yï¼Y Maybe every one has his own implentation.
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>thanks!
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>----- Original Message -----
>>>>From: "Acee Lindem" <acee@REDBACK.COM>
>>>>To: <OSPF@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM>
>>>>Sent: Friday, August 01, 2003 5:46 AM
>>>>Subject: Re: ASBR reachable via multiple areas
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>>Rob,
>>>>>
>>>>>You are correct - I missed that clause in 16.4 (3) when
>>>>>re-reading. I should have checked my implementation before
>>>>>replying. I can't envision why installing an equal-costs
>>>>>routes through multiple areas using the same 16.4.1 selection
>>>>>rules could cause a routing loop or other problem.
>>>>>
>>>>>Thanks,
>>>>>Acee
>>>>>
>>>>>ROB PATH wrote:
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>>>--- Acee Lindem <acee@REDBACK.COM> wrote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>>Igor Miroshnik wrote:
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>All,
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> RFC 1583 states: "AS boundary router's routing
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>table entry must indicate a set of paths which
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>utilize a single area." (16.1)
>>>>>>>> Why not utilize all equal-cost paths through
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>different areas?
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>Hi Igor,
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>I believe you can calculate equal cost paths through
>>>>>>>multiple
>>>>>>>areas - read section 16.4 and 16.4.1 in RFC 2328
>>>>>>>(which
>>>>>>>obsoletes RFC 2178 which obsoletes RFC 1583).
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>The section 16.4 in RFC 2328 does not explicitly state
>>>>>>that equal cost paths through multiple areas could be
>>>>>>utilized (say for load balancing purposes).
>>>>>>
>>>>>>It rather states that when there are multiple
>>>>>>least cost paths available in the routing
>>>>>>table, the path whose associated area has the
>>>>>>largest OSPF Area ID is chosen.
>>>>>>
>>>>>>Also section 16.4.1 refers to section 16.4 for
>>>>>>choosing a path based on cost, when there are
>>>>>>multiple paths of equal highest preferences.
>>>>>>
>>>>>>So it essentially means that multiple equal cost
>>>>>>inter-area paths are not utilized.
>>>>>>
>>>>>>Thanks,
>>>>>>   Rob.
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> Thanks,
>>>>>>>> Igor
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>--
>>>>>>>Acee
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>=====
>>>>>>Rob Path
>>>>>>E-Mail : rob_path@yahoo.com
>>>>>>
>>>>>>__________________________________
>>>>>>Do you Yahoo!?
>>>>>>Yahoo! SiteBuilder - Free, easy-to-use web site design software
>>>>>>http://sitebuilder.yahoo.com
>>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>>--
>>>>>Acee
>>>>
>>>___________________________________________________
>>>Medicine meets Marketing; Dr. Swati Weds Jayaram.
>>>Rediff Matchmaker strikes another interesting match !!
>>>Visit http://rediff.com/matchmaker?2
>>
>>--
>>Acee

--
Acee


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From: "Naidu, Venkata" <Venkata.Naidu@MARCONI.COM>
Subject: Re: Stupid checksum and next LSA begining question
To: OSPF@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM
Precedence: list

Erblich,

->         When given a "update packet with say 5 LSAs", and the
->         1st LSA in this packet has a checksum error, should
->         the rest of the LSAs in the update be attempted to be
->         processed?

  1. If you are talking about LSA checksum (which is Fletcher
     checksum).

     RFC 2328 page 142 section 13 says:
     . . .
     (1) Validate the LSA's LS checksum.  If the checksum turns out
         to be invalid, discard the LSA and get the next one from
         the Link State Update packet.
     . . .

  2. If you are talking about OSPF packet checksum

     RFC 2328 page 61 section 8.2 says:
     . . .
         The authentication procedure may also
         verify the checksum field in the OSPF packet header (which,
         when used, is set to the standard IP 16-bit one's complement
         checksum of the OSPF packet's contents after excluding the
         64-bit authentication field).  If the authentication
         procedure fails, the packet should be discarded.
     . . .

->         Note: If we have a checksum error, this means that the
->         length and the start of the next LSA COULD be wrong.
->
->         We could assume that checking the type of the next LSA
->         could be within a valid LSA type range, and still not
->         have the correct begining of the 2nd or 3rd ... LSAs.

  In such a case, OSPF packet checksum could be wrong. So, the
  whole OSPF packet will be discarded.

Venkata.


From owner-ospf@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM  Thu Sep 18 11:21:05 2003
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From: Acee Lindem <acee@REDBACK.COM>
Subject: Re: Stupid checksum and next LSA begining question
To: OSPF@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM
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Hi Venkata,

Agree with you.  One more point.

Naidu, Venkata wrote:

>Erblich,
>
>->         When given a "update packet with say 5 LSAs", and the
>->         1st LSA in this packet has a checksum error, should
>->         the rest of the LSAs in the update be attempted to be
>->         processed?
>
>  1. If you are talking about LSA checksum (which is Fletcher
>     checksum).
>
>     RFC 2328 page 142 section 13 says:
>     . . .
>     (1) Validate the LSA's LS checksum.  If the checksum turns out
>         to be invalid, discard the LSA and get the next one from
>         the Link State Update packet.
>

As Mitchell points out, the LSA length may be wrong. However, this is no
reason to discard the
whole packet since there is also a good possibility that the LSA length
is correct and subsequent
LSAs may be processed. In any case, an implementation should assure that
you don't parse beyond
the end of your received packet (irrespective of LSA checksum errors).

>     . . .
>
>  2. If you are talking about OSPF packet checksum
>
>     RFC 2328 page 61 section 8.2 says:
>     . . .
>         The authentication procedure may also
>         verify the checksum field in the OSPF packet header (which,
>         when used, is set to the standard IP 16-bit one's complement
>         checksum of the OSPF packet's contents after excluding the
>         64-bit authentication field).  If the authentication
>         procedure fails, the packet should be discarded.
>     . . .
>
>->         Note: If we have a checksum error, this means that the
>->         length and the start of the next LSA COULD be wrong.
>->
>->         We could assume that checking the type of the next LSA
>->         could be within a valid LSA type range, and still not
>->         have the correct begining of the 2nd or 3rd ... LSAs.
>
>  In such a case, OSPF packet checksum could be wrong. So, the
>  whole OSPF packet will be discarded.
>
>Venkata.
>
>
>


From owner-ospf@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM  Thu Sep 18 11:22:51 2003
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Subject: Re: draft-ietf-ospf-cap-00.txt : Inconsistency Questions
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Hi Mitchell,

Erblichs wrote:

>Group,
>
>        I think I am dense because I have a couple of questions that
>        doesn't seem to be resolved in this "work-in-progress". :)
>
>        1) If we look at just one capability specified in this
>        draft: Stub router support via bit 6. This is RFC 3137
>        from June 2001.
>
>        I will make the assumption that some routers support this
>        RFC, but don't yet support the capability "work-in-progress".
>        In this case, the absense of this RI Opaque LSA doesn't reflect
>        the absense of this capability or in a more general sense, the
>        absense of support for any of the capabilities of the specified
>        bits.
>
TRUE.

>
>        2) Once this draft becomes a RFC and future drafts add more
>           capability bits, then how should one determine that
>           missing capibility bits means no capability versus not
>           yet specified capability in the IR LSA.
>
>           If the LSA field were incremented from a "4" to a "5" then
>           we could make the distinction. A "4" would mean that it
>           may have (0 - 3) and/or 10-31 capabilities, and a "5"
>           with capabilites not yet, means no capabilities.
>
The smoothest transition path would be for the new functions to include
specification of a
capability bit. However, we could take your suggestion into consideration.


>
>        3) Can the LSA be specified as a DNA (Do not age) LSA?
>
Sure. Keep in mind that DoNotAge only afffects LSAs that are unchanged.

>
>        Mitchell Erblich
>
>
>


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From: "Naidu, Venkata" <Venkata.Naidu@MARCONI.COM>
Subject: Re: Stupid checksum and next LSA begining question
To: OSPF@PEACH.EASE.LSOFT.COM
Precedence: list

Hi Acee,

-> As Mitchell points out, the LSA length may be wrong.
-> However, this is no
-> reason to discard the
-> whole packet since there is also a good possibility that the
-> LSA length is correct

  There is a good *probability* that the subsequent LSAs are
  correct. Take for example, a bit in an LSA length field is
  flipped then the Fletcher checksum calculation fails. But that
  LSA length field might have been wrong because of the flip.

  Before going ahead processing the OSPF packet, we first
  authenticate the packet. The probability that an OSPF packet
  getting valid even after some bit-errors in an LSA is very
  very less.

  I agree that OSPF packet checksum is not a strong checksum.
  For example, if any two 16-bit words are swapped then the
  checksum will be still valid.

  Unfortunately, there is no mechanisms defined in routing
  protocols for simple "error corrections" (we worry about
  "error detections" only). This is a good research area. But,
  still, the reason we don't do that is because the corruption
  may not necessarily be on the wire. It could be flooding
  router's database storage may be corrupted.

  That said, It is not just the problem with OSPF. Historically,
  many protocols suffer from this. For example, IPv6 header
  doesn't carry checksum any more. IPv6 trusts lower layer (L2)
  checksum on hop-by-hop packet integrity and higher layer
  (transport protocol) checksum on end-to-end integrity.

  If a bit is flipped in IPv6 destination address, can you
  think what is going to happen ? The packet is going to end
  up some (unwanted) destination. Of course, IPsec is mandated
  in IPv6...etc etc.

  But, what is going to happen if some bit-errors occur in
  IPv6 Next Header. How is IPv6 going to process options
  correctly ?

Venkata.


