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Cc: "Alex Zinin" <zinin@psg.com>, <rtgwg@ietf.org>
From: Christian Hopps <chopps@procket.com>
Subject: Re: Review Call: draft-hsmit-mpls-igp-spf-01.txt 
Date: Thu, 1 Apr 2004 09:19:21 -0800
To: Naiming Shen <naiming@redback.com>
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On Mar 25, 2004, at 8:55 PM, Naiming Shen wrote:
>  ] On Mar 25, 2004, at 8:10 PM, Naiming Shen wrote:
>  ] >  ] On Mar 25, 2004, at 6:46 PM, Naiming Shen wrote:
>  ] >  ] >  ] Note the example that follows in the text. Regardless of
>  ] > whether
>  ] >  ] > the TE
>  ] >  ] >  ] tunnel metric is more or less it MUST not affect the path
>  ] > choice,
>  ] >  ] > the
>  ] >  ] >  ] example and the text above seem to imply that it can.
>  ] >  ] >
>  ] >  ] > I think my example in the draft was not good. By (dst), 
> which I
>  ] > meant
>  ] >  ] > some prefix/subnet. There are posibility that multiple nodes
>  ] > inject
>  ] >  ] > the same subnet. Even though the shortcut does not change 
> the SPF,
>  ] >  ] > it does change the metric assigned into routes, and the 
> lower ones
>  ] >  ] > will win, which can cause a loop. something like the 
> following
>  ] > diagram:
>  ] >  ] >
>  ] >  ] >       (src)  2         2
>  ] >  ] >         A ------ B ------- C
>  ] >  ] >         |        =========>|
>  ] >  ] >       20|            30    |2
>  ] >  ] >         |                  |
>  ] >  ] >         D                  E (dst X)
>  ] >  ] >        (dst X)
>  ] >  ] >
>  ] >  ] > does this diagram change make sense?
>  ] >  ]
>  ] >  ] There is no possibility of a loop here. B will choose C for E
>  ] > because
>  ] >  ] of the SPF, the TE metric plays no part in the SPF at all. 
> That is,
>  ] > B
>  ] >  ] will choose C, E will go into TENT, B will then choose E 
> through C
>  ] > by
>  ] >  ] putting E in PATHS next. The draft can say that B uses the IGP
>  ] > because
>  ] >  ] its metric to dst x is 4 and the TE metric is 32, but talking 
> about
>  ] > it
>  ] >  ] in the context of the SPF is misleading.
>  ] >  ]
>  ] >  ] More to the point, a vendor could actually have an option 
> "always
>  ] >  ] prefer TE tunnels to IGP" and B could then use the metric 30 
> tunnel,
>  ] >  ] there would *still* be no loop.
>  ] >  ]
>  ] >  ] The draft should clearly state that the TE metric only 
> arbitrates
>  ] > for
>  ] >  ] nexthop selection once the best routes have been discovered. 
> In the
>  ] >  ] above example why would A even be looking at D as a route for 
> dst x?
>  ] >                           ^^^
>  ] >
>  ] > I think you meant B above.
>  ] > Here is why regardless of lsp tunnels:
>  ] >
>  ] >          10           20
>  ] >     a ------------> b -- Y
>  ] >     |
>  ] >     +-------------> c -- Y
>  ] >          15           5
>  ] >
>  ] > assume node 'a' is the source of the SPF, it has metric 10 to 
> reach
>  ] > node 'b' and metric 15 to reach node 'c'. node 'b' announce 
> routes Y
>  ] > with metric of 20, and node 'c' announces route Y with metric of 
> 5.
>  ] > are you saying from node 'a' to destination of Y, it should take
>  ] > node 'b' instead of node 'c' ?
>  ]
>  ] Absolutely not. The cost to Y through b by SPF is 30. The cost to Y
>  ] through c is 20. Clearly c is the only nexthop A should (MUST) use 
> to
>  ] Y. I'm saying TE metric has nothing to do with choosing the set of 
> best
>  ] cost paths to Y. When that set is chosen, and only when, you can do
>  ] whatever you want in selecting which ones you want to use, including
>  ] the use of the TE metric; however, TE MUST not play any part in
>  ] selecting the initial set of best cost paths.
>  ]
>
> we are not talking about changing the paths to the spf nodes. we are
> only discussing how to determine the paths to reach the prefixes with
> TE tunnel being used. unless as you suggested, an implementation
> have an 'always use TE tunnel' for the routes, there is certainly
> the possibility of routing loop if higher than 'normal' metric being
> used for the routes. again, this is also implementation issues, one
> can store the TE tunnel metric along with the hop-by-hop metric; later
> when one comes to another nodes announcing the same route, only
> compare with the hop-by-hop metric.

We should not be talking about implementation issues here. I'm not sure 
where the confusion is on this point anymore.

The algorithm is very simple. For each prefix there is a set of ECMP 
paths to reach said prefix. This set of paths is determined by IGP 
metric only. From this set of paths the TE metric may be used used to 
select a subset of paths to install in the RIB.

Again the point is that under no circumstances may the TE metric be 
used to select the initial set of ECMP paths. It doesn't matter if the 
TE metric is lower equal or greater. I feel that the draft currently 
gives examples that seem to imply that one may be using the TE metric 
to choose this set of initial ECMP paths.

Thanks,
Chris.



> since the route preference duing calculation is part of the spf
> implementation, I would think we need to mention this possibility
> of looping issues.

>
> thanks.
>
>  ] Chris.
>  ]
>  ] >
>  ] > thanks.
>  ] >
>  ] >  ]
>  ] >  ] Thanks,
>  ] >  ] Chris.
>  ] >  ]
>  ] >  ]
>  ] >  ] > thanks.
>  ] >  ] >
>  ] >  ] >  ]
>  ] >  ] >  ] Which again, is why the following is stated earlier in the
>  ] > document.
>  ] >  ] >  ]
>  ] >  ] >  ] >  ] This is stated earlier in this section:
>  ] >  ] >  ] >  ]
>  ] >  ] >  ] >  ] "Setting a manual metric on a TE-tunnel does not 
> impact
>  ] > the
>  ] >  ] > SPF=20
>  ] >  ] >  ] >  ] algorithm itself."
>  ] >  ] >  ] >  ]
>  ] >  ] >  ] >  ] The only thing the TE tunnel metric can affect is 
> whether
>  ] > TE
>  ] >  ] >  ] > tunnel=20
>  ] >  ] >  ] >  ] nexthop is chosen over the IGP nexthop when a route 
> is
>  ] > being
>  ] >  ] >  ] > installed,=20=
>  ] >  ] >  ] >  ]
>  ] >  ] >  ] >  ] and when *IGP metric* based ECMP routes are being
>  ] > considered.
>  ] >  ] >  ]
>  ] >  ] >  ] Chris.
>  ] >  ] >  ]
>  ] >  ] >  ] > - Naiming
>  ] >  ] >  ] >
>  ] >  ] >  ] > _______________________________________________
>  ] >  ] >  ] > Rtgwg mailing list
>  ] >  ] >  ] > Rtgwg@ietf.org
>  ] >  ] >  ] > https://www1.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/rtgwg
>  ] >  ] >  ]
>  ] >  ] >  ]
>  ] >  ] >  ] _______________________________________________
>  ] >  ] >  ] Rtgwg mailing list
>  ] >  ] >  ] Rtgwg@ietf.org
>  ] >  ] >  ] https://www1.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/rtgwg
>  ] >  ] >
>  ] >  ] > - Naiming
>  ] >  ]
>  ] >  ]
>  ] >  ] _______________________________________________
>  ] >  ] Rtgwg mailing list
>  ] >  ] Rtgwg@ietf.org
>  ] >  ] https://www1.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/rtgwg
>  ] >
>  ] > - Naiming
>  ]
>  ]
>  ] _______________________________________________
>  ] Rtgwg mailing list
>  ] Rtgwg@ietf.org
>  ] https://www1.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/rtgwg
>
> - Naiming


_______________________________________________
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To: Christian Hopps <chopps@procket.com>
Cc: Naiming Shen <naiming@redback.com>, "Alex Zinin" <zinin@psg.com>,
        rtgwg@ietf.org
Subject: Re: Review Call: draft-hsmit-mpls-igp-spf-01.txt 
In-reply-to: Mail from Christian Hopps <chopps@procket.com> 
 dated Thu, 01 Apr 2004 09:19:21 PST
 <B75DFE6A-8400-11D8-A6A5-00039303E9E2@procket.com> 
Date: Thu, 01 Apr 2004 09:26:44 -0800
From: Naiming Shen <naiming@redback.com>
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I'll update the example. thanks.

 ] On Mar 25, 2004, at 8:55 PM, Naiming Shen wrote:
 ] >  ] On Mar 25, 2004, at 8:10 PM, Naiming Shen wrote:
 ] >  ] >  ] On Mar 25, 2004, at 6:46 PM, Naiming Shen wrote:
 ] >  ] >  ] >  ] Note the example that follows in the text. Regardless of
 ] >  ] > whether
 ] >  ] >  ] > the TE
 ] >  ] >  ] >  ] tunnel metric is more or less it MUST not affect the path
 ] >  ] > choice,
 ] >  ] >  ] > the
 ] >  ] >  ] >  ] example and the text above seem to imply that it can.
 ] >  ] >  ] >
 ] >  ] >  ] > I think my example in the draft was not good. By (dst), 
 ] > which I
 ] >  ] > meant
 ] >  ] >  ] > some prefix/subnet. There are posibility that multiple nodes
 ] >  ] > inject
 ] >  ] >  ] > the same subnet. Even though the shortcut does not change 
 ] > the SPF,
 ] >  ] >  ] > it does change the metric assigned into routes, and the 
 ] > lower ones
 ] >  ] >  ] > will win, which can cause a loop. something like the 
 ] > following
 ] >  ] > diagram:
 ] >  ] >  ] >
 ] >  ] >  ] >       (src)  2         2
 ] >  ] >  ] >         A ------ B ------- C
 ] >  ] >  ] >         |        =========>|
 ] >  ] >  ] >       20|            30    |2
 ] >  ] >  ] >         |                  |
 ] >  ] >  ] >         D                  E (dst X)
 ] >  ] >  ] >        (dst X)
 ] >  ] >  ] >
 ] >  ] >  ] > does this diagram change make sense?
 ] >  ] >  ]
 ] >  ] >  ] There is no possibility of a loop here. B will choose C for E
 ] >  ] > because
 ] >  ] >  ] of the SPF, the TE metric plays no part in the SPF at all. 
 ] > That is,
 ] >  ] > B
 ] >  ] >  ] will choose C, E will go into TENT, B will then choose E 
 ] > through C
 ] >  ] > by
 ] >  ] >  ] putting E in PATHS next. The draft can say that B uses the IGP
 ] >  ] > because
 ] >  ] >  ] its metric to dst x is 4 and the TE metric is 32, but talking 
 ] > about
 ] >  ] > it
 ] >  ] >  ] in the context of the SPF is misleading.
 ] >  ] >  ]
 ] >  ] >  ] More to the point, a vendor could actually have an option 
 ] > "always
 ] >  ] >  ] prefer TE tunnels to IGP" and B could then use the metric 30 
 ] > tunnel,
 ] >  ] >  ] there would *still* be no loop.
 ] >  ] >  ]
 ] >  ] >  ] The draft should clearly state that the TE metric only 
 ] > arbitrates
 ] >  ] > for
 ] >  ] >  ] nexthop selection once the best routes have been discovered. 
 ] > In the
 ] >  ] >  ] above example why would A even be looking at D as a route for 
 ] > dst x?
 ] >  ] >                           ^^^
 ] >  ] >
 ] >  ] > I think you meant B above.
 ] >  ] > Here is why regardless of lsp tunnels:
 ] >  ] >
 ] >  ] >          10           20
 ] >  ] >     a ------------> b -- Y
 ] >  ] >     |
 ] >  ] >     +-------------> c -- Y
 ] >  ] >          15           5
 ] >  ] >
 ] >  ] > assume node 'a' is the source of the SPF, it has metric 10 to 
 ] > reach
 ] >  ] > node 'b' and metric 15 to reach node 'c'. node 'b' announce 
 ] > routes Y
 ] >  ] > with metric of 20, and node 'c' announces route Y with metric of 
 ] > 5.
 ] >  ] > are you saying from node 'a' to destination of Y, it should take
 ] >  ] > node 'b' instead of node 'c' ?
 ] >  ]
 ] >  ] Absolutely not. The cost to Y through b by SPF is 30. The cost to Y
 ] >  ] through c is 20. Clearly c is the only nexthop A should (MUST) use 
 ] > to
 ] >  ] Y. I'm saying TE metric has nothing to do with choosing the set of 
 ] > best
 ] >  ] cost paths to Y. When that set is chosen, and only when, you can do
 ] >  ] whatever you want in selecting which ones you want to use, including
 ] >  ] the use of the TE metric; however, TE MUST not play any part in
 ] >  ] selecting the initial set of best cost paths.
 ] >  ]
 ] >
 ] > we are not talking about changing the paths to the spf nodes. we are
 ] > only discussing how to determine the paths to reach the prefixes with
 ] > TE tunnel being used. unless as you suggested, an implementation
 ] > have an 'always use TE tunnel' for the routes, there is certainly
 ] > the possibility of routing loop if higher than 'normal' metric being
 ] > used for the routes. again, this is also implementation issues, one
 ] > can store the TE tunnel metric along with the hop-by-hop metric; later
 ] > when one comes to another nodes announcing the same route, only
 ] > compare with the hop-by-hop metric.
 ] 
 ] We should not be talking about implementation issues here. I'm not sure 
 ] where the confusion is on this point anymore.
 ] 
 ] The algorithm is very simple. For each prefix there is a set of ECMP 
 ] paths to reach said prefix. This set of paths is determined by IGP 
 ] metric only. From this set of paths the TE metric may be used used to 
 ] select a subset of paths to install in the RIB.
 ] 
 ] Again the point is that under no circumstances may the TE metric be 
 ] used to select the initial set of ECMP paths. It doesn't matter if the 
 ] TE metric is lower equal or greater. I feel that the draft currently 
 ] gives examples that seem to imply that one may be using the TE metric 
 ] to choose this set of initial ECMP paths.
 ] 
 ] Thanks,
 ] Chris.
 ] 
 ] 
 ] 
 ] > since the route preference duing calculation is part of the spf
 ] > implementation, I would think we need to mention this possibility
 ] > of looping issues.
 ] 
 ] >
 ] > thanks.
 ] >
 ] >  ] Chris.
 ] >  ]
 ] >  ] >
 ] >  ] > thanks.
 ] >  ] >
 ] >  ] >  ]
 ] >  ] >  ] Thanks,
 ] >  ] >  ] Chris.
 ] >  ] >  ]
 ] >  ] >  ]
 ] >  ] >  ] > thanks.
 ] >  ] >  ] >
 ] >  ] >  ] >  ]
 ] >  ] >  ] >  ] Which again, is why the following is stated earlier in the
 ] >  ] > document.
 ] >  ] >  ] >  ]
 ] >  ] >  ] >  ] >  ] This is stated earlier in this section:
 ] >  ] >  ] >  ] >  ]
 ] >  ] >  ] >  ] >  ] "Setting a manual metric on a TE-tunnel does not 
 ] > impact
 ] >  ] > the
 ] >  ] >  ] > SPF=20
 ] >  ] >  ] >  ] >  ] algorithm itself."
 ] >  ] >  ] >  ] >  ]
 ] >  ] >  ] >  ] >  ] The only thing the TE tunnel metric can affect is 
 ] > whether
 ] >  ] > TE
 ] >  ] >  ] >  ] > tunnel=20
 ] >  ] >  ] >  ] >  ] nexthop is chosen over the IGP nexthop when a route 
 ] > is
 ] >  ] > being
 ] >  ] >  ] >  ] > installed,=20=
 ] >  ] >  ] >  ] >  ]
 ] >  ] >  ] >  ] >  ] and when *IGP metric* based ECMP routes are being
 ] >  ] > considered.
 ] >  ] >  ] >  ]
 ] >  ] >  ] >  ] Chris.
 ] >  ] >  ] >  ]
 ] >  ] >  ] >  ] > - Naiming
 ] >  ] >  ] >  ] >
 ] >  ] >  ] >  ] > _______________________________________________
 ] >  ] >  ] >  ] > Rtgwg mailing list
 ] >  ] >  ] >  ] > Rtgwg@ietf.org
 ] >  ] >  ] >  ] > https://www1.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/rtgwg
 ] >  ] >  ] >  ]
 ] >  ] >  ] >  ]
 ] >  ] >  ] >  ] _______________________________________________
 ] >  ] >  ] >  ] Rtgwg mailing list
 ] >  ] >  ] >  ] Rtgwg@ietf.org
 ] >  ] >  ] >  ] https://www1.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/rtgwg
 ] >  ] >  ] >
 ] >  ] >  ] > - Naiming
 ] >  ] >  ]
 ] >  ] >  ]
 ] >  ] >  ] _______________________________________________
 ] >  ] >  ] Rtgwg mailing list
 ] >  ] >  ] Rtgwg@ietf.org
 ] >  ] >  ] https://www1.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/rtgwg
 ] >  ] >
 ] >  ] > - Naiming
 ] >  ]
 ] >  ]
 ] >  ] _______________________________________________
 ] >  ] Rtgwg mailing list
 ] >  ] Rtgwg@ietf.org
 ] >  ] https://www1.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/rtgwg
 ] >
 ] > - Naiming
 ] 

- Naiming

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A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories.
This draft is a work item of the Routing Area Working Group Working Group of the IETF.

	Title		: Calculating IGP Routes Over Traffic Engineering Tunnels
	Author(s)	: N. Shen, H. Smit
	Filename	: draft-ietf-rtgwg-igp-shortcut-00.txt
	Pages		: 6
	Date		: 2004-4-15
	
This document describes how conventional hop-by-hop link-state
   routing protocols interact with new Traffic Engineering capabilities
   to create IGP shortcuts.  In particular this document describes how
   Dijkstra's SPF algorithm should be adapted so that link-state IGPs
   will calculate IP routes to forward traffic over tunnels that are
   set up by Traffic Engineering.

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--NextPart

A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories.
This draft is a work item of the Routing Area Working Group Working Group of the IETF.

	Title		: Calculating IGP Routes Over Traffic Engineering Tunnels
	Author(s)	: N. Shen, H. Smit
	Filename	: draft-ietf-rtgwg-igp-shortcut-00.txt
	Pages		: 6
	Date		: 2004-4-15
	
This document describes how conventional hop-by-hop link-state
   routing protocols interact with new Traffic Engineering capabilities
   to create IGP shortcuts.  In particular this document describes how
   Dijkstra's SPF algorithm should be adapted so that link-state IGPs
   will calculate IP routes to forward traffic over tunnels that are
   set up by Traffic Engineering.

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From: Alex Zinin <zinin@psg.com>
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Folks-

 As many of you know, the topic of fast rerouting in IP (as opposed to
 MPLS-based FRR) has been brought up several times at the IETF meetings recently
 (see reading material at the end of the message).

 I believe that this work is important and there's some room for standardization
 here. More specifically, even though the exact algorithms of route calculation
 in IGPs are historically non-normative, the criteria, such as shortest path
 first, are. Forwarding packets along the feasible (non-SPF, but loop-free)
 next-hops, strictly speaking violates those, and if done incorrectly is likely
 to lead to routing loops. Hence, the need to standardize the criteria for
 feasible next-hop calculation and document possible algorithms for
 informational purposes (pretty much the way OSPF and ISIS do this.)

 Per above, I would like to bring the work on fast IP rerouting to the RTGWG and
 ask the IESG to extend its charter accordingly. The reason for not putting it
 to OSPF and ISIS WGs is that the base idea appears to be a more generic topic,
 not specific to a particular IGP.

 As part of the WG charter extension process, we will need to identify the
 milestones for the WG, documents that would be produced, as well as any
 documents that contain relevant information. These details will depend on the
 results of the discussion about the candidate WG document
 (draft-atlas-ip-local-protect-00.txt) that I will start shortly.

 In this thread I would like to solicit feedback from the WG on a more generic
 question, independent of the details of any specific draft, namely: do you
 believe that we should add the topic of "IP fast reroute in IGPs" to the
 charter of RTGWG?
 
 Reading material:
  - Cengiz' slides at 55th IETF http://www.packetdesign.com/news/presentations/2002/fast-reroute6.pdf
  - Alia's slides at 59th IETF http://www.ietf.org/proceedings/04mar/slides/rtgarea-2/index.html
    Alia's draft: draft-atlas-ip-local-protect-00.txt
  - Early draft http://www.potaroo.net/ietf/old-ids/draft-kini-traf-restore-nsp-00.txt

 Thanks.
  
-- 
Alex Zinin





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Folks-

 This is to start a 2-week WG Last Call for draft-ietf-rtgwg-igp-shortcut-00.txt.
 The document target status is Informational. The Last Call ends on May 3rd, 2004.
 Please send your comments to rtgwg@ietf.org.

 The document is available from the WG web-page or at the following URL:

   http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-rtgwg-igp-shortcut-00.txt

 The Abstract from the document is included below:

   This document describes how conventional hop-by-hop link-state
   routing protocols interact with new Traffic Engineering capabilities
   to create IGP shortcuts.  In particular this document describes how
   Dijkstra's SPF algorithm should be adapted so that link-state IGPs
   will calculate IP routes to forward traffic over tunnels that are
   set up by Traffic Engineering.

-- 
Alex Zinin


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Folks-

 Heads-up first: we're still awaiting a formal IPR statement from Avici related
 to this draft. According to the authors, the statement has been submitted to
 the secretariat, however, it is not yet available at the IETF web-site.

 At the RTG Area meeting in Seoul we agreed to take the discussion on this draft
 to RTGWG. If folks feel like sending comments on the draft here before the
 statement shows up, please do so, however, I will not start a formal call
 soliciting feedback on the draft as a candidate for a WG item until the IPR
 statement is available.

 One high-level comment from me at this time, though.

 One can identify two mechanisms in the draft: loop-free next-hops (aka feasible
 next-hops in prior art), and U-turns. While the former is quite well and widely
 understood and requires no modifications to the routing protocols machinery
 (except for route calculation, of course), moderate modifications to the
 forwarding logic, and is backwards-compatible with the installed base, the
 latter changes the forwarding operation substantially, and requires extensions
 to routing protocols to ensure loop-free operation with regular routers.

 I believe we have a reasonable understanding of the feasible next-hops
 mechanism to produce an IETF standard for this. I'm getting different messages
 regarding U-turns. On the one hand we should be careful about changing the
 forwarding behavior the way U-turns do, on the other I am hearing from the SPs
 that they need U-turns to get sufficient topology coverage and that the IETF
 should work on this (hopefully we will hear from them on the list).

 Provided that there's enough interest in this topic in general (see other
 thread on WG charter extension) and that folks are interested in U-turns, a
 possible approach we could take is to split this work, put the spec for the
 feasible next-hops approach on the STD tracks, and publish the U-turns
 mechanisms as Experimental.

-- 
Alex
http://www.psg.com/~zinin/


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>do you
>  believe that we should add the topic of "IP fast reroute in IGPs" to the
>  charter of RTGWG?

Yes, this is a very important topic in my view.

Thomas


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>  In this thread I would like to solicit feedback from the WG on a more generic
>  question, independent of the details of any specific draft, namely: do you
>  believe that we should add the topic of "IP fast reroute in IGPs" to the
>  charter of RTGWG?

yes, this important topic should be added in the rtgwg charter

thanks,
- dimitri.


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Subject: RE: Work on IP fast rerouting in IGPs
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> do you believe that we should add the topic of "IP fast
> reroute in IGPs" to the charter of RTGWG?

Yes, important topic and should be added to the RTGWG charter.

Jerry

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>  In this thread I would like to solicit feedback from the WG 
> on a more generic  question, independent of the details of 
> any specific draft, namely: do you  believe that we should 
> add the topic of "IP fast reroute in IGPs" to the  charter of RTGWG?

Yes it is an important area and we should add it to the charter.

Don

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> do you
> believe that we should add the topic of "IP fast reroute in IGPs" to the
> charter of RTGWG?

	Yes (important topic, of interst to many).

	Dave

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Date: Tue, 20 Apr 2004 11:35:28 -0400
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Subject: RE: Work on IP fast rerouting in IGPs
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>  >  In this thread I would like to solicit feedback from the WG
>>  on a more generic  question, independent of the details of
>>  any specific draft, namely: do you  believe that we should
>>  add the topic of "IP fast reroute in IGPs" to the  charter of RTGWG?
>
>Yes it is an important area and we should add it to the charter.
>

I agree. One point that might be considered in the charter is that 
the problem has three parts:
     1. path determination that precomputes (or rapidly recomputes)
        alternate paths
     2. modifying FIBs with the new path
     3. Detecting a malfunction requiring reroute.

#1 and #2 are clearly within scope. Perhaps it's too obvious to 
mention, but #3 really has more scope than subsecond hellos, which is 
relevant. I believe we also want to have well-defined primitives 
(even if SNMP traps) that allow the rerouting process to receive 
specific hardware/network management asynchronous events to start the 
process.

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At 07:08 PM 4/19/2004, Alex Zinin wrote:
>  In this thread I would like to solicit feedback from the WG on a more 
> generic
>  question, independent of the details of any specific draft, namely: do you
>  believe that we should add the topic of "IP fast reroute in IGPs" to the
>  charter of RTGWG?

Yes

Alia


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Date: Tue, 20 Apr 2004 12:00:47 -0400
To: rtgwg@ietf.org
From: "Joel M. Halpern" <joel@stevecrocker.com>
Subject: Re: WG Last Call: draft-ietf-rtgwg-igp-shortcut-00.txt
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I do not believe this document is ready for publication as an Informational 
RFC.

As I have said to the author's directly, there are a number of places where 
improvements in clarity in this document are needed.  Examples include 
clarifying the intended scope (implicit in saying that it is the reach of 
the SPF, but it should be explicit) clarifying that the "metrics" are 
internal and are relative to a model of the internal path processing logic, 
and clarifications on the technical requirements needed to preserve loop 
freedom.

In fact, given that the IETF focus is on interoperability and (for routing) 
loop prevention, I would think taht significantly more attention should go 
into explaining what the conditions are that any technique of this sort 
must meet in order to achieve loop avoidance, and then a description of the 
particular technique of interest to the authors.

Yours,
Joel M. Halpern

At 04:19 PM 4/19/2004 -0700, Alex Zinin wrote:
>Folks-
>
>  This is to start a 2-week WG Last Call for 
> draft-ietf-rtgwg-igp-shortcut-00.txt.
>  The document target status is Informational. The Last Call ends on May 
> 3rd, 2004.
>  Please send your comments to rtgwg@ietf.org.
>
>  The document is available from the WG web-page or at the following URL:
>
>    http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-rtgwg-igp-shortcut-00.txt
>
>  The Abstract from the document is included below:
>
>    This document describes how conventional hop-by-hop link-state
>    routing protocols interact with new Traffic Engineering capabilities
>    to create IGP shortcuts.  In particular this document describes how
>    Dijkstra's SPF algorithm should be adapted so that link-state IGPs
>    will calculate IP routes to forward traffic over tunnels that are
>    set up by Traffic Engineering.
>
>--
>Alex Zinin
>
>
>_______________________________________________
>Rtgwg mailing list
>Rtgwg@ietf.org
>https://www1.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/rtgwg


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Date: Tue, 20 Apr 2004 13:11:47 -0700
From: Alex Zinin <zinin@psg.com>
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To: "Joel M. Halpern" <joel@stevecrocker.com>
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Subject: Re: WG Last Call: draft-ietf-rtgwg-igp-shortcut-00.txt
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Joel,

  Thanks for reviewing the document!

  The draft is a WG item now. In the spirit of constructive cooperation, would
  you be able to come up with specific text changes that, in your opinion, would
  improve the document?

-- 
Alex
http://www.psg.com/~zinin/

Tuesday, April 20, 2004, 9:00:47 AM, Joel M. Halpern wrote:
> I do not believe this document is ready for publication as an Informational 
> RFC.

> As I have said to the author's directly, there are a number of places where 
> improvements in clarity in this document are needed.  Examples include 
> clarifying the intended scope (implicit in saying that it is the reach of 
> the SPF, but it should be explicit) clarifying that the "metrics" are 
> internal and are relative to a model of the internal path processing logic, 
> and clarifications on the technical requirements needed to preserve loop 
> freedom.

> In fact, given that the IETF focus is on interoperability and (for routing) 
> loop prevention, I would think taht significantly more attention should go 
> into explaining what the conditions are that any technique of this sort 
> must meet in order to achieve loop avoidance, and then a description of the 
> particular technique of interest to the authors.

> Yours,
> Joel M. Halpern

> At 04:19 PM 4/19/2004 -0700, Alex Zinin wrote:
>>Folks-
>>
>>  This is to start a 2-week WG Last Call for 
>> draft-ietf-rtgwg-igp-shortcut-00.txt.
>>  The document target status is Informational. The Last Call ends on May 
>> 3rd, 2004.
>>  Please send your comments to rtgwg@ietf.org.
>>
>>  The document is available from the WG web-page or at the following URL:
>>
>>    http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-rtgwg-igp-shortcut-00.txt
>>
>>  The Abstract from the document is included below:
>>
>>    This document describes how conventional hop-by-hop link-state
>>    routing protocols interact with new Traffic Engineering capabilities
>>    to create IGP shortcuts.  In particular this document describes how
>>    Dijkstra's SPF algorithm should be adapted so that link-state IGPs
>>    will calculate IP routes to forward traffic over tunnels that are
>>    set up by Traffic Engineering.
>>
>>--
>>Alex Zinin
>>
>>
>>_______________________________________________
>>Rtgwg mailing list
>>Rtgwg@ietf.org
>>https://www1.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/rtgwg


> _______________________________________________
> Rtgwg mailing list
> Rtgwg@ietf.org
> https://www1.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/rtgwg


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Subject: Re: Work on IP fast rerouting in IGPs
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On Apr 20, 2004, at 1:08 AM, Alex Zinin wrote:
>
>  In this thread I would like to solicit feedback from the WG on a more 
> generic
>  question, independent of the details of any specific draft, namely: 
> do you
>  believe that we should add the topic of "IP fast reroute in IGPs" to 
> the
>  charter of RTGWG?

I believe we have some techniques of ipfrr that don't explictely
require interoperability  however, some extensions to routing
protocols will be necessary (not for the ipfrr algo computation
itself) and anyway I believe is a good idea to have some work done
under ietf umbrella.

s.


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Date: Thu, 22 Apr 2004 12:52:22 +0300 (EEST)
From: Pekka Savola <pekkas@netcore.fi>
To: rtgwg@ietf.org
Subject: RE: Work on IP fast rerouting in IGPs
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Yes, I think this is an important topic worth addressing.

However, I am similarly concerned as Howard that we have identified 
the problems we are tackling correctly, and that we get all the pieces 
in place as well. (However, currently I'm thinking that sub-second 
Hellos or similar may be sufficient for 3.)

On Tue, 20 Apr 2004, Howard C. Berkowitz wrote:
> >  >  In this thread I would like to solicit feedback from the WG
> >>  on a more generic  question, independent of the details of
> >>  any specific draft, namely: do you  believe that we should
> >>  add the topic of "IP fast reroute in IGPs" to the  charter of RTGWG?
> >
> >Yes it is an important area and we should add it to the charter.
> >
> 
> I agree. One point that might be considered in the charter is that 
> the problem has three parts:
>      1. path determination that precomputes (or rapidly recomputes)
>         alternate paths
>      2. modifying FIBs with the new path
>      3. Detecting a malfunction requiring reroute.
> 
> #1 and #2 are clearly within scope. Perhaps it's too obvious to 
> mention, but #3 really has more scope than subsecond hellos, which is 
> relevant. I believe we also want to have well-defined primitives 
> (even if SNMP traps) that allow the rerouting process to receive 
> specific hardware/network management asynchronous events to start the 
> process.
> 
> _______________________________________________
> Rtgwg mailing list
> Rtgwg@ietf.org
> https://www1.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/rtgwg
> 

-- 
Pekka Savola                 "You each name yourselves king, yet the
Netcore Oy                    kingdom bleeds."
Systems. Networks. Security. -- George R.R. Martin: A Clash of Kings


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Date: Thu, 22 Apr 2004 18:48:28 -0400
To: rtgwg@ietf.org
From: "Howard C. Berkowitz" <hcb@gettcomm.com>
Subject: RE: Work on IP fast rerouting in IGPs
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At 12:52 PM +0300 4/22/04, Pekka Savola wrote:
>Yes, I think this is an important topic worth addressing.
>
>However, I am similarly concerned as Howard that we have identified
>the problems we are tackling correctly, and that we get all the pieces
>in place as well. (However, currently I'm thinking that sub-second
>Hellos or similar may be sufficient for 3.)

Your point about #3 raises some interesting questions about the real 
requirement. I have seen service providers want sub-50 millisecond 
reconvergence, but I suspect that is simply a cut-and-paste from SS#7 
and SONET cutover.

My sense has been that any control plane that has a significant 
number of peers and also a subsecond hello requirement will need to 
be multiprocessor, with hardware offload of the hello processing.

This does get into implementation and thus might be out of scope, but 
it's worth a passing mention.

>
>On Tue, 20 Apr 2004, Howard C. Berkowitz wrote:
>>  >  >  In this thread I would like to solicit feedback from the WG
>>  >>  on a more generic  question, independent of the details of
>>  >>  any specific draft, namely: do you  believe that we should
>>  >>  add the topic of "IP fast reroute in IGPs" to the  charter of RTGWG?
>>  >
>>  >Yes it is an important area and we should add it to the charter.
>>  >
>>
>>  I agree. One point that might be considered in the charter is that
>>  the problem has three parts:
>>       1. path determination that precomputes (or rapidly recomputes)
>>          alternate paths
>>       2. modifying FIBs with the new path
>>       3. Detecting a malfunction requiring reroute.
>>
>>  #1 and #2 are clearly within scope. Perhaps it's too obvious to
>>  mention, but #3 really has more scope than subsecond hellos, which is
>>  relevant. I believe we also want to have well-defined primitives
>>  (even if SNMP traps) that allow the rerouting process to receive
>>  specific hardware/network management asynchronous events to start the
>  > process.

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From: "zafar ali" <zali@cisco.com>
To: "'Alex Zinin'" <zinin@psg.com>, <rtgwg@ietf.org>
Subject: RE: Work on IP fast rerouting in IGPs
Date: Thu, 22 Apr 2004 19:49:00 -0400
Organization: Cisco Systems
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Hi Alex, 

I support this notion. 

Thanks
 
Regards... Zafar


>-----Original Message-----
>From: rtgwg-admin@ietf.org [mailto:rtgwg-admin@ietf.org] On 
>Behalf Of Alex Zinin
>Sent: Monday, April 19, 2004 7:09 PM
>To: rtgwg@ietf.org
>Subject: Work on IP fast rerouting in IGPs
>
>
>Folks-
>
> As many of you know, the topic of fast rerouting in IP (as 
>opposed to  MPLS-based FRR) has been brought up several times 
>at the IETF meetings recently  (see reading material at the 
>end of the message).
>
> I believe that this work is important and there's some room 
>for standardization  here. More specifically, even though the 
>exact algorithms of route calculation  in IGPs are 
>historically non-normative, the criteria, such as shortest 
>path  first, are. Forwarding packets along the feasible 
>(non-SPF, but loop-free)  next-hops, strictly speaking 
>violates those, and if done incorrectly is likely  to lead to 
>routing loops. Hence, the need to standardize the criteria for 
> feasible next-hop calculation and document possible 
>algorithms for  informational purposes (pretty much the way 
>OSPF and ISIS do this.)
>
> Per above, I would like to bring the work on fast IP 
>rerouting to the RTGWG and  ask the IESG to extend its charter 
>accordingly. The reason for not putting it  to OSPF and ISIS 
>WGs is that the base idea appears to be a more generic topic,  
>not specific to a particular IGP.
>
> As part of the WG charter extension process, we will need to 
>identify the  milestones for the WG, documents that would be 
>produced, as well as any  documents that contain relevant 
>information. These details will depend on the  results of the 
>discussion about the candidate WG document
> (draft-atlas-ip-local-protect-00.txt) that I will start shortly.
>
> In this thread I would like to solicit feedback from the WG 
>on a more generic  question, independent of the details of any 
>specific draft, namely: do you  believe that we should add the 
>topic of "IP fast reroute in IGPs" to the  charter of RTGWG?
> 
> Reading material:
>  - Cengiz' slides at 55th IETF 
>http://www.packetdesign.com/news/presentations/2002/fast-rerout
e6.pdf
  - Alia's slides at 59th IETF
http://www.ietf.org/proceedings/04mar/slides/rtgarea-2/index.html
    Alia's draft: draft-atlas-ip-local-protect-00.txt
  - Early draft
http://www.potaroo.net/ietf/old-ids/draft-kini-traf-restore-nsp-00.txt

 Thanks.
  
-- 
Alex Zinin





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From: David Meyer <dmm@1-4-5.net>
To: "Howard C. Berkowitz" <hcb@gettcomm.com>
Cc: rtgwg@ietf.org
Subject: Re: Work on IP fast rerouting in IGPs
Message-ID: <20040422234321.GA29149@1-4-5.net>
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On Thu, Apr 22, 2004 at 06:48:28PM -0400, Howard C. Berkowitz wrote:
>> At 12:52 PM +0300 4/22/04, Pekka Savola wrote:
>> >Yes, I think this is an important topic worth addressing.
>> >
>> >However, I am similarly concerned as Howard that we have identified
>> >the problems we are tackling correctly, and that we get all the pieces
>> >in place as well. (However, currently I'm thinking that sub-second
>> >Hellos or similar may be sufficient for 3.)
>> 
>> Your point about #3 raises some interesting questions about the real 
>> requirement. I have seen service providers want sub-50 millisecond 
>> reconvergence, but I suspect that is simply a cut-and-paste from SS#7 
>> and SONET cutover.

	I did a lot of work on this exactly this topic when I was
	at Sprint, and I the only thing I could find that
	approached a 50ms-like convergence requirement was some
	older mux equipment that would reset if it lost signal
	for more that about 75ms.    

	BTW, a reasonable reference here is "Is 50 ms Restoration
	Necessary?" by Jeff Schallenberg. I put the ppt on
	http://www.1-4-5.net/~dmm/Schallenburg_50ms.ppt for those
	who might be interested.

	Dave

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From: "zafar ali" <zali@cisco.com>
To: "'David Meyer'" <dmm@1-4-5.net>,
        "'Howard C. Berkowitz'" <hcb@gettcomm.com>
Cc: <rtgwg@ietf.org>
Subject: RE: Work on IP fast rerouting in IGPs
Date: Thu, 22 Apr 2004 20:29:41 -0400
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>-----Original Message-----
>From: rtgwg-admin@ietf.org [mailto:rtgwg-admin@ietf.org] On 
>Behalf Of David Meyer
>Sent: Thursday, April 22, 2004 7:43 PM
>To: Howard C. Berkowitz
>Cc: rtgwg@ietf.org
>Subject: Re: Work on IP fast rerouting in IGPs
>
>
>On Thu, Apr 22, 2004 at 06:48:28PM -0400, Howard C. Berkowitz wrote:
>>> At 12:52 PM +0300 4/22/04, Pekka Savola wrote:
>>> >Yes, I think this is an important topic worth addressing.
>>> >
>>> >However, I am similarly concerned as Howard that we have 
>identified 
>>> >the problems we are tackling correctly, and that we get all the 
>>> >pieces in place as well. (However, currently I'm thinking that 
>>> >sub-second Hellos or similar may be sufficient for 3.)
>>> 
>>> Your point about #3 raises some interesting questions about the real
>>> requirement. I have seen service providers want sub-50 millisecond 
>>> reconvergence, but I suspect that is simply a cut-and-paste 
>from SS#7 
>>> and SONET cutover.
>
>	I did a lot of work on this exactly this topic when I was
>	at Sprint, and I the only thing I could find that
>	approached a 50ms-like convergence requirement was some
>	older mux equipment that would reset if it lost signal
>	for more that about 75ms.    
>
>	BTW, a reasonable reference here is "Is 50 ms Restoration
>	Necessary?" by Jeff Schallenberg. I put the ppt on
>	http://www.1-4-5.net/~dmm/Schallenburg_50ms.ppt for those
>	who might be interested.
>

I agree, I have seen similar studies else where that show that 50 msec is
NOT a requirement from application's view-point. 

Thanks

Regards... Zafar

>	Dave
>
>_______________________________________________
>Rtgwg mailing list
>Rtgwg@ietf.org
>https://www1.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/rtgwg
>


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Date: Thu, 22 Apr 2004 21:41:59 -0400
To: <rtgwg@ietf.org>
From: "Howard C. Berkowitz" <hcb@gettcomm.com>
Subject: RE: Work on IP fast rerouting in IGPs
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At 8:29 PM -0400 4/22/04, zafar ali wrote:
>  >-----Original Message-----
>>From: rtgwg-admin@ietf.org [mailto:rtgwg-admin@ietf.org] On
>>Behalf Of David Meyer
>>Sent: Thursday, April 22, 2004 7:43 PM
>>To: Howard C. Berkowitz
>>Cc: rtgwg@ietf.org
>>Subject: Re: Work on IP fast rerouting in IGPs
>>
>>
>>On Thu, Apr 22, 2004 at 06:48:28PM -0400, Howard C. Berkowitz wrote:
>>>>  At 12:52 PM +0300 4/22/04, Pekka Savola wrote:
>>>>  >Yes, I think this is an important topic worth addressing.
>>>>  >
>>>>  >However, I am similarly concerned as Howard that we have
>>identified
>>>>  >the problems we are tackling correctly, and that we get all the
>>>>  >pieces in place as well. (However, currently I'm thinking that
>>>>  >sub-second Hellos or similar may be sufficient for 3.)
>>>>
>>>>  Your point about #3 raises some interesting questions about the real
>>>>  requirement. I have seen service providers want sub-50 millisecond
>>>>  reconvergence, but I suspect that is simply a cut-and-paste
>>from SS#7
>>>>  and SONET cutover.
>>
>>	I did a lot of work on this exactly this topic when I was
>>	at Sprint, and I the only thing I could find that
>>	approached a 50ms-like convergence requirement was some
>>	older mux equipment that would reset if it lost signal
>>	for more that about 75ms.   
>>
>>	BTW, a reasonable reference here is "Is 50 ms Restoration
>>	Necessary?" by Jeff Schallenberg. I put the ppt on
>>	http://www.1-4-5.net/~dmm/Schallenburg_50ms.ppt for those
>>	who might be interested.
>>
>
>I agree, I have seen similar studies else where that show that 50 msec is
>NOT a requirement from application's view-point.
>

That is indeed my impression, at least with respect to POTS networks. 
When I was at a router vendor, however, carrier customers often 
demanded it, without knowing exactly why.

Somewhat apropos of the topic of when things happen in the router, 
our I-D on single-router BGP convergence, 
http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-bmwg-conterm-05.txt

was conditionally approved by the IESG on April 2.  They made some 
good editorial suggestions, but I am trying to find out the 
administrative procedure to make the changes and then get the revised 
document to the RFC Editor. With the other documents I've gotten 
through the IESG, they either approved it or not.

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On Thu, 22 Apr 2004, David Meyer wrote:
> >> >However, I am similarly concerned as Howard that we have identified
> >> >the problems we are tackling correctly, and that we get all the pieces
> >> >in place as well. (However, currently I'm thinking that sub-second
> >> >Hellos or similar may be sufficient for 3.)
> >> 
> >> Your point about #3 raises some interesting questions about the real 
> >> requirement. I have seen service providers want sub-50 millisecond 
> >> reconvergence, but I suspect that is simply a cut-and-paste from SS#7 
> >> and SONET cutover.
> 
> 	I did a lot of work on this exactly this topic when I was
> 	at Sprint, and I the only thing I could find that
> 	approached a 50ms-like convergence requirement was some
> 	older mux equipment that would reset if it lost signal
> 	for more that about 75ms.    

I've talked with some researchers about this and the reason they 
seemed to like sub-50ms, namely 10ms, is that with that you'd just 
lose one VoIP packet, and that would be automatically fixed by the 
error correction.

My take on that was a lot like.. "uhh, the user isn't going to notice 
100ms break if it happens once a month, and even 1s breaks would be 
acceptable if they didn't happen too frequently."

So, I don't think sub-50ms is a real requirement, but if we can get to 
sub-200/250ms area, we should be pretty well off.

-- 
Pekka Savola                 "You each name yourselves king, yet the
Netcore Oy                    kingdom bleeds."
Systems. Networks. Security. -- George R.R. Martin: A Clash of Kings


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Folks-

 There's a clear consensus in the WG that this work item needs to be taken on.

 I also sense that it will be useful to produce a framework kind of document
 explaining what we're talking about and how different pieces of technology fit
 together. I would be fine with this, provided that it will be a lean and crisp
 document that we can finish within months, and someone commits to take an
 active (I mean really active) lead on this.

 We also need to think about how/whether MIBs may be affected. It is possible
 that the precalculated alternate next hops need to be reported in the MIB and
 marked as such. Opinions are welcome.
 
 At this point I see the following milestones that need to be added (the
 discussion on Alia's document may yield more):

   MAY 2004 Submit initial WG I-D documenting framework for fast IP rerouting

   MAY 2004 Submit initial WG I-D documenting basic fast IP rerouting mechanism
            based on precalculation of feasible loop-free next hops

   SEP 2004 Submit framework for fast IP rerouting to IESG for publication as INFO

   SEP 2004 Submit basic fast IP rerouting mechanism to IESG for publication as PS

 I will bring these to the IESG unless I hear an objection within a few days.

--
Alex


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Folks-

 FYI, please be advised.
 The text of the statement is available at
 http://www.ietf.org/ietf/IPR/avici-ipr-draft-atlas-ip-local-protect.txt

-- 
Alex



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Folks-

 As discussed in Seoul, draft-atlas-ip-local-protect-00.txt is being considered
 for becoming a WG item.

 At this point I would like to solicit opinions on the following points:

  1. Technical comments on the substance of the document

  2. More specifically, comments on the U-Turn part (e.g. useful/not useful,
     comfortable/concerned with the approach, etc.)

  3. Should the WG use this document as the basis for work on the IP fast
     reroute topic

 Please send your comments by May 9th.

 The document is available at:

 http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-atlas-ip-local-protect-00.txt

 The IPR statement is available at:

 http://www.ietf.org/ietf/IPR/avici-ipr-draft-atlas-ip-local-protect.txt

 Abstract from the document:

   This document defines an architecture and selection process for
   providing local protection for IP unicast and/or LDP traffic in the
   event of a single link or node failure until the router has
   converged.  When computing the primary next-hop for a prefix, a
   router S also determines an alternate next-hop which can be used if
   the primary next-hop fails.  The alternate can be either a loop-free
   alternate, which goes to a neighbor whose shortest path to the prefix
   does not go back through the router S, or a U-turn alternate, which
   goes to a neighbor whose primary next-hop to the prefix is the router
   S, and which has itself a loop-free node-protecting alternate, which
   thus does not go through router S to reach the destination prefix.

   A router may indicate the capability to break U-turns on its links;
   only such links can be used as U-turn alternate next-hops.  To signal
   this capability, a router must be capable of detecting when it
   receives traffic for a given destination from a primary neighbor for
   that destination and the router must forward that traffic to the
   selected alternate next-hop.

   To support U-Turn alternates and node-protection, a router must know
   what links its neighbor can consider for alternates, how a neighbor
   will select an alternate, and upon which interfaces a neighbor can
   break U-turns.  This document defines a common selection criteria
   which MUST be followed.  In addition, it is necessary to signal two
   capabilities per link.  First is whether U-turns can be broken on the
   link and second is whether the link can be used as an alternate, as
   determined administratively.

-- 
Alex
http://www.psg.com/~zinin/


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--NextPart

A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories.
This draft is a work item of the Routing Area Working Group Working Group of the IETF.

	Title		: The Generalized TTL Security Mechanism (GTSM)
	Author(s)	: V. Gill, et al.
	Filename	: draft-ietf-rtgwg-rfc3682bis-02.txt
	Pages		: 14
	Date		: 2004-4-30
	
The use of a packet's Time to Live (TTL) (IPv4) or Hop Limit (IPv6)
   to protect a protocol stack from CPU-utilization based attacks has
   been proposed in many settings (see for example, RFC 2461). This
   document generalizes these techniques for use by other protocols such
   as BGP (RFC 1771), Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP),
   Bidirectional Forwarding Detection, and Label Distribution Protocol
   (LDP) (RFC 3036). While the Generalized TTL Security Mechanism (GTSM)
   is most effective in protecting directly connected protocol peers, it
   can also provide a lower level of protection to multi-hop sessions.
   GTSM is not directly applicable to protocols employing flooding
   mechanisms (e.g., multicast), and use of multi-hop GTSM should be
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