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From: Sandra Murphy <sandy@sparta.com>
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Subject: [sidr] resuming last call on draft-ietf-sidr-res-certs-13.txt
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Geoff Huston submitted a new version of the res-certs draft which responds 
to comments received on the list and contains new text about trust 
anchors.

I am issuing a working group last call on this draft.  The last call will 
end Wed, Oct 15.

Differences in terminology and language are scattered througout.  The 
largest changes are the new trust anchor language in section 6, a new 
section 7 on Design Notes, and a new appendix on the CMS profile for trust 
anchor material.

The previous last call was the -11 version.  There was a short-lived -12 
version in between.  If you would like to see the differences between the 
-11 version and the -13 version, try the following URL:

http://tools.ietf.org/rfcdiff?url1=http://tools.ietf.org/id/draft-ietf-sidr-res-certs-13.txt&url2=http://tools.ietf.org/id/draft-ietf-sidr-res-certs-11.txt

This produces a side-by-side diff.  If you prefer one of the other diff 
styles offered by the tools site, type the appropriate URLs into:

http://tools.ietf.org/rfcdiff

where the appropriate URLs are:

http://tools.ietf.org/id/draft-ietf-sidr-res-certs-13.txt
http://tools.ietf.org/id/draft-ietf-sidr-res-certs-11.txt

--Sandy

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Date: Thu, 2 Oct 2008 12:08:12 -0400
To: Acee Lindem <acee@redback.com>
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Subject: Re: [sidr] [secdir] [OSPF]  [RPSEC] Authentication for OSPFv3
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At 11:08 AM -0400 9/30/08, Acee Lindem wrote:
>One thing to take into consideration is that the outcome of our KMART 
>BOF was that nobody deploying networks wanted routing infra-structure
>based on a third-part verified certificates.
>Thanks,
>Acee

Acee,

The wording you used here "third-part[y] verified certificates" is 
ambiguous. A cert is validated (or verified) by a relying party, so 
third-party verification could imply having some entity verify  a 
cert on behalf of a relying party, e.g,  what SCVP permits. If, on 
the other hand, you were referring to cert issuance (not 
verification), then it is commonly the case that the cert issuer 
(certification authority) in a PKI is a "third party" in that it is 
not a participant in a communication between two relying parties.  In 
either case, I don't recall hearing specific comments of the form you 
mention.

Steve
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From sidr-bounces@ietf.org  Thu Oct  2 18:48:54 2008
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From: "Steven M. Bellovin" <smb@cs.columbia.edu>
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Subject: Re: [sidr] [secdir] [OSPF]  [RPSEC] Authentication for OSPFv3
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On Tue, 30 Sep 2008 12:05:28 -0400
Sam Hartman <hartmans-ietf@MIT.EDU> wrote:

> It's certainly true that some people in the room spoke out against
> certificates.  At least some of the reasons given did not actually
> inherently apply to certificates as a whole although they did create
> some significant constraints for what would not create operational
> problems.
>

Right.  There's a big misconception in the world that using
certificates inherently requires a massive, complex infrastructure
that's best handled by third parties.  In reality, using certificates
within an enterprise need be no more complex than handing out or
accepting passwords.  All you need is a simple wrapper around something
like OpenSSL.  You don't need formal root certificate ceremonies, you
don't need court-certified videographers, you don't need high priests
waving incense and anointing the certificate-signer machine with a
mixture of cow innards and ground-up prime numbers.  (That's what OCSP
is about: Offal of Cow Sprinkled with Primes....)  Whoever hands out
address blocks within the company can sign the certificates -- it's
that simple.  I sometimes refer to this as the difference between "PKI"
and "pki" -- for enterprises, you need the latter.


		--Steve Bellovin, http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~smb
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From sidr-bounces@ietf.org  Fri Oct  3 21:45:34 2008
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From: Geoff Huston <gih@apnic.net>
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Subject: [sidr] Resolving the issues in the roa-format draft
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WG-Chair hat hurled into the corner for this posting....

I note that there are two residual open issues in the ROA draft that  
should be resolved. From the minutes of IETF 72 it was reported that  
from this draft:


    o Open issues:
         * Should a canonical format for IP addresses in ROAs be
           specified?
           - What does equivalence of ROA mean if there is no canonical
             format?
           - Should we mandate canonical format to make comparison as
             easy as possible?
           - Is a useful canonical format feasible, and is the transform
             to any such format of benefit to the ROA creator or ROA
             relying party?
           - How do we apply the validation test of a precise match
             between the resources in the EE cert and the prefixes in
             the ROA, as described in step 3 of the draft
           - Further consideration of this topic is required by the WG

         * Should the ROA format permit multiple EE certs?
           - If an ISP has two CA certs from different CAs for adjacent
             addresses where the ISP wishes to advertise the aggregate,
             that this cannot be expressed in a ROA.
           - Is this something that the specification should address?
           - There was no clear outcome from the discussion, and further
             consideration of the matter is required by the WG.


I'd like to propose a resolution to these issues by proposing that:

a)  NO canonical ROA format be specified.

The reason for this is that origination validation is reliant on the  
presence of a valid ROA that matches the prefix. The presence of  
additional ROAs, valid or invalid, that also match the prefix does not  
alter the reliance that can be given to the route object once one  
valid ROA is detected. Therefore, as long as a relying party can use  
as a lookup key a given prefix and retrieve all ROAs that match the  
prefix then the validation operation can be undertaken. Comparison of  
2 or more ROAs for equivalence is not necessary. in order to allow  
this document to proceed I propose that NO text be added regarding a  
description of a canonical ordering of prefixes in a ROA.

b) a ROA BE ALLOWED to use multiple signatures

This would use the CMS option of multiple EE certs to describe those  
aggregate prefixes that are not certified within a single validation  
path. This is a situation akin to proxy aggregation, where a route  
object is being constructed from multiple components and the  
associated ROA therefore contains a route object that cannot be  
described in a single EE certificate.

The draft would need to specify that:
- all EE certificates are to be included
- all signatures MUST validate for the CMS object to be considered valid
- the union of the address prefixes in the EE certificates MUST  
encompass the prefixes specified in the ROA.

In favor of this approach I note that RFC 3852 and RFC4853 permit  
multiple signatures and EE certs in CMS, so the basic format of the  
ROA is not altered.

The comment has been raised that this is an unlikely situation and  
there is no need to make the specification more complex for unlikely  
cases. In response I would argue that the specification should be  
complete and provide appropriate guidance to implementors for all  
situations where interoperability is required, and this case, although  
not common, has visible in the routing table already and will likely  
be visible in the routing table in future. Given that this does not  
define a new signature standard for CMS, nor a major change in the  
logic of ROA processing I do not see that this adds any undue  
complexity to implementations and has the benefit of covering the full  
range of anticipated use cases for ROAs in their application to  
signing route origination.

Are there any comments from other folk on this proposed form of  
resolution?

Geoff






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Subject: [sidr] I-D Action:draft-ietf-sidr-repos-struct-01.txt
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--NextPart

A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories.
This draft is a work item of the Secure Inter-Domain Routing Working Group of the IETF.


	Title           : A Profile for Resource Certificate Repository Structure
	Author(s)       : G. Huston, et al.
	Filename        : draft-ietf-sidr-repos-struct-01.txt
	Pages           : 12
	Date            : 2008-10-04

This document defines a profile for the structure of repository
publication points that contain X.509 / PKIX Resource Certificates,
Certificate Revocation Lists and signed objects.  This profile
contains the proposed object naming scheme, the contents of
repository publication points, the contents of publication point
manifests and a suggested internal structure of a local repository
cache that is intended to facilitate synchronization across a
distributed collection of repository publication points and
facilitate certification path construction.

A URL for this Internet-Draft is:
http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-sidr-repos-struct-01.txt

Internet-Drafts are also available by anonymous FTP at:
ftp://ftp.ietf.org/internet-drafts/

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A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories.
This draft is a work item of the Secure Inter-Domain Routing Working Group of the IETF.


	Title           : A Profile for Bogon Origin Attestations (BOAs)
	Author(s)       : G. Huston, et al.
	Filename        : draft-ietf-sidr-bogons-01.txt
	Pages           : 15
	Date            : 2008-10-05

This document defines a standard profile for Bogon Origin
Attestations (BOAs).  A BOA is a digitally signed object that
provides a means of verifying that an IP address block holder has not
authorized any Autonomous System (AS) to originate routes that are
equivalent to any of the addresses listed in the BOA.  A BOA also
provides a means of verifying that BGP speaker is not using an AS
without appropriate authority to use that AS.  The proposed
application of BOAs is intended to fit within the requirements for
adding security measures to inter-domain routing, including the
ability to support incremental and piecemeal deployment of such
measures, and does not require any changes to the specification of
the Border Gateway Protocol.

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	Title           : Validation of Route Origination in BGP using the Resource Certificate PKI
	Author(s)       : G. Huston, G. Michaelson
	Filename        : draft-ietf-sidr-roa-validation-01.txt
	Pages           : 13
	Date            : 2008-10-05

This document defines an application of the Resource Public Key
Infrastructure to validate the origination of routes advertised in
the Border Gateway Protocol.  The proposed application is intended to
fit within the requirements for adding security to inter-domain
routing, including the ability to support incremental and piecemeal
deployment, and does not require any changes to the specification of
BGP.

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All,

I have created a "new" version of the draft presented and discussed in  
Dublin.

http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-manderson-sidr-fetch-00.txt

This version, while still noted as "00" (*), has:

- https mandated for full end to end integrity of fetching objects
- updated for RFC5280
- acknowledges the potential for failed retrieval of objects and  
identifies actions after that as being a local cache policy issue.
- notes that a balance of number of HTTPS connections v parallelism  
needs to be considered by the client
- Drops the "Alternative" from the name of the draft. It is superfluous.
- Updated author details.


(*) it is version 00 as I fixed my mistake of draft naming - meaning  
that my previous wrongly named version doesn't count as 00 by IDNITS.

Terry
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[ since my last message on this subject was not approved for posting to
  this list, i am inflicting myself directly on you.  apologies. ]

i am told that multiply signed roas are reappearing like whack-a-mole.
they are as operationally useful as gears on a fish, and serve only to
make it harder for the poor thing to swim.

the fantasy that receiving two aggregatable prefixes from two different
parents is as O(likely) as brownian motion causing all the molecules of
air in the room to rush into one corner and stay there,

and all the complexity it would produce in relying implementations would
save the announcement of one prefix in the global routing table.  wow!
just announce the two prefixes.  sheesh!

if it would save the over 50% pollution of the routing table by idiocy,
then i would leap to advocating it.  but one bleeping prefix, and with a
0.00001% probability at that?  you must be kidding.

is life not hard enough already?  notice how rirs' promises of delivery
have already slipped by years.  this is not easy stuff.  do everything
you can to simplify it, not complicate it.

and surely we can find better ways to amuse ourselves by complicating
things.  like how about we propose a second and less efficient protocol
for fetching repositories?

randy
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Geoff,

On the issue of canonicalization -- To the best of my knowledge no one 
has put forward a use-case, on this mailing list or at the Dublin 
meeting, in which efficient comparison of ROAs is necessary. Therefore, 
the only reason to define some sort of 'canonicalization' is to simplify 
comparison between the addresses in a ROA and an EE cert. It is possible 
that requiring prefixes to be lexiographically sorted makes it easier 
for relying parties to compare a ROA with its coresponding EE 
certificate [at the cost of slightly more work for the relying party]. 
Therefore, I have a weak preference for requiring ROA prefixes to be 
lexiographically sorted. However, I have a strong preference for 
finishing the document, so I'm willing to go along with Geoff's proposal 
(i.e. No canonical ordering).

While we're on the topic of comparing ROA prefixes to those in EE 
certificates: Currently, the ROA format draft specifies an exact match 
between the prefixes in a ROA and the prefixes in the EE cert, and this 
text is a bit ambigous as written (for which I am to blame). As was 
pointed out at IETF 72 we have the following issue:

One might reasonably create a ROA containing 10.0/16 and 10.1/16.
However, RFC 3779 specifies that if one were to create an EE cert 
covering these addresses that the IP address extension would contain the 
single prefix 10.0/15.
So if by "exact match" we mean a simple bit-wise comparison, then 
10.0/16 and 10.1/16 cannot be present in the same ROA (they would need 
to be split into two separate ROAs, which is clearly inefficient) and if 
by "exact match" we mean 'logically the same set of addresses' then it's 
not clear what the "exact match" requirement is buying us.

At IETF 72, George Michaelson suggested that the proper requirement is 
that each prefix in the ROA is a logical subset of a prefix in the EE 
certificate. This is at least as easy to implement as testing whether 
the ROA and EE cert contain the same 'logical set of addresses' and 
nicely resolves the issue of needing to break apart authorizations into 
a (potentially) large number of ROAs.

- Matt Lepinski


Geoff Huston wrote:

> WG-Chair hat hurled into the corner for this posting....
>
> I note that there are two residual open issues in the ROA draft that  
> should be resolved. From the minutes of IETF 72 it was reported that  
> from this draft:
>
>
>    o Open issues:
>         * Should a canonical format for IP addresses in ROAs be
>           specified?
>           - What does equivalence of ROA mean if there is no canonical
>             format?
>           - Should we mandate canonical format to make comparison as
>             easy as possible?
>           - Is a useful canonical format feasible, and is the transform
>             to any such format of benefit to the ROA creator or ROA
>             relying party?
>           - How do we apply the validation test of a precise match
>             between the resources in the EE cert and the prefixes in
>             the ROA, as described in step 3 of the draft
>           - Further consideration of this topic is required by the WG
>
>         * Should the ROA format permit multiple EE certs?
>           - If an ISP has two CA certs from different CAs for adjacent
>             addresses where the ISP wishes to advertise the aggregate,
>             that this cannot be expressed in a ROA.
>           - Is this something that the specification should address?
>           - There was no clear outcome from the discussion, and further
>             consideration of the matter is required by the WG.
>
>
> I'd like to propose a resolution to these issues by proposing that:
>
> a)  NO canonical ROA format be specified.
>
> The reason for this is that origination validation is reliant on the  
> presence of a valid ROA that matches the prefix. The presence of  
> additional ROAs, valid or invalid, that also match the prefix does 
> not  alter the reliance that can be given to the route object once 
> one  valid ROA is detected. Therefore, as long as a relying party can 
> use  as a lookup key a given prefix and retrieve all ROAs that match 
> the  prefix then the validation operation can be undertaken. 
> Comparison of  2 or more ROAs for equivalence is not necessary. in 
> order to allow  this document to proceed I propose that NO text be 
> added regarding a  description of a canonical ordering of prefixes in 
> a ROA.
>
> b) a ROA BE ALLOWED to use multiple signatures
>
> This would use the CMS option of multiple EE certs to describe those  
> aggregate prefixes that are not certified within a single validation  
> path. This is a situation akin to proxy aggregation, where a route  
> object is being constructed from multiple components and the  
> associated ROA therefore contains a route object that cannot be  
> described in a single EE certificate.
>
> The draft would need to specify that:
> - all EE certificates are to be included
> - all signatures MUST validate for the CMS object to be considered valid
> - the union of the address prefixes in the EE certificates MUST  
> encompass the prefixes specified in the ROA.
>
> In favor of this approach I note that RFC 3852 and RFC4853 permit  
> multiple signatures and EE certs in CMS, so the basic format of the  
> ROA is not altered.
>
> The comment has been raised that this is an unlikely situation and  
> there is no need to make the specification more complex for unlikely  
> cases. In response I would argue that the specification should be  
> complete and provide appropriate guidance to implementors for all  
> situations where interoperability is required, and this case, 
> although  not common, has visible in the routing table already and 
> will likely  be visible in the routing table in future. Given that 
> this does not  define a new signature standard for CMS, nor a major 
> change in the  logic of ROA processing I do not see that this adds any 
> undue  complexity to implementations and has the benefit of covering 
> the full  range of anticipated use cases for ROAs in their application 
> to  signing route origination.
>
> Are there any comments from other folk on this proposed form of  
> resolution?
>
> Geoff
>
>
>
>
>
>
> _______________________________________________
> sidr mailing list
> sidr@ietf.org
> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/sidr
>


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My WG-Chair hat tossed into the corner for this posting....

On 06/10/2008, at 11:54 PM, Randy Bush wrote:

> I am told that multiply signed roas are reappearing  [...]

As I understand the substance of this post, the comment has been  
raised (again) that this is an unlikely situation and there is no need  
to make the specification more complex for unlikely cases.

In response I would argue (again) that the specification should be  
complete and provide appropriate guidance to implementors for all  
situations where interoperability is required, and this case, although  
not common, has been visible in the routing table already and will  
likely be visible in the routing table in future. Given that this does  
not define a new signature standard for CMS, nor a major change in the  
logic of ROA processing I do not see that this adds any undue  
complexity to implementations and has the benefit of covering the full  
range of anticipated use cases for ROAs in their application to  
signing route origination.


   Geoff

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> As I understand the substance of this post, the comment has been
> raised (again) that this is an unlikely situation and there is no
> need to make the specification more complex for unlikely cases.
> 
> In response I would argue (again) that the specification should be 
> complete and provide appropriate guidance to implementors for all 
> situations where interoperability is required, and this case,
> although not common, has been visible in the routing table already
> and will likely be visible in the routing table in future.

boiling the ocean is not necessary nor it is useful

> I do not see that this adds any undue complexity to implementations

do you just delete rob's mail unread?

randy
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On 07/10/2008, at 1:27 AM, Matt Lepinski wrote:

> Geoff,
>
> On the issue of canonicalization -- To the best of my knowledge no  
> one has put forward a use-case, on this mailing list or at the  
> Dublin meeting, in which efficient comparison of ROAs is necessary.  
> Therefore, the only reason to define some sort of 'canonicalization'  
> is to simplify comparison between the addresses in a ROA and an EE  
> cert. It is possible that requiring prefixes to be lexiographically  
> sorted makes it easier for relying parties to compare a ROA with its  
> coresponding EE certificate [at the cost of slightly more work for  
> the relying party]. Therefore, I have a weak preference for  
> requiring ROA prefixes to be lexiographically sorted. However, I  
> have a strong preference for finishing the document, so I'm willing  
> to go along with Geoff's proposal (i.e. No canonical ordering).
>
> While we're on the topic of comparing ROA prefixes to those in EE  
> certificates: Currently, the ROA format draft specifies an exact  
> match between the prefixes in a ROA and the prefixes in the EE cert,  
> and this text is a bit ambigous as written (for which I am to  
> blame). As was pointed out at IETF 72 we have the following issue:
>
> One might reasonably create a ROA containing 10.0/16 and 10.1/16.
> However, RFC 3779 specifies that if one were to create an EE cert  
> covering these addresses that the IP address extension would contain  
> the single prefix 10.0/15.
> So if by "exact match" we mean a simple bit-wise comparison, then  
> 10.0/16 and 10.1/16 cannot be present in the same ROA (they would  
> need to be split into two separate ROAs, which is clearly  
> inefficient) and if by "exact match" we mean 'logically the same set  
> of addresses' then it's not clear what the "exact match" requirement  
> is buying us.
>
> At IETF 72, George Michaelson suggested that the proper requirement  
> is that each prefix in the ROA is a logical subset of a prefix in  
> the EE certificate. This is at least as easy to implement as testing  
> whether the ROA and EE cert contain the same 'logical set of  
> addresses' and nicely resolves the issue of needing to break apart  
> authorizations into a (potentially) large number of ROAs.

WG chair hat off once more:

Yes, if the text in section 3, step 3 of the draft was altered to use  
the term "encompass" such that the IP addresses prefixes in that  
extension encompasses the IP prefix(es) in the ROA I would agree that  
would be a suitable resolution.

regards,

Geoff



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At Tue, 7 Oct 2008 09:40:17 +1100, Geoff Huston wrote:
> 
> ... I would argue (again) that the specification should be  
> complete and provide appropriate guidance to implementors for all  
> situations where interoperability is required, and this case, although  
> not common, has been visible in the routing table already and will  
> likely be visible in the routing table in future. Given that this does  
> not define a new signature standard for CMS, nor a major change in the  
> logic of ROA processing I do not see that this adds any undue  
> complexity to implementations and has the benefit of covering the full  
> range of anticipated use cases for ROAs in their application to  
> signing route origination.

It adds a requirement that the validator, rather than doing a "simple"
tree walk, must now attempt to trace multiple paths through the tree
in order to check the signatures on the ROA.  This adds quite a bit of
complexity to the validation process, for no gain that I can see.
Unnecessary complexity in a security-sensitive piece of software is a
bad thing, so I have no intention of implementing this even if you do
get it into the specification.
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> It adds a requirement that the validator, rather than doing a "simple"
> tree walk, must now attempt to trace multiple paths through the tree
> in order to check the signatures on the ROA.

s/multiple/an unconstrained number of/

randy
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Hi Randy,

On 06/10/2008, at 10:54 PM, Randy Bush wrote:

While sometimes I enjoy reading pointed rhetoric dismissing everyone  
else's view of the world, I'll skip it for today thanks.

> and surely we can find better ways to amuse ourselves by complicating
> things.  like how about we propose a second and less efficient  
> protocol
> for fetching repositories?

Thanks for the deeply considered response to the sidr-fetch draft -  
gosh I'm assuming that is the draft you are targeting in your comment.  
I'd hate to misread your intention.

Do you have any other comments you would like to share? Perhaps in  
line with what the draft is trying to achieve in terms of utility,  
security, scalability, integrity .. and any other "ity" words we might  
like to bring up, like compatibility..

.. and yes I do find many things amusing.

Cheers
Terry


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WG chair hgat off

On 07/10/2008, at 10:08 AM, Rob Austein wrote:

> At Tue, 7 Oct 2008 09:40:17 +1100, Geoff Huston wrote:
>>
>> ... I would argue (again) that the specification should be
>> complete and provide appropriate guidance to implementors for all
>> situations where interoperability is required, and this case,  
>> although
>> not common, has been visible in the routing table already and will
>> likely be visible in the routing table in future. Given that this  
>> does
>> not define a new signature standard for CMS, nor a major change in  
>> the
>> logic of ROA processing I do not see that this adds any undue
>> complexity to implementations and has the benefit of covering the  
>> full
>> range of anticipated use cases for ROAs in their application to
>> signing route origination.
>
> It adds a requirement that the validator, rather than doing a "simple"
> tree walk, must now attempt to trace multiple paths through the tree
> in order to check the signatures on the ROA.

Rather rather than a single check that the single certificate in the  
<certificates> field of the Signed Data type is valid this becomes a  
iterative loop that invokes the validation procedure for each  
certificate in the <certificates> field of the Signed Data type.  
Faiure at any stage is failure of the validation procedure. So far I'm  
not seeing complexity.

Rather than a single pass through step 1 of the algorithm specified in  
section 3 of the draft there is a loop for each SignerInfo instance n  
the CMS. Again I'm not seeing complexity here.

step 2 of that process is also repeated for each EE certificate rater  
than a single call.

step 3 requires that the IP addresses in the collection of the EE  
certificates be merged into a single set before the "encompass" test  
is performed Without specifying the algorithm in detail here, I cannot  
see that this is a complex piece of code.

Step 4 is repeated for each EE certificate, as noted above. Again I'm  
not seeing complexity here.


>  This adds quite a bit of
> complexity to the validation process,

If one assumes that iterative loops are complex then I could readily  
agree with this assertion. But I've never found them complex myself.

Geoff


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it is not necessary.  it is not operationally useful.  it adds
complexity to a security application.

is there a netowrk operator here who really needs it?

and we have already heard from the major open source full system
implementor, who does not plan to add it.

randy
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Geoff Huston wrote:
> WG-Chair hat hurled into the corner for this posting....
>
> I note that there are two residual open issues in the ROA draft that
> should be resolved. From the minutes of IETF 72 it was reported that
> from this draft:
>
>
>    o Open issues:
>         * Should a canonical format for IP addresses in ROAs be
>           specified?
>           - What does equivalence of ROA mean if there is no canonical
>             format?
>           - Should we mandate canonical format to make comparison as
>             easy as possible?
>           - Is a useful canonical format feasible, and is the transform
>             to any such format of benefit to the ROA creator or ROA
>             relying party?
>           - How do we apply the validation test of a precise match
>             between the resources in the EE cert and the prefixes in
>             the ROA, as described in step 3 of the draft
>           - Further consideration of this topic is required by the WG
>
(see below, please)
>
> I'd like to propose a resolution to these issues by proposing that:
>
> a)  NO canonical ROA format be specified.
>
> The reason for this is that origination validation is reliant on the
> presence of a valid ROA that matches the prefix. The presence of
> additional ROAs, valid or invalid, that also match the prefix does not
> alter the reliance that can be given to the route object once one
> valid ROA is detected. Therefore, as long as a relying party can use
> as a lookup key a given prefix and retrieve all ROAs that match the
> prefix then the validation operation can be undertaken. Comparison of
> 2 or more ROAs for equivalence is not necessary. in order to allow
> this document to proceed I propose that NO text be added regarding a
> description of a canonical ordering of prefixes in a ROA.
>

(See below)

> Are there any comments from other folk on this proposed form of
> resolution?


I hope it isn't too late to voice an opinion on ROA prefix and
prefix-range semantics, and how those may better be represented with a
slight change in the ROA fields needed to achieve that degree of subtlety.

I believe that this may in fact inform a canonical format and sort
order, for facilitating comparisons between ROAs and for matching
prefixes against ROAs.

Here's the gist of the issue - there are two things represented in the
ROA which a prefix must match.
One is, the "range" of the ROA, i.e. the CIDR block within which the
matching prefix must fall.
The second is the "size" of prefixes that the ROA is valid for, i.e. the
range of valid prefix-lengths that a matching prefix's prefix-length
must fall within.

As it currently stands, an ROA has an implicit, rather than explicit,
lower value for the range of prefix-lengths, which equals the
prefix-length of the CIDR block that the ROA describes.

I believe that there may be situations where the "semantics" of the ROA
as it stands, would require multiple ROAs (where "multiple" could
conceivably be any power of 2!!), to accurately represent a desired ROA
assignment set.
And, that a more "flexible" ROA with *explicit* lower value for range of
prefix-lengths, would be all that is required to permit expressing such
ROA sets.

Rather than having:

    IP_address / length le maxLength (length <= maxLength <=
address-family-max-length)

this would be

    IP_address / length ge minLength le maxLength (length <= minLength
<= maxLength <= address-family-max-length)

One example I've seen discussed (not sure of the context, either in ROA
format discussions, or in multiple-signature context), is 10.0/16 and
10.1/16.
In this new syntax, this would be represented as "10.0/15 ge 16 le 16".

A prefix/length would match an ROA, iff prefix is covered by ROA
(ip_address/length) AND minLength <= length <= maxLength.

Sort order would be:
prefix (ascending)
length (descending)
minLength (descending)
maxLength (descending)

Search order semantics would be (and could be extended to tree-based
searching):
key_prefix >= prefix
key_prefix < prefix + 2^(addr-family-max-length - length)
key_length >= minLength
key_length <= maxLength

(NB - with this sort order and search order, the presence of "moot" ROAs
who are entirely covered by another ROA (subnet of the prefix, range
entirely within the other's range), won't break the matching process.)

I don't think this change drastically affects the ROA, and in most cases
I would expect length == minLength to be the case.

However, in the few instances where it doesn't hold true, this would be
a saving grace, and valuable enough (IMHO) to warrant discussion.

Brian Dickson

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From sidr-bounces@ietf.org  Mon Oct  6 16:46:27 2008
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Randy, all our objects are now defined in terms of CMS.

CMS defines a multiple sign model. Its integral to the definition of  
CMS.

If we defined a multiple sign model for our data objects now, then we  
effectively future proof the design against any emergent need to have  
multiple sign over objects to validate them for RFC3779.

This is a remarkably low barrier right now, in a world of single sign.  
it is designing a data model to encompass a potential future need.

I do not believe one implementors view on optimal processing defines  
the scalability of multiple signer checking: for instance, a DB  
centric model would have no particular problem locating the set of  
direct signers, and in a pre-validated certificate hierarchy, (ie the  
covering trees for each certificate already being known) the edge- 
validation of the object by the EE certificates which signed it, which  
can be validated against the DB seems to me to be scaleable.

-George
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WG Chair hat off:

On 07/10/2008, at 10:42 AM, Randy Bush wrote:

> it is not necessary.  it is not operationally useful.  it adds
> complexity to a security application.
>
> is there a netowrk operator here who really needs it?
>
> and we have already heard from the major open source full system
> implementor, who does not plan to add it.
>


As I understand the substance of this post, the comment has been  
raised (again) that this is an unlikely situation and there is no need  
to make the specification more complex for unlikely cases.

In response I would argue (again) that the specification should be  
complete and provide appropriate guidance to implementors for all  
situations where interoperability is required, and this case, although  
not common, has been visible in the routing table already and will  
likely be visible in the routing table in future. Given that this does  
not define a new signature standard for CMS, nor a major change in the  
logic of ROA processing I do not see that this adds any undue  
complexity to implementations and has the benefit of covering the full  
range of anticipated use cases for ROAs in their application to  
signing route origination.

But I've said all this already, so nothing new from me either yet.

In a (possibly futile) effort to break out of this cycle of mindless  
repetition, here's a further contribution looking at what text would  
change in the ROA specification draft-ietf-sidr-roa-format to allow  
this proposed resolution to the issue:

section 2.1.4

...the end entity certificate(s) needed to validate this ROA.

section 3

   step 1 d. ... contains one or more EE certificates, where each EE  
certificate's Subject Key Identifier (SKi) matches the sid field of  
one instance of the SignerInfo object.


section 3

   step 2    ... in each EE certificate ...

section 3

   step 3   ... and that the union of the IP address prefix(es) in the  
EE certificate(s) extension(s) encompass the Ip address prefix(es) in  
the ROA.

section 3

   step 4   ... that each EE certificate is...

section 3

    Remove the sentences starting with "Note that ..." and "Indeed,  
since ..."

section 4

    ...  are encompassed by those in thge address space extension(s)  
in the EE certificate(s) used to sign the ROA.


   Geoff

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> In response I would argue (again) that the specification should be 
> complete and provide appropriate guidance to implementors for all 
> situations where interoperability is required,

boiling the ocean.

> and this case, although not common, has been visible in the routing
> table already

oh?  and how do you detect it?  how many are there?  how much of a real
problem is it?

randy
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I look forward to reading your code, Geoff.

The process of retrieving and checking an RPKI tree is already a
fairly complex recursive tree walk with many fiddly checks that have
to be done in the right order to avoid various attack scenarios.  The
last thing this traversal algorithm needs is a gratuitous requirement
that at each ROA it finds it must be prepared to go haring off after
an arbitrarily large number of new certificate chains in different
parts of the tree on a pointless quest to solve a non-problem.

Do you have ANY evidence whatsoever for compelling real world cases?
Don't talk theory.  Show me a real case where this would matter.
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clearly, I am not Geoff.

But in any case, I don't understand why you only analyze the costs of  
this test in the context of complete chain-validation tests,  
validating signed objects.

Why can you not test signed objects and the EE certificates against a  
*pre-validated* information structure for the hierarchy, and so only  
have to test the EE cert, and object validation at one level, instead  
of completely to the root?

what am I mis-understanding about end-sign validation?

I don't believe at this time that any multi-sign outcomes would exist  
except at the edge: end-entity objects.

so I don't see why an entire tree-validation is needed, if you have a  
pre-validated repository of known good certificate chains. The end- 
entity certs, the signed objects, surely the validation is far simpler  
than you imply?

On 07/10/2008, at 12:23 PM, Rob Austein wrote:

> I look forward to reading your code, Geoff.
>
> The process of retrieving and checking an RPKI tree is already a
> fairly complex recursive tree walk with many fiddly checks that have
> to be done in the right order to avoid various attack scenarios.  The
> last thing this traversal algorithm needs is a gratuitous requirement
> that at each ROA it finds it must be prepared to go haring off after
> an arbitrarily large number of new certificate chains in different
> parts of the tree on a pointless quest to solve a non-problem.
>
> Do you have ANY evidence whatsoever for compelling real world cases?

post rundown, the likelihood that resources do not compress simply to  
single certificate chains seems to me a likely scenario. ie, people  
will be holding large sets of dis-aggregated resources, and need to  
assert route validation over them effectively.

if they do this as a set of disjoint end objects you move validation  
costs to a simpler process per object, that then has to be  
(re)combined to make the real information you need.

If we can find a way to make multi-sign work, there could be  
significantly less objects in play, in the system as a whole.

Rob, I don't mean to be dis-respectful, but I find the vehemance "this  
can't work: its too expensive" over-stated. I don't buy it. I think  
you're at risk of entrenching a view that is as equally shakey as my  
belief multi-sign may turn out to be needed.

>
> Don't talk theory.  Show me a real case where this would matter.

Its hard for anyone to do that in a world where no routing security  
exists. But I am tempted to observe that in the WG discussions we  
seemed to be confident the *intended* security model in respect of IRR  
demanded more than one participant sign information to validate the  
relationship between AS in routing, and prefix being routed. (I do not  
mean ROA here, I am talking about things beyond the ROA. So I have  
moved the agenda sideways)

I know that others believe this is irrelevant, but I still see it  
documented in the RFCs and in the actual code which implements checks  
on who authorizes updates in WHOIS..

cheers

-George

>
> _______________________________________________
> sidr mailing list
> sidr@ietf.org
> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/sidr

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Date: Tue, 7 Oct 2008 14:15:00 +1100
From: "Vishwas Manral" <vishwas.ietf@gmail.com>
To: "George Michaelson" <ggm@apnic.net>
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Cc: Rob Austein <sra@isc.org>, sidr@ietf.org
Subject: Re: [sidr] Resolving the issues in the roa-format draft
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Hi Rob/ George,

I had raised issues about SIDR and we had a long healthy discussion on
it in February on the SIDR as well as the OPSEC lists.

I had written a draft too but I guess it did not get promoted enough.
Do have a look at :

www.archivum.info/idr@ietf.org/2008-02/msg00035.html and let me know
what you think about the ideas of the draft.

Thanks,
Vishwas


On 10/7/08, George Michaelson <ggm@apnic.net> wrote:
> clearly, I am not Geoff.
>
> But in any case, I don't understand why you only analyze the costs of
> this test in the context of complete chain-validation tests,
> validating signed objects.
>
> Why can you not test signed objects and the EE certificates against a
> *pre-validated* information structure for the hierarchy, and so only
> have to test the EE cert, and object validation at one level, instead
> of completely to the root?
>
> what am I mis-understanding about end-sign validation?
>
> I don't believe at this time that any multi-sign outcomes would exist
> except at the edge: end-entity objects.
>
> so I don't see why an entire tree-validation is needed, if you have a
> pre-validated repository of known good certificate chains. The end-
> entity certs, the signed objects, surely the validation is far simpler
> than you imply?
>
> On 07/10/2008, at 12:23 PM, Rob Austein wrote:
>
>> I look forward to reading your code, Geoff.
>>
>> The process of retrieving and checking an RPKI tree is already a
>> fairly complex recursive tree walk with many fiddly checks that have
>> to be done in the right order to avoid various attack scenarios.  The
>> last thing this traversal algorithm needs is a gratuitous requirement
>> that at each ROA it finds it must be prepared to go haring off after
>> an arbitrarily large number of new certificate chains in different
>> parts of the tree on a pointless quest to solve a non-problem.
>>
>> Do you have ANY evidence whatsoever for compelling real world cases?
>
> post rundown, the likelihood that resources do not compress simply to
> single certificate chains seems to me a likely scenario. ie, people
> will be holding large sets of dis-aggregated resources, and need to
> assert route validation over them effectively.
>
> if they do this as a set of disjoint end objects you move validation
> costs to a simpler process per object, that then has to be
> (re)combined to make the real information you need.
>
> If we can find a way to make multi-sign work, there could be
> significantly less objects in play, in the system as a whole.
>
> Rob, I don't mean to be dis-respectful, but I find the vehemance "this
> can't work: its too expensive" over-stated. I don't buy it. I think
> you're at risk of entrenching a view that is as equally shakey as my
> belief multi-sign may turn out to be needed.
>
>>
>> Don't talk theory.  Show me a real case where this would matter.
>
> Its hard for anyone to do that in a world where no routing security
> exists. But I am tempted to observe that in the WG discussions we
> seemed to be confident the *intended* security model in respect of IRR
> demanded more than one participant sign information to validate the
> relationship between AS in routing, and prefix being routed. (I do not
> mean ROA here, I am talking about things beyond the ROA. So I have
> moved the agenda sideways)
>
> I know that others believe this is irrelevant, but I still see it
> documented in the RFCs and in the actual code which implements checks
> on who authorizes updates in WHOIS..
>
> cheers
>
> -George
>
>>
>> _______________________________________________
>> sidr mailing list
>> sidr@ietf.org
>> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/sidr
>
> _______________________________________________
> sidr mailing list
> sidr@ietf.org
> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/sidr
>
_______________________________________________
sidr mailing list
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At Tue, 7 Oct 2008 14:15:00 +1100, Vishwas Manral wrote:
> 
> www.archivum.info/idr@ietf.org/2008-02/msg00035.html and let me know
> what you think about the ideas of the draft.

No offense, but I see no relevance to the topic at hand.
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WG char hat off

On 07/10/2008, at 1:23 PM, Rob Austein wrote:

>

> The process of retrieving and checking an RPKI tree is already a
> fairly complex recursive tree walk with many fiddly checks that have
> to be done in the right order to avoid various attack scenarios.  The
> last thing this traversal algorithm needs is a gratuitous requirement
> that at each ROA it finds it must be prepared to go haring off after
> an arbitrarily large number of new certificate chains in different
> parts of the tree on a pointless quest to solve a non-problem.



What I understand from your posting is that this makes ROA validation  
horrendously complex. An algorithm that attempts to validate  
everything at a repository publication point before moving on to the  
next repository publication point will have problems with any form of  
multi-signed object. On the other hand an algorithm that validates  
certificates (and CRLs) in a first pass and signed objects in a second  
pass would not encounter the same problems, as the collection of ee  
certificates required to validate the multisigned object would be  
already validated in the first pass.

So is what I'm hearing here from your posting: "I implemented it one  
way and if the draft is changed then my code will need to change, and  
I really don't want to do that, therefore I'm opposed to any change in  
the draft"?

But in that case there is a problem here for this type of algorithm in  
validating any form of multi-signed object, not just ROAs.

What about proxy aggregation in BGP? How can one validate any element  
that is constructed from a set of components other than by multo- 
signed objects? How are those multi-signed objects to be validated?

What about if one wanted to implement the RPSS security framework  
where the analogous security mechanism to the Route Object is that the  
AS holder and the prefix holder sign the route object? How are those  
multi-signed objects to be validated?

What about an AS adjacency attestation that is signed by both AS's?  
How are those multi-signed objects to be validated?

What about a generic form of AS Path validation where the credentials  
are progressively signed by the sequence of AS's?  How are those multi- 
signed objects to be validated?

Is what you are really voicing here an opposition to any form of  
multiple RPKI signatures being placed on any signed object within this  
framework? If that's the case I _personally_ see that as a very short- 
sighted limitation, a I for one see multiple signatures in the RPKI as  
being a valuable attribute in the long run in terms of the flexibility  
of the PKI to suit a broad as possible number of potential areas of  
application including BGP itself.

    Geoff



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From: Geoff Huston <gih@apnic.net>
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On 07/10/2008, at 2:15 PM, Vishwas Manral wrote:

> I had raised issues about SIDR and we had a long healthy discussion on
> it in February on the SIDR as well as the OPSEC lists.
>
> I had written a draft too but I guess it did not get promoted enough.
> Do have a look at :
>
> www.archivum.info/idr@ietf.org/2008-02/msg00035.html and let me know
> what you think about the ideas of the draft.
>
> Thanks,
> Vishwas


WG Chair HAT *ON*

Vishwas,

Thanks for your pointer and the reference you the draft you had  
written earlier this year.

The charter of the SIDR working group (http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/sidr-charter.html 
) includes the following:

"Document specific routing functionality modules within this
architecture that are designed to address specific secure routing
requirements as they are determined by the RPSEC Working Group"

To date, the RPSEC Working Group has concluded that securing the  
origination of routing advertisements IS a secure routing requirement,  
and on that basis the SIDR Working Group has been working on  
mechanisms that will allow the origination of route objects to be  
secured. The work on ROAs in precisely focused on this requirement.

The comments you reference, and the draft you cite, appear to point to  
a requirement relating to AS path security, and the specification of  
mechanisms that would allow relying parties to detect efforts by third  
parties to place false information into the AS Path of a routing  
advertisement. This precise nature of this requirement has been the  
subject of an extended study in the RPSEC Working Group, and the  
precise security requirements arising from that study are still  
somewhat unclear at the moment. I refer you to the RPSEC Working Group  
and its drafts and mailing list archives for more details on this  
study. At this stage it is my understanding, as a co-chair of the SIDR  
Working Group, that the general subject of AS Path validation has not  
yet been passed over to SIDR as a well-defined security requirement  
from the RPSEC Working Group, or from the Area Director in the form of  
a revised charter for this Working Group.

At some stage its likely that this will be part of the SIDR WG  
activities, and your contributions regarding effective and secure  
mechanism to safeguard the AS Path from various forms of unauthorized  
alteration would be welcome. However, before you brush up your  
previous draft and resubmit it, you may find some broad background  
reading on this topic to be helpful to your contribution, as the topic  
of securing the inter-domain routing system is one that has been the  
subject of a considerable number of research and operational papers as  
well as the subject of various efforts in the IETF and elsewhere over  
the past decade or so.

kind regards,

  Geoff Huston

   This time speaking as the co-chair of this Working Group




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WG Chair hat _OFF_

On 07/10/2008, at 10:41 AM, Brian Dickson wrote:

>
> Rather than having:
>
>    IP_address / length le maxLength (length <= maxLength <=
> address-family-max-length)
>
> this would be
>
>    IP_address / length ge minLength le maxLength (length <= minLength
> <= maxLength <= address-family-max-length)
>

Its isomorphic in one sense isn't it? The described representation  
lists the prefixes in the maximally permitted aggregate format and by  
the optional MaxLength parameter which specifies the finest level of  
more specifics that could be originated from this ROA. Your suggested  
representation allows a  number of aggregatable prefixes to be  
aggregated as a described prefix, as long as they share a common  
minLength value.

_personally_ I'm unsure that this alternate representation would offer  
any superior flexibility in the representation of ROAs.

  Geoff

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Geoff:
>> and this case, although not common, has been visible in the routing
>> table already
Randy:
> oh?  and how do you detect it?  how many are there?  how much of a real
> problem is it?

so i had a three hour drive from seeing kids in portland to the exciting
westin colo in seattle.  i did not even make it through the neil young
on my ipod.  but i kept thinking of how one could test or demonstrate
your assertion.  perhaps neil scrambled my thinking, but it did not even
get to winterlude.

for each prefix in some routing table, rv, dump of one of my routers,
whatever, see if that prefix can be decomposed into two or more prefixes
which one can demonstrate are 'given' to the announcing asn by two or
more different would-be certificate authoritiess, e.g. rirs or disparate
delegatees of rirs.

i could not really see how to do this for other than the case where the
prefix can be shown to be in the delegation registries of two rirs.

please give us one example which supports your assertion, or whack me
with a clue by four about how one could better test/demonstrate your
assertion.

randy
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Geoff Huston wrote:
> WG Chair hat _OFF_
>
> On 07/10/2008, at 10:41 AM, Brian Dickson wrote:
>
>>
>> Rather than having:
>>
>>    IP_address / length le maxLength (length <= maxLength <=
>> address-family-max-length)
>>
>> this would be
>>
>>    IP_address / length ge minLength le maxLength (length <= minLength
>> <= maxLength <= address-family-max-length)
>>
>
> Its isomorphic in one sense isn't it? The described representation
> lists the prefixes in the maximally permitted aggregate format and by
> the optional MaxLength parameter which specifies the finest level of
> more specifics that could be originated from this ROA. Your suggested
> representation allows a  number of aggregatable prefixes to be
> aggregated as a described prefix, as long as they share a common
> minLength value.
>
> _personally_ I'm unsure that this alternate representation would offer
> any superior flexibility in the representation of ROAs.

I'm not sure if any or all of these kinds of use cases are appropriate,
but if any of them are, they may serve to demonstrate the compactness
achievable with this representation.

Examples:
RIR->LIR, RIR has certain specific policies it wishes to enforce
regarding LIR assignments to end-users -- anything bigger than /X
requires justification (i.e. approval) and registration (i.e. ROA).
Either RIR has to create a large swath of ROAs, each of size /X, or it
can create one ROA with minLength=X. (In this example, maxLength is
irrelevant and presumed identical.)
Exceptions are needed, of course, for /Y (Y < X), but each of these can
be done with separate ROAs.
Even as a worst case scenario, no *more* ROAs are needed than in the
original case.
In a best case scenario, many orders of magnitude quantity of ROAs need
never be created, and RIR's policies are enforced directly via ROAs.

LIR->PA customers, LIR wants to aggregate but also wants to ensure no
customers are able to punch holes in the PA space.
LIR restricts the minLength to something not globally routable (e.g. /25
in IPv4, /49 in IPv6).
This ties the customer to the LIR, by preventing PA blocks being
announced via third parties (hole punching).
One ROA can be assigned, whether the amount of space is small or large.
Internal aggregation by the PA customer is limited, of course, but that
is the intention of the LIR.

There may be other cases that I'm missing, but which others may see,
based on the above examples.
Things related to IPv6 nibble boundaries (for ip6.arpa reasons) but
where the current use is only a portion of the larger (reserved) block;
ROAs with differing minLength can be created as the customer grows,
providing a viable path with no "flag day" needed.

It is certainly no worse than the previous representation, as it is
strictly a superset.

The main question, IMHO, is, does it add sufficient value to justify
making the change?
(I think it's the only question, actually.)

Brian
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Randy Bush wrote:
> Geoff:
>   
>>> and this case, although not common, has been visible in the routing
>>> table already
>>>       
> Randy:
>   
>> oh?  and how do you detect it?  how many are there?  how much of a real
>> problem is it?
>>     
>
> so i had a three hour drive from seeing kids in portland to the exciting
> westin colo in seattle.  i did not even make it through the neil young
> on my ipod.  but i kept thinking of how one could test or demonstrate
> your assertion.  perhaps neil scrambled my thinking, but it did not even
> get to winterlude.
>
> for each prefix in some routing table, rv, dump of one of my routers,
> whatever, see if that prefix can be decomposed into two or more prefixes
> which one can demonstrate are 'given' to the announcing asn by two or
> more different would-be certificate authoritiess, e.g. rirs or disparate
> delegatees of rirs.
>
> i could not really see how to do this for other than the case where the
> prefix can be shown to be in the delegation registries of two rirs.
>
> please give us one example which supports your assertion, or whack me
> with a clue by four about how one could better test/demonstrate your
> assertion.
>   

Let me ask Geoff about the specific kinds of scenarios, to simplify
things a bit. (I'm curious, too.)

Would the visible examples be adjacent prefixes (suitable for
aggregation) originated by one specific ASN?

Or, would the visible examples be adjacent prefixes from two ASNs, being
*proxy* aggregated by a third ASN?

Or some other variation involving one or two ASNs?

Try as I might, I am unable to figure out any way to split a block more
than one way.

And for two blocks to be able to be aggregated (without covering other
prefixes, i.e. not a proxy aggregate for any third parties), they have
to be adjacent.

Which means the two entities giving those blocks, would have to give the
*whole* block (in both cases) to the recipient, with nothing left over
for the giver or the giver's other customers.

A=CIDR(x/n) -> B=CIDR(x/n+1) + C=CIDR(x+foo/n+1)
RIR split A, gives B to Bob and C to Carol. Bob gives B to Dave, and
Carol gives C to Dave. Dave can now join B+C to get A again.
Nothing else works, unless B is passed down through Eric, Franz, and
Greg, and C is passed down through Harriet, Ian, and James. In each
case, without taking anything from B or C.

Is this known to have happened, and is it visible in the routing table??

Brian
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apologies.  before someone over 40 catches me, i 'fess up that i was
wrong.  the cut i wanted was winterlong, not winterlude <blush>.  and i
did not get to cortez the killer either.

and i still have not figured out how to demonstrate/test your assertion.

randy, who clearly is not having a very good night
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WG Chair hat _OFF_



On 07/10/2008, at 5:48 PM, Brian Dickson wrote:

> Randy Bush wrote:
>> Geoff:
>>
>>>> and this case, although not common, has been visible in the routing
>>>> table already
>>>>
>> Randy:
>>
>>> oh?  and how do you detect it?  how many are there?  how much of a  
>>> real
>>> problem is it?
>>>
>>
>> so i had a three hour drive from seeing kids in portland to the  
>> exciting
>> westin colo in seattle.  i did not even make it through the neil  
>> young
>> on my ipod.  but i kept thinking of how one could test or demonstrate
>> your assertion.  perhaps neil scrambled my thinking, but it did not  
>> even
>> get to winterlude.
>>
>> for each prefix in some routing table, rv, dump of one of my routers,
>> whatever, see if that prefix can be decomposed into two or more  
>> prefixes
>> which one can demonstrate are 'given' to the announcing asn by two or
>> more different would-be certificate authoritiess, e.g. rirs or  
>> disparate
>> delegatees of rirs.
>>
>> i could not really see how to do this for other than the case where  
>> the
>> prefix can be shown to be in the delegation registries of two rirs.
>>
>> please give us one example which supports your assertion, or whack me
>> with a clue by four about how one could better test/demonstrate your
>> assertion.
>>
>
> Let me ask Geoff about the specific kinds of scenarios, to simplify
> things a bit. (I'm curious, too.)
>
> Would the visible examples be adjacent prefixes (suitable for
> aggregation) originated by one specific ASN?

yes

>
>
> Or, would the visible examples be adjacent prefixes from two ASNs,  
> being
> *proxy* aggregated by a third ASN?
>

yes - I had a quick scan through the routing table this afternoon and  
saw two
potential instances of this.


> Or some other variation involving one or two ASNs?

I do not believe
>
>
> Try as I might, I am unable to figure out any way to split a block  
> more
> than one way.
>
> And for two blocks to be able to be aggregated (without covering other
> prefixes, i.e. not a proxy aggregate for any third parties), they have
> to be adjacent.
>
> Which means the two entities giving those blocks, would have to give  
> the
> *whole* block (in both cases) to the recipient, with nothing left over
> for the giver or the giver's other customers.
>
> A=CIDR(x/n) -> B=CIDR(x/n+1) + C=CIDR(x+foo/n+1)
> RIR split A, gives B to Bob and C to Carol. Bob gives B to Dave, and
> Carol gives C to Dave. Dave can now join B+C to get A again.
> Nothing else works, unless B is passed down through Eric, Franz, and
> Greg, and C is passed down through Harriet, Ian, and James. In each
> case, without taking anything from B or C.
>
> Is this known to have happened, and is it visible in the routing  
> table??


If you have a detailed look at the RIR's stats files you find that the  
older address space is somewhat fragmented across RIRs. If you also  
try and take into account a certain amount if NIR fragmentation what  
you have is the basic set of prefixes and their associated  
certification path.

Now construct this table of allocations for every day for the past,  
say year.

Then pull the set of all BGP updates for the same period (route views  
is a decent source of all such updates over the past year)

Now look up each updated prefix in the relevant daily table and see if  
the prefix fits within a single allocation space.

Report anomalies.

There may be more efficient approaches.

   Geoff




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WG Chair hat _OFF_

On 07/10/2008, at 6:09 PM, Randy Bush wrote:

> apologies.  before someone over 40 catches me, i 'fess up that i was
> wrong.  the cut i wanted was winterlong, not winterlude <blush>.   
> and i
> did not get to cortez the killer either.
>
> and i still have not figured out how to demonstrate/test your  
> assertion.
>
> randy, who clearly is not having a very good night

A source of a relatively complete set of individual allocations can be  
retrieved from http://bgp.potaroo.net/stats/nro/delegated

then take a large set of updates and examine each prefix - the Route  
views update archive is a good source

and then perform a lookup into the individual allocation list for each  
updates / withdrawn prefix

and report anomalies that straddle multiple allocations

is one way to understand the level of historical occurrence.

There could be other approaches of course.

Geoff



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> A source of a relatively complete set of individual allocations can be
> retrieved from http://bgp.potaroo.net/stats/nro/delegated
> 
> then take a large set of updates and examine each prefix - the Route
> views update archive is a good source
> 
> and then perform a lookup into the individual allocation list for each
> updates / withdrawn prefix
> 
> and report anomalies that straddle multiple allocations
> 
> is one way to understand the level of historical occurrence.

again, could you give us one or two examples of this actually occurring,
an asn aggregating prefixes from multiple rirs, i.e. what not having
multiply signed roas would preclude?

you did say "and this case, although not common, has been visible in the
routing table already."

randy
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Subject: [sidr] ROA representation and examples (was Re: Resolving the
 issues in the roa-format draft)
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Brian,

Two comments:

1) In your first example, the use of the term "registration" indicates 
that we might have some confusion on the semantics of a ROA. We envision 
that certificates will be issued in conjunction with the registration of 
IP resources (e.g. The RIR issues a certicate to the LIR when the LIR 
obtains resources from the RIR). ROAs are not intended to reflect 
registration but are merely a statement by the holder of IP resources 
(i.e. the party to whom the resources are registered) that a particular 
AS is permitted to originate routes to particular IP prefixes. If this 
was not your understanding, then I'd like your help in finding places in 
the ROA document where wording can changed to make these semantics 
clear. (If this was your understanding, then I apologize for 
mis-understanding your example.)

In any case, I personally believe that the SIDR Resource PKI is an 
inefficient way for the RIRs to enforce policy upon the LIRs. So I'm 
personally not inclined to make changes in an attempt to make the R-PKI 
suitable for that purpose. With regards to your second example, if the 
LIR wants to prohibit a an end-user from announcing prefixes through 
another provider (hole punching), then I think the right answer is for 
the LIR NOT to issue a certificate to the end-user (this prevents the 
end-user from issuing ROAs that grant permissions to other providers) 
and instead to issue an appropriate ROA for the aggregate prefix (which 
persumably names the LIR's own AS number).

2) With regards to format, there was discussion in March in Philidelphia 
which led to the addition of the max-length field. At that time, the 
question was raised as to whether there should also be a min-length 
field and at the time there seemed to be no operator requirement for 
such a field. In particular, to justify a min-length field one would 
need a use-case where a registered holder of IP resources wishes to give 
an AS permission to advertise many long prefixes, but expressly forbid 
the AS from advertising the aggregate prefix. Such a use-case seems 
unlikely because in most cases advertising the aggregate prefix does no 
harm (and indeed will be ignored in the presence of advertisements for 
longer prefixes) although I could be missing something.

- Matt Lepinski

Brian Dickson wrote:

>Geoff Huston wrote:
>  
>
>>WG Chair hat _OFF_
>>
>>On 07/10/2008, at 10:41 AM, Brian Dickson wrote:
>>
>>    
>>
>>>Rather than having:
>>>
>>>   IP_address / length le maxLength (length <= maxLength <=
>>>address-family-max-length)
>>>
>>>this would be
>>>
>>>   IP_address / length ge minLength le maxLength (length <= minLength
>>><= maxLength <= address-family-max-length)
>>>
>>>      
>>>
>>Its isomorphic in one sense isn't it? The described representation
>>lists the prefixes in the maximally permitted aggregate format and by
>>the optional MaxLength parameter which specifies the finest level of
>>more specifics that could be originated from this ROA. Your suggested
>>representation allows a  number of aggregatable prefixes to be
>>aggregated as a described prefix, as long as they share a common
>>minLength value.
>>
>>_personally_ I'm unsure that this alternate representation would offer
>>any superior flexibility in the representation of ROAs.
>>    
>>
>
>I'm not sure if any or all of these kinds of use cases are appropriate,
>but if any of them are, they may serve to demonstrate the compactness
>achievable with this representation.
>
>Examples:
>RIR->LIR, RIR has certain specific policies it wishes to enforce
>regarding LIR assignments to end-users -- anything bigger than /X
>requires justification (i.e. approval) and registration (i.e. ROA).
>Either RIR has to create a large swath of ROAs, each of size /X, or it
>can create one ROA with minLength=X. (In this example, maxLength is
>irrelevant and presumed identical.)
>Exceptions are needed, of course, for /Y (Y < X), but each of these can
>be done with separate ROAs.
>Even as a worst case scenario, no *more* ROAs are needed than in the
>original case.
>In a best case scenario, many orders of magnitude quantity of ROAs need
>never be created, and RIR's policies are enforced directly via ROAs.
>
>LIR->PA customers, LIR wants to aggregate but also wants to ensure no
>customers are able to punch holes in the PA space.
>LIR restricts the minLength to something not globally routable (e.g. /25
>in IPv4, /49 in IPv6).
>This ties the customer to the LIR, by preventing PA blocks being
>announced via third parties (hole punching).
>One ROA can be assigned, whether the amount of space is small or large.
>Internal aggregation by the PA customer is limited, of course, but that
>is the intention of the LIR.
>
>There may be other cases that I'm missing, but which others may see,
>based on the above examples.
>Things related to IPv6 nibble boundaries (for ip6.arpa reasons) but
>where the current use is only a portion of the larger (reserved) block;
>ROAs with differing minLength can be created as the customer grows,
>providing a viable path with no "flag day" needed.
>
>It is certainly no worse than the previous representation, as it is
>strictly a superset.
>
>The main question, IMHO, is, does it add sufficient value to justify
>making the change?
>(I think it's the only question, actually.)
>
>Brian
>_______________________________________________
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>
>  
>


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From sidr-bounces@ietf.org  Tue Oct  7 08:13:23 2008
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Date: Tue, 7 Oct 2008 11:13:34 -0400
To: "Vishwas Manral" <vishwas.ietf@gmail.com>
From: Stephen Kent <kent@bbn.com>
Cc: Rob Austein <sra@isc.org>, sidr@ietf.org
Subject: Re: [sidr] Resolving the issues in the roa-format draft
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Vishwas,

I replied to your message from Feb 27, back in that time frame.  I noted that:

	- the RPKI is the first step toward providing better BGP security
	- the SIDR WG understands the limitations of using ROAs for origin
	  AS validation (vs. full path validation)
	- both the soBGP and the SBGP proposals rely on a PKI of the sort that
	  the SIDR work is standardizing
	- use of ROAs and the RPKI allows one to more readily distinguish
	  between benign errors and malicious attacks, which is valuable

I don't think that your 1-page I-D is a useful characterization of 
the motivation for the SIDR work, or the residual secruity issues to 
be addressed after the RPKI foundation is standardized.   I do think 
we should make sure that the SIDR architecture document capture these 
issues, e.g., in the secruity considerations section.

Steve
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From sidr-bounces@ietf.org  Tue Oct  7 08:18:41 2008
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Date: Tue, 7 Oct 2008 11:19:41 -0400
To: Brian Dickson <briand@ca.afilias.info>
From: Stephen Kent <kent@bbn.com>
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Subject: Re: [sidr] Resolving the issues in the roa-format draft
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At 2:33 AM -0400 10/7/08, Brian Dickson wrote:
>G...
>
>I'm not sure if any or all of these kinds of use cases are appropriate,
>but if any of them are, they may serve to demonstrate the compactness
>achievable with this representation.
>
>Examples:
>RIR->LIR, RIR has certain specific policies it wishes to enforce
>regarding LIR assignments to end-users -- anything bigger than /X
>requires justification (i.e. approval) and registration (i.e. ROA).
>Either RIR has to create a large swath of ROAs, each of size /X, or it


When I got to this statement, I became very concerned.  A ROA is 
generated by a prefix holder to specify an AS that the prefix holder 
authorizes to originate a route to the prefix in question. Thus, an 
RIR (or NIR) should never be signing a ROA. Only ISPs and subscribers 
who are multi-homed or who have PI address space should be generating 
ROAs.

I didn't read the rest of your message to validate the other examples 
you offered, but this one seems seriously out of whack.

Steve
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On Tue, 7 Oct 2008, Stephen Kent wrote:

> At 2:33 AM -0400 10/7/08, Brian Dickson wrote:
>> G...
>> 
>> I'm not sure if any or all of these kinds of use cases are appropriate,
>> but if any of them are, they may serve to demonstrate the compactness
>> achievable with this representation.
>> 
>> Examples:
>> RIR->LIR, RIR has certain specific policies it wishes to enforce
>> regarding LIR assignments to end-users -- anything bigger than /X
>> requires justification (i.e. approval) and registration (i.e. ROA).
>> Either RIR has to create a large swath of ROAs, each of size /X, or it
>
>
> When I got to this statement, I became very concerned.  A ROA is generated by 
> a prefix holder to specify an AS that the prefix holder authorizes to 
> originate a route to the prefix in question. Thus, an RIR (or NIR) should 
> never be signing a ROA. Only ISPs and subscribers who are multi-homed or who 
> have PI address space should be generating ROAs.

Any chance Brian meant RSA, not ROA?  Seems to fit the context better.

--Sandy


>
> I didn't read the rest of your message to validate the other examples you 
> offered, but this one seems seriously out of whack.
>
> Steve
> _______________________________________________
> sidr mailing list
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>
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On Tue, 7 Oct 2008, Sandra Murphy wrote:

>
>
> On Tue, 7 Oct 2008, Stephen Kent wrote:
>
>> At 2:33 AM -0400 10/7/08, Brian Dickson wrote:
>>> G...
>>> 
>>> I'm not sure if any or all of these kinds of use cases are appropriate,
>>> but if any of them are, they may serve to demonstrate the compactness
>>> achievable with this representation.
>>> 
>>> Examples:
>>> RIR->LIR, RIR has certain specific policies it wishes to enforce
>>> regarding LIR assignments to end-users -- anything bigger than /X
>>> requires justification (i.e. approval) and registration (i.e. ROA).
>>> Either RIR has to create a large swath of ROAs, each of size /X, or it
>> 
>> 
>> When I got to this statement, I became very concerned.  A ROA is generated 
>> by a prefix holder to specify an AS that the prefix holder authorizes to 
>> originate a route to the prefix in question. Thus, an RIR (or NIR) should 
>> never be signing a ROA. Only ISPs and subscribers who are multi-homed or 
>> who have PI address space should be generating ROAs.
>
> Any chance Brian meant RSA, not ROA?  Seems to fit the context better.
>

On second thought, no it doesn't.  sorry.

--Sandy

> --Sandy
>
>
>> 
>> I didn't read the rest of your message to validate the other examples you 
>> offered, but this one seems seriously out of whack.
>> 
>> Steve
>> _______________________________________________
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>> sidr@ietf.org
>> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/sidr
>> 
>
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(Sorry in advance - long post ahead. Please read, however, when you have
time, everyone. There's some valuable operator input here.)

Matt Lepinski wrote:
> Brian,
>
> Two comments:
>
> 1) In your first example, the use of the term "registration" indicates
> that we might have some confusion on the semantics of a ROA. We
> envision that certificates will be issued in conjunction with the
> registration of IP resources (e.g. The RIR issues a certicate to the
> LIR when the LIR obtains resources from the RIR). ROAs are not
> intended to reflect registration but are merely a statement by the
> holder of IP resources (i.e. the party to whom the resources are
> registered) that a particular AS is permitted to originate routes to
> particular IP prefixes. If this was not your understanding, then I'd
> like your help in finding places in the ROA document where wording can
> changed to make these semantics clear. (If this was your
> understanding, then I apologize for mis-understanding your example.)

I think I understand what you're saying.

However, I am trying to reconcile several things, and am having
difficulty in figuring out what EE/ROA things need to be issued, by
whom, and what the validation methodology is.

I'm specifically considering the BGP default-free zone, and prefixes
seen globally.

Here's how filters can be built today:

    * IP allocations are done
          o either entire PA blocks to ISPs for reassignment to their
            customers, and aggregation to the whole block before global
            announcement (at least in theory)
          o or PI blocks to end sites who are multi-homed
    * IRR registration is made by the originating AS (the ISP or
      multi-homed entity, using its own ASN as Origin: attribute for
      Route: objects, plus its Aut-num: object)
    * IRR registration is made for as-sets (hierarchically, too, to
      arbitrary depth) reflecting customer/transit relationships
    * IRR registration of peering announcements (who announces what to
      whom, in RPSL) is done
    * Expansion of IRR contents on a per-peer or per-customer basis is
      done, expanding into permitted AS_PATH and PREFIX lists (not
      necessarily tied together, unfortunately, and not necessarily as
      complete as we would like)


In the "-roa-" drafts, the term "originate" is used consistently, but I
am unclear if that maps 1:1 with "Origin:" in the IRR. Does it mean,
strictly, originate, or does it also mean "announce to a peer", where
the announcer heard it from some third party, i.e. the announcer has the
prefix with a non-empty as-path?

I can see how the first recipient of such an announcement could validate
the prefix based on ROA.
How does someone more than one AS away validate using ROAs, if he/she is
not able to know for certain that the sender is also authorized to send
all prefixes for the remote AS (the alleged originator)?
And/or, presumably, there is the ability to authorize an upstream AS to
announce all of one's AS, and that that is a transitive property.
Is the ROA used for this, or is there some other "thing" that is used
for signing/validating?

Now, for a use case:

There are classes of allocations which are made in a very particular
method, which I believe the RIRs would like to have means for
restricting their use.

These are "critical infrastructure" assignments, typically /24's to be
used in a PI fashion, which may be assigned en mass, e.g. from larger
ranges of contiguous space (perhaps by coincidence, but contiguous
nonetheless).
These could show up as a sequence of /23,/22,/23,/24 (for a set of 9
prefixes).
Operators of DNS infrastructure, among others, are critically dependent
on the availability and use of these, and having the ability to trust
routing announcements of these prefixes is of first-order importance to
SIDR, IMNSHO.

In these cases, I believe the RIR would want to issue the ROA itself,
and do so in such a way as to only permit /24's to be announced, and
only by a specific ASN originator. I do not believe the RIR would want
to cede control of the larger blocks, only (at best) the individual /24's.

And, in particular, the RIR would not want the recipient ASN to be able
to "glue together" the contiguous pieces, and certainly not to be able
to assign the glued bits to some third party, especially for money.

If it were technically feasible for a large chunk of "critical
infrastructure" space to be (a) aggregated, and (b) sold on the black
market, it would be bad all-around, for operators of critical
infrastructure, for the RIR, and for the processes involved.

That is one use case. However unlikely the scenarios described, they are
of enough concern for me to document. That at a minimum, I would hope,
is sufficient for the WG to give consideration to the security
considerations involved, and to view the minLength issue from that
perspective.

>
> In any case, I personally believe that the SIDR Resource PKI is an
> inefficient way for the RIRs to enforce policy upon the LIRs. So I'm
> personally not inclined to make changes in an attempt to make the
> R-PKI suitable for that purpose. With regards to your second example,
> if the LIR wants to prohibit a an end-user from announcing prefixes
> through another provider (hole punching), then I think the right
> answer is for the LIR NOT to issue a certificate to the end-user (this
> prevents the end-user from issuing ROAs that grant permissions to
> other providers) and instead to issue an appropriate ROA for the
> aggregate prefix (which persumably names the LIR's own AS number).

What about BGP MPLS VPNs? If an ISP gives a chunk of space to a customer
to use on the customer's VPN, and wants to run BGP to the customer for
PE-CE routing, and wants to ensure that the customer only announces
prefixes it is supposed to, and to do the filtering per site, the ISP
would ideally want to issue an ROA, with a longer minLength than the
block itself, but not announce the more-specific to the world. The ISP
would not want to have the customer announce any other prefixes. The ISP
would also want to enforce BCP 38, and would want to filter *packets*
based on RPKI (sidr). How else, other than ROA(s) is this possible?

And what if the customer is so big, that they are the only recipient of
an ROA from a large CIDR block? (Hint - think about large global
organizations like IATA, or various DOD departments).

>
> 2) With regards to format, there was discussion in March in
> Philidelphia which led to the addition of the max-length field. At
> that time, the question was raised as to whether there should also be
> a min-length field and at the time there seemed to be no operator
> requirement for such a field. In particular, to justify a min-length
> field one would need a use-case where a registered holder of IP
> resources wishes to give an AS permission to advertise many long
> prefixes, but expressly forbid the AS from advertising the aggregate
> prefix. Such a use-case seems unlikely because in most cases
> advertising the aggregate prefix does no harm (and indeed will be
> ignored in the presence of advertisements for longer prefixes)
> although I could be missing something.

Not to be too pedantic, but:
The IETF policy is that the mailing list is where things get decided.
Meetings are for useful discussions, and for getting "the sense of the
room".
However, the absence of voices of concern, at a meeting, is not
sufficient reason to discount discussion on technical issues and merits,
on the mailing list.

There are *definitely* cases where advertising the aggregate prefix can
and will do harm.

Consider Bill Manning's /16 for ep.net (exchange point allocations).
Each of those is used as a /24 (or /23 or /22 for big exchanges).
Announcing the aggregate, or any portion thereof, would likely cause
harm, and at a minimum facilitate wide-scale abuse, like pointing
default at peers on an exchange.
It's one example, but far from the only example.

I'd suggest that however unlikely, the presence of a single extra field,
may save someone's bacon somewhere down the road.

I wouldn't want to be counted among those opposing its inclusion, if not
having it caused someone a real operational problem, just because we
couldn't come up with a big enough example at the time.

I'd rather have it included and never get used, than exclude it and
cause a headache for someone.

It's analogous to free speech. I may disagree vehemently with you, but I
will always fight for your ability to express those insipid comments :-)

Brian

>
> - Matt Lepinski
>
> Brian Dickson wrote:
>
>> Geoff Huston wrote:
>>  
>>
>>> WG Chair hat _OFF_
>>>
>>> On 07/10/2008, at 10:41 AM, Brian Dickson wrote:
>>>
>>>   
>>>> Rather than having:
>>>>
>>>>   IP_address / length le maxLength (length <= maxLength <=
>>>> address-family-max-length)
>>>>
>>>> this would be
>>>>
>>>>   IP_address / length ge minLength le maxLength (length <= minLength
>>>> <= maxLength <= address-family-max-length)
>>>>
>>>>     
>>> Its isomorphic in one sense isn't it? The described representation
>>> lists the prefixes in the maximally permitted aggregate format and by
>>> the optional MaxLength parameter which specifies the finest level of
>>> more specifics that could be originated from this ROA. Your suggested
>>> representation allows a  number of aggregatable prefixes to be
>>> aggregated as a described prefix, as long as they share a common
>>> minLength value.
>>>
>>> _personally_ I'm unsure that this alternate representation would offer
>>> any superior flexibility in the representation of ROAs.
>>>   
>>
>> I'm not sure if any or all of these kinds of use cases are appropriate,
>> but if any of them are, they may serve to demonstrate the compactness
>> achievable with this representation.
>>
>> Examples:
>> RIR->LIR, RIR has certain specific policies it wishes to enforce
>> regarding LIR assignments to end-users -- anything bigger than /X
>> requires justification (i.e. approval) and registration (i.e. ROA).
>> Either RIR has to create a large swath of ROAs, each of size /X, or it
>> can create one ROA with minLength=X. (In this example, maxLength is
>> irrelevant and presumed identical.)
>> Exceptions are needed, of course, for /Y (Y < X), but each of these can
>> be done with separate ROAs.
>> Even as a worst case scenario, no *more* ROAs are needed than in the
>> original case.
>> In a best case scenario, many orders of magnitude quantity of ROAs need
>> never be created, and RIR's policies are enforced directly via ROAs.
>>
>> LIR->PA customers, LIR wants to aggregate but also wants to ensure no
>> customers are able to punch holes in the PA space.
>> LIR restricts the minLength to something not globally routable (e.g. /25
>> in IPv4, /49 in IPv6).
>> This ties the customer to the LIR, by preventing PA blocks being
>> announced via third parties (hole punching).
>> One ROA can be assigned, whether the amount of space is small or large.
>> Internal aggregation by the PA customer is limited, of course, but that
>> is the intention of the LIR.
>>
>> There may be other cases that I'm missing, but which others may see,
>> based on the above examples.
>> Things related to IPv6 nibble boundaries (for ip6.arpa reasons) but
>> where the current use is only a portion of the larger (reserved) block;
>> ROAs with differing minLength can be created as the customer grows,
>> providing a viable path with no "flag day" needed.
>>
>> It is certainly no worse than the previous representation, as it is
>> strictly a superset.
>>
>> The main question, IMHO, is, does it add sufficient value to justify
>> making the change?
>> (I think it's the only question, actually.)
>>
>> Brian
>> _______________________________________________
>> sidr mailing list
>> sidr@ietf.org
>> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/sidr
>>
>>  
>>
>
>

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WG Chair Hat Off

On 08/10/2008, at 7:05 AM, Brian Dickson wrote:

> (Sorry in advance - long post ahead. Please read, however, when you  
> have
> time, everyone. There's some valuable operator input here.)

Brian when I read your post I was reading it with the following  
example in mind

ROA1
10.0.0.0/16, maxlength=18, 10.1.0.0/16, maxlength=18, EE  
Cert=10.0.0.0/15

and

ROA2
10.0.0.0/15 minlength=16, maxlength=18, EE Cert=10.0.0.0/15

Now as far as I can tell these are equivalent ROAs, yes?

Now what, in your examples could be expressed using ROA1 that chould  
not be expressed using ROA2, and vice versa? The reason why I ask the  
question was that in my readon of your post I saw nothing that helped  
me distinguish between these cases.

regards,

Geoff







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Subject: Re: [sidr] Resolving the issues in the roa-format draft
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WG Chair hat off


On 07/10/2008, at 11:25 PM, Randy Bush wrote:

>> A source of a relatively complete set of individual allocations can  
>> be
>> retrieved from http://bgp.potaroo.net/stats/nro/delegated
>>
>> then take a large set of updates and examine each prefix - the Route
>> views update archive is a good source
>>
>> and then perform a lookup into the individual allocation list for  
>> each
>> updates / withdrawn prefix
>>
>> and report anomalies that straddle multiple allocations
>>
>> is one way to understand the level of historical occurrence.
>
> again, could you give us one or two examples of this actually  
> occurring,
> an asn aggregating prefixes from multiple rirs, i.e. what not having
> multiply signed roas would preclude?
>
> you did say "and this case, although not common, has been visible in  
> the
> routing table already."
>

I did say that and I based that comment on my earlier work in  
constructing the BGP report and looking at aggregation possibilities  
in the routing table and figuring out why the code was failing for  
certain advertised prefixes (its always the bugs that are more  
interesting than the working code). That was over 4 years ago, and  
after correcting (!) the code not to look for such cases where the  
prefix straddled across allocation boundaries I've not had to go back  
there again until this conversation.

So if you are after current examples, then its a case of  
reconstructing the code and running through the routing updates again.  
It may be some weeks before I can get around to this task personally.  
Others may be better situated to perform such an investigation in a  
faster timeframe.

   Geoff




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Subject: Re: [sidr] Resolving the issues in the roa-format draft
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Geoff Huston wrote:
> WG Chair hat off
>
>
> On 07/10/2008, at 11:25 PM, Randy Bush wrote:
>
>>> A source of a relatively complete set of individual allocations can be
>>> retrieved from http://bgp.potaroo.net/stats/nro/delegated
>>>
>>> then take a large set of updates and examine each prefix - the Route
>>> views update archive is a good source
>>>
>>> and then perform a lookup into the individual allocation list for each
>>> updates / withdrawn prefix
>>>
>>> and report anomalies that straddle multiple allocations
>>>
>>> is one way to understand the level of historical occurrence.
>>
>> again, could you give us one or two examples of this actually occurring,
>> an asn aggregating prefixes from multiple rirs, i.e. what not having
>> multiply signed roas would preclude?
>>
>> you did say "and this case, although not common, has been visible in the
>> routing table already."
>>
>
> I did say that and I based that comment on my earlier work in
> constructing the BGP report and looking at aggregation possibilities
> in the routing table and figuring out why the code was failing for
> certain advertised prefixes (its always the bugs that are more
> interesting than the working code). That was over 4 years ago, and
> after correcting (!) the code not to look for such cases where the
> prefix straddled across allocation boundaries I've not had to go back
> there again until this conversation.

Even historical examples from 4 years ago, if you can find the prefixes
in question and other attributes, would be very interesting to most
folks, I believe.
(Most of us have access to the old data too, so we can look at the
then-relevant state of the world as relates to those prefixes.)

If you have them handy, that is.

Brian

>
> So if you are after current examples, then its a case of
> reconstructing the code and running through the routing updates again.
> It may be some weeks before I can get around to this task personally.
> Others may be better situated to perform such an investigation in a
> faster timeframe.
>
>   Geoff
>
>
>
>
> _______________________________________________
> sidr mailing list
> sidr@ietf.org
> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/sidr

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Subject: Re: [sidr] ROA representation and examples (was Re: Resolving the
 issues in the roa-format draft)
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Geoff Huston wrote:
> WG Chair Hat Off
>
> On 08/10/2008, at 7:05 AM, Brian Dickson wrote:
>
>> (Sorry in advance - long post ahead. Please read, however, when you have
>> time, everyone. There's some valuable operator input here.)
>
> Brian when I read your post I was reading it with the following
> example in mind
>
> ROA1
> 10.0.0.0/16, maxlength=18, 10.1.0.0/16, maxlength=18, EE Cert=10.0.0.0/15
>
> and
>
> ROA2
> 10.0.0.0/15 minlength=16, maxlength=18, EE Cert=10.0.0.0/15
>
> Now as far as I can tell these are equivalent ROAs, yes?
>

Yeeeeeees. However, my reading of the drafts suggest that the EE Cert
needs to exactly match the ROA.
Is that the case for ROA1?


> Now what, in your examples could be expressed using ROA1 that chould
> not be expressed using ROA2, and vice versa? The reason why I ask the
> question was that in my readon of your post I saw nothing that helped
> me distinguish between these cases.

For the small example above, there is no difference. But that example
is, in some respects, a "straw man"...

The problem is when you get into things like:

10.0.0.0/16, minlength=24, maxlength=24

or

10.0.0.0/12, minlength=21, maxlength=29

or

2001:foo::/48 minlength=56, maxlength=126

(Enumeration in binary systems doesn't scale well.)

I can think of environments where this kind of thing might be desired,
if not outright required.
MPLS BGP VPNs, or virtual machine environments (EC2), among others.

Even if we're not necessarily designing this for use in anything other
than the DFZ Internet, I don't see strong disincentive to designing
flexibility into the system, to support other uses.

Brian
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Stephen Kent wrote:
> At 2:33 AM -0400 10/7/08, Brian Dickson wrote:
>> G...
>>
>> I'm not sure if any or all of these kinds of use cases are appropriate,
>> but if any of them are, they may serve to demonstrate the compactness
>> achievable with this representation.
>>
>> Examples:
>> RIR->LIR, RIR has certain specific policies it wishes to enforce
>> regarding LIR assignments to end-users -- anything bigger than /X
>> requires justification (i.e. approval) and registration (i.e. ROA).
>> Either RIR has to create a large swath of ROAs, each of size /X, or it
>
>
> When I got to this statement, I became very concerned.  A ROA is
> generated by a prefix holder to specify an AS that the prefix holder
> authorizes to originate a route to the prefix in question. Thus, an
> RIR (or NIR) should never be signing a ROA. Only ISPs and subscribers
> who are multi-homed or who have PI address space should be generating
> ROAs.
>
> I didn't read the rest of your message to validate the other examples
> you offered, but this one seems seriously out of whack. 

I think there are definitely boundary issues on "who owns IP space" that
are very relevant, and very timely.

Yes, I understand that "who owns" the space is "who generates the ROA".

My question is, if the RIR's policy is that the RIR owns the space, not
the ISP, what then?
Nothing in the framework can or should mandate what an RIR does.
(RIRs may take guidance, but are ultimately responsive to their
membership, not the IETF.)

Case in point - the "IP Transfer Policy for IPv4" issue, in the ARIN
region (and likely mirrored in the other RIR regions)...
(You may want to take a look at the ARIN public policy mailing list
archives, if you aren't already on that list.)

The main issue is, if IP space is *fully* under the control of the ISP,
then that ISP can assign the whole block to some third party, e.g. for
money (aka, "sell" or "rent" the block).

Compare that to the model where the RIR *never* gives full control of
the block, but instead signs an ROA with the ISP's ASN listed as being
allowed to originate it, possibly with more-specifics.

It differs from the current model, but then, everything about ROAs
differs from the current model.

So, I don't believe my example is "out of whack" at all, and is
something that might not have been considered, but is definitely an
unresolved and important issue.

Brian
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From: Randy Bush <randy@psg.com>
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Subject: Re: [sidr] Resolving the issues in the roa-format draft
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the data are broken in the first place.  there are duplicate entries!

% grep ipv4 delegated | awk 'BEGIN {FS="|";} {print $4}' | sort | uniq
-c | grep -v '  1 '
   2 132.11.0.0
   2 132.17.0.0
   2 156.112.0.0
   2 156.113.0.0
   2 192.52.232.0
   2 192.94.234.0
   2 193.194.128.0
   2 193.227.128.0
   2 194.9.64.0
   2 194.9.82.0
   2 195.234.185.0
   2 195.234.252.0

randy
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Subject: Re: [sidr] ROA representation and examples (was Re: Resolving the
 issues in the roa-format draft)
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Brian,

Thank you for the feedback, comments are in-line below

Brian Dickson wrote:

>(Sorry in advance - long post ahead. Please read, however, when you have
>time, everyone. There's some valuable operator input here.)
>  
>
<snip>

>I think I understand what you're saying.
>
>However, I am trying to reconcile several things, and am having
>difficulty in figuring out what EE/ROA things need to be issued, by
>whom, and what the validation methodology is.
>
>I'm specifically considering the BGP default-free zone, and prefixes
>seen globally.
>
>Here's how filters can be built today:
>
>    * IP allocations are done
>          o either entire PA blocks to ISPs for reassignment to their
>            customers, and aggregation to the whole block before global
>            announcement (at least in theory)
>          o or PI blocks to end sites who are multi-homed
>    * IRR registration is made by the originating AS (the ISP or
>      multi-homed entity, using its own ASN as Origin: attribute for
>      Route: objects, plus its Aut-num: object)
>    * IRR registration is made for as-sets (hierarchically, too, to
>      arbitrary depth) reflecting customer/transit relationships
>    * IRR registration of peering announcements (who announces what to
>      whom, in RPSL) is done
>    * Expansion of IRR contents on a per-peer or per-customer basis is
>      done, expanding into permitted AS_PATH and PREFIX lists (not
>      necessarily tied together, unfortunately, and not necessarily as
>      complete as we would like)
>
>
>In the "-roa-" drafts, the term "originate" is used consistently, but I
>am unclear if that maps 1:1 with "Origin:" in the IRR. Does it mean,
>strictly, originate, or does it also mean "announce to a peer", where
>the announcer heard it from some third party, i.e. the announcer has the
>prefix with a non-empty as-path?
>
>I can see how the first recipient of such an announcement could validate
>the prefix based on ROA.
>How does someone more than one AS away validate using ROAs, if he/she is
>not able to know for certain that the sender is also authorized to send
>all prefixes for the remote AS (the alleged originator)?
>And/or, presumably, there is the ability to authorize an upstream AS to
>announce all of one's AS, and that that is a transitive property.
>Is the ROA used for this, or is there some other "thing" that is used
>for signing/validating?
>  
>
[MBL]: It seems that our documents need to define "originate" more 
clearly. The intended meaning is that the "originating" AS is the one 
who initially injects an advertisement into the routing system (i.e. as 
the term is used in Section 5.1.2 of RFC 4271), and does not refer to an 
AS that receives an advertisement from a peer and forwards the 
advertisement to other peers. I believe this corresponds to the use of 
the "Origin:" attribute in the IRR.

[MBL]: Also let me attempt to be clear as to the problem that ROAs are 
attempting to solve. The use of validated ROAs as an (additional) input 
to the filter generation process allows the prevention of the following 
limited class of attacks: Consider an AS who (perhaps accidently due to 
mis-configuration)  emits a BGP UPDATE message originating a route to a 
prefix to which he is not authorized to originate routes (e.g. an ISP 
operator in Pakistan mistakenly announces a route to a prefix owned by 
youtube.com). Any ISP that receives such an invalid advertisement 
(either directly or by way of a peer who propagates the invalid 
announcement) can use data from validated ROAs to determine that the 
advertisement is invalid.

[MBL]: Note that no one is claiming that the current SIDR work is 
sufficient to prevent all attacks on the routing system. Indeed, as you 
indicate, ROAs alone are insufficient to detect cases where an 
intermediate ISP receives a valid announcement that the ISP is not 
permitted to propagate, but (either maliciously or accidently) prorates 
the announcement anyway. However, the infrastructure being developed by 
SIDR is a necessary first step in creating more comprehensive routing 
security solutions (such as S-BGP or SO-BGP)  which could be used to 
prevent such attacks by intermediaries.

>Now, for a use case:
>
>There are classes of allocations which are made in a very particular
>method, which I believe the RIRs would like to have means for
>restricting their use.
>
>These are "critical infrastructure" assignments, typically /24's to be
>used in a PI fashion, which may be assigned en mass, e.g. from larger
>ranges of contiguous space (perhaps by coincidence, but contiguous
>nonetheless).
>These could show up as a sequence of /23,/22,/23,/24 (for a set of 9
>prefixes).
>Operators of DNS infrastructure, among others, are critically dependent
>on the availability and use of these, and having the ability to trust
>routing announcements of these prefixes is of first-order importance to
>SIDR, IMNSHO.
>
>In these cases, I believe the RIR would want to issue the ROA itself,
>and do so in such a way as to only permit /24's to be announced, and
>only by a specific ASN originator. I do not believe the RIR would want
>to cede control of the larger blocks, only (at best) the individual /24's.
>
>And, in particular, the RIR would not want the recipient ASN to be able
>to "glue together" the contiguous pieces, and certainly not to be able
>to assign the glued bits to some third party, especially for money.
>
>If it were technically feasible for a large chunk of "critical
>infrastructure" space to be (a) aggregated, and (b) sold on the black
>market, it would be bad all-around, for operators of critical
>infrastructure, for the RIR, and for the processes involved.
>
>That is one use case. However unlikely the scenarios described, they are
>of enough concern for me to document. That at a minimum, I would hope,
>is sufficient for the WG to give consideration to the security
>considerations involved, and to view the minLength issue from that
>perspective.
>  
>
[MBL]: Thank you for the use case. The problem you raise above is not 
one that I had envisioned that SIDR would solve, however, is there is a 
simple way for the SIDR architecture to be modified to meet additional 
RIR requirements then we should certainly consider such modification. 
What confuses me in this example, however, is how the aggregation of 
"critical infrastructure" space is the problem. If an RIR wishes to 
prevent a party receiving IP resources from transferring those resources 
to another party (e.g. on the black market) then the RIR could in theory 
issue the ROA itself (and not issue a certificate to the party receiving 
the addresses) which allows the RIR to maintain control over which AS's 
can originate routes to the given address space. (Personally, I don't 
know if any RIRs are planning to do this, but it is certainly 
technically possible). On the other hand, if an RIR chooses to issue a 
certificate to a party receiving IP resources then the mechanisms 
specified in SIDR are completely in-capable of preventing the receiving 
party from transferring the resources without the RIR's consent (e.g. on 
the black market) --- And this seems true regardless of whether there is 
a minLength field in a ROA.

>  
>
>>In any case, I personally believe that the SIDR Resource PKI is an
>>inefficient way for the RIRs to enforce policy upon the LIRs. So I'm
>>personally not inclined to make changes in an attempt to make the
>>R-PKI suitable for that purpose. With regards to your second example,
>>if the LIR wants to prohibit a an end-user from announcing prefixes
>>through another provider (hole punching), then I think the right
>>answer is for the LIR NOT to issue a certificate to the end-user (this
>>prevents the end-user from issuing ROAs that grant permissions to
>>other providers) and instead to issue an appropriate ROA for the
>>aggregate prefix (which persumably names the LIR's own AS number).
>>    
>>
>
>What about BGP MPLS VPNs? If an ISP gives a chunk of space to a customer
>to use on the customer's VPN, and wants to run BGP to the customer for
>PE-CE routing, and wants to ensure that the customer only announces
>prefixes it is supposed to, and to do the filtering per site, the ISP
>would ideally want to issue an ROA, with a longer minLength than the
>block itself, but not announce the more-specific to the world. The ISP
>would not want to have the customer announce any other prefixes. The ISP
>would also want to enforce BCP 38, and would want to filter *packets*
>based on RPKI (sidr). How else, other than ROA(s) is this possible?
>
>And what if the customer is so big, that they are the only recipient of
>an ROA from a large CIDR block? (Hint - think about large global
>organizations like IATA, or various DOD departments).
>  
>
[MBL]: This seems like a good example (which hasn't come up in past 
discussions) for us to keep in mind. I don't know whether we can make 
the R-PKI work for MPLS VPNs, but I'd certainly like to do so if it can 
be done with only minor changes to the architecture (e.g. the addition 
of an extra ROA field). I apologize for my ignorance, but f you could be 
a little more specific here, it would help me. In particular, I'm 
confused here as to what is "the block itself" as compared to the 
prefixes that the customer should be advertising.

>
>Not to be too pedantic, but:
>The IETF policy is that the mailing list is where things get decided.
>Meetings are for useful discussions, and for getting "the sense of the
>room".
>However, the absence of voices of concern, at a meeting, is not
>sufficient reason to discount discussion on technical issues and merits,
>on the mailing list.
>
>  
>
[MBL]: My apologies, I did not mean to say that we should discount 
further discussion of the issue based on what had been said at IETF 72, 
I am only saying that the discussion at IETF 72 led me to personally 
believe that the existence of use-cases necessitating a minLength field 
was unlikely. But I'm happy to continue discussing this issue on the 
list, and it may very well turn out that I was mistaken.

>There are *definitely* cases where advertising the aggregate prefix can
>and will do harm.
>
>Consider Bill Manning's /16 for ep.net (exchange point allocations).
>Each of those is used as a /24 (or /23 or /22 for big exchanges).
>Announcing the aggregate, or any portion thereof, would likely cause
>harm, and at a minimum facilitate wide-scale abuse, like pointing
>default at peers on an exchange.
>It's one example, but far from the only example.
>  
>
[MBL]: It seems to me that in order for minLength to be needed, we'd 
require a case in which an AS was authorized to originate routes to two 
adjacent /24's but it would be harmful if the AS instead initiated a 
route to the aggregate /23. Is this such a case?

>I'd suggest that however unlikely, the presence of a single extra field,
>may save someone's bacon somewhere down the road.
>
>I wouldn't want to be counted among those opposing its inclusion, if not
>having it caused someone a real operational problem, just because we
>couldn't come up with a big enough example at the time.
>
>I'd rather have it included and never get used, than exclude it and
>cause a headache for someone.
>
>It's analogous to free speech. I may disagree vehemently with you, but I
>will always fight for your ability to express those insipid comments :-)
>
>Brian
>  
>
[MBL]: Weighing the potential for future operational problems versus the 
added implementation complexity of adding rarely-used features to a 
specification is always challenging (see for example, the other current 
SIDR thread regarding multiple signatures on a ROA). I'm personally 
hesitant to include a feature without understanding the use-cases that 
necessitate such a feature, but others in the working group may 
disagree. Finally, I very much appreciate your feedback, and please do 
not take my response as arguing vehemently against inclusion of a 
minLength field (I'm really just trying to better understand the 
underlying use-cases).

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Subject: Re: [sidr] Resolving the issues in the roa-format draft
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WG Chair hat off

On 08/10/2008, at 7:54 AM, Brian Dickson wrote:

> Even historical examples from 4 years ago, if you can find the  
> prefixes
> in question and other attributes, would be very interesting to most
> folks, I believe.
> (Most of us have access to the old data too, so we can look at the
> then-relevant state of the world as relates to those prefixes.)
>
> If you have them handy, that is.

I did not think that they were interesting at the time, and never kept  
any records (yeah, I'm too slack! :-( ) - so its a case of getting out  
the BGP update microscope and doing it all over again.

   Geoff


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WG Chair hat off

On 08/10/2008, at 8:02 AM, Brian Dickson wrote:

> Geoff Huston wrote:
>> WG Chair Hat Off
>>
>> On 08/10/2008, at 7:05 AM, Brian Dickson wrote:
>>
>>> (Sorry in advance - long post ahead. Please read, however, when  
>>> you have
>>> time, everyone. There's some valuable operator input here.)
>>
>> Brian when I read your post I was reading it with the following
>> example in mind
>>
>> ROA1
>> 10.0.0.0/16, maxlength=18, 10.1.0.0/16, maxlength=18, EE  
>> Cert=10.0.0.0/15
>>
>> and
>>
>> ROA2
>> 10.0.0.0/15 minlength=16, maxlength=18, EE Cert=10.0.0.0/15
>>
>> Now as far as I can tell these are equivalent ROAs, yes?
>>
>
> Yeeeeeees. However, my reading of the drafts suggest that the EE Cert
> needs to exactly match the ROA.
> Is that the case for ROA1?
>

My apologies for the misunderstanging here - in the flurry of mail  
traffic on this list there was the proposal to change the "exactly  
match" text to "encompass"

"Yes, if the text in section 3, step 3 of the draft was altered to use  
the term "encompass" such that the IP addresses prefixes in that  
extension encompasses the IP prefix(es) in the ROA I would agree that  
would be a suitable resolution."

In my head in working through your example I had assumed that this was  
already the case.

(The reasoning here is that EE certs DO have a canonical  
representation, and 10.0.0.0/16, 10.1.0.0/16 must be expressed in a  
canonical form in the cert as 10.0.0.0/15 - for this reason  
"encompass" is a reasonable resolution







>
>> Now what, in your examples could be expressed using ROA1 that chould
>> not be expressed using ROA2, and vice versa? The reason why I ask the
>> question was that in my readon of your post I saw nothing that helped
>> me distinguish between these cases.
>
> For the small example above, there is no difference. But that example
> is, in some respects, a "straw man"...
>
> The problem is when you get into things like:
>
> 10.0.0.0/16, minlength=24, maxlength=24
>
> or
>
> 10.0.0.0/12, minlength=21, maxlength=29
>
> or
>
> 2001:foo::/48 minlength=56, maxlength=126
>
> (Enumeration in binary systems doesn't scale well.)

Again, however this is an enumeration issue rather than a difference  
in semantics.

>
>
> I can think of environments where this kind of thing might be desired,
> if not outright required.
> MPLS BGP VPNs, or virtual machine environments (EC2), among others.
>
> Even if we're not necessarily designing this for use in anything other
> than the DFZ Internet, I don't see strong disincentive to designing
> flexibility into the system, to support other uses.
>

I'm not arguing for or against this - I'm attempting to understand the  
precise nature of the difference.

Its my understanding so far that the two representations are  
isomorphic - nothing expressible in one notation is inexpressible in  
the other. The only difference _as far as I can see_ lies in the size  
of the ROA in expressing sets of prefixes, and as far as I can see a  
set of conjoined prefixes with the same maximal length constraint  
would have a more compact representation with a min length parameter.  
Or am I missing something still in my understanding of this?


regards,

    Geoff





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WG Chair hat OFF

On 08/10/2008, at 8:16 AM, Randy Bush wrote:

> the data are broken in the first place.  there are duplicate entries!
>
> % grep ipv4 delegated | awk 'BEGIN {FS="|";} {print $4}' | sort | uniq
> -c | grep -v '  1 '
>   2 132.11.0.0
>   2 132.17.0.0
>   2 156.112.0.0
>   2 156.113.0.0
>   2 192.52.232.0
>   2 192.94.234.0
>   2 193.194.128.0
>   2 193.227.128.0
>   2 194.9.64.0
>   2 194.9.82.0
>   2 195.234.185.0
>   2 195.234.252.0

Yes, I agree that the RIR allocation data is imperfect as well, so the  
summary file of the union of the RIR's data is also imperfect in terms  
of uniqueness. :-( Obviously, his does not make the task easier.

    Geoff


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Brian,

I believe the collection of SIDR documents do a reasonable job 
explaining the underlying assumptions and motivations for the SIDR 
work. Still, we'll revisit them to try to minimize the ambiguities 
you perceive. Nonethelsss, let me summarize:

The RPKI is intended to parallel the address space (and AS #) 
allocation hierarchy, from IANA, to RIRs, to NIRs (where applicable) 
to ISPs (aka LIRs) and PI subscribers, ...

We never talk about "owning" address space, because IANA and the RIRs 
do not use that term. We use the term "resource holder"  to refer to 
an entity who holds address space or AS numbers. The term refers to 
the entity that is recorded in the applicable RIR (or IANA) database 
as the holder of the resource in question.

Thus the resource certificates issued by registries are alternative 
representations of the registry database records, pared down to the 
essential data for the routing security goals of interest. They are 
only part of the overall set of data needed to help improve routing 
security, but they are a critical first step.

Given this model, a ROA is generated by the entity listed as the 
resource holder, because that entity is the one who chooses the 
ISP(s) that originate the route (i.e., is the origin AS in BGP terms) 
for the prefix (ignoring for the moment the issue of route 
aggregation).

A resource holder might ask the RIR (or NIR or ISP) from which a 
resource was allocated to manage the RPKI data on its behalf, but 
that should be done in a fashion that does not make such 
"outsourcing" visible to the relying parties processing RPKI data. 
(Such outsourcing is common for commercial, TTP PKIs as well.) I 
believe that the folks at APNIC and RIPE have indicated that they are 
prepared to provide such services for their members.

There is not an intent that ROAs represent a substantial departure 
from the current model, as you suggest.  The intent is for a resource 
holder be able to use a ROA to identify, in a secure, independently 
verifiable fashion, the identity (in the form of an AS #) of entities 
authorized to originate routes for the prefix. The IRR databases try 
to do this, and more, via RPSL entries, but the security there is not 
as good as what can be achieved via deployment of the RPKI.

Hope this helps.

Steve
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Geoff Huston wrote:
>
> I'm not arguing for or against this - I'm attempting to understand the
> precise nature of the difference.
>
> Its my understanding so far that the two representations are
> isomorphic - nothing expressible in one notation is inexpressible in
> the other. The only difference _as far as I can see_ lies in the size
> of the ROA in expressing sets of prefixes, and as far as I can see a
> set of conjoined prefixes with the same maximal length constraint
> would have a more compact representation with a min length parameter.
> Or am I missing something still in my understanding of this?

No, that is it.

(Other than the intrinsic self-documenting nature of the compact
representation, vs the expansion thereof.)

There are subtleties lost when enumeration is the only solution.

My favorite example of succinct and subtle was in Terminator 2:
  "How many cops are there?"
  "All of them, I think."

Brian
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Terry Manderson submitted a new draft "RPKI Repository Retrieval 
Mechanism" in repsonse to comments received.  The draft is available at
http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-manderson-sidr-fetch-00.txt.

He asks for adoption of the draft as a sidr work item.

I'm opening the question of whether this should be adopted as a wg work 
item.  Please respond, indicating whether you are for or against 
adoption and whether you would participate in that work.

The question is open for two weeks.  Respond by Friday, Oct 22.

--Sandy


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From sidr-bounces@ietf.org  Sun Oct 12 17:58:49 2008
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Date: Mon, 13 Oct 2008 10:59:31 +1000
From: Robert Loomans <robertl@apnic.net>
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Sandra Murphy wrote:
> Terry Manderson submitted a new draft "RPKI Repository Retrieval
> Mechanism" in repsonse to comments received.  The draft is available at
> http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-manderson-sidr-fetch-00.txt.
> 
> He asks for adoption of the draft as a sidr work item.
> 
> I'm opening the question of whether this should be adopted as a wg work
> item.  Please respond, indicating whether you are for or against
> adoption and whether you would participate in that work.
> 
> The question is open for two weeks.  Respond by Friday, Oct 22.

I'm for adoption: I would like to see the idea explored.

I will participate in any discussion.

Rob

-- 
Robert Loomans                                  Email: robertl@apnic.net
Senior Software Engineer, APNIC                 Phone:   +61 7 3858 3100
http://www.apnic.net                              Fax:   +61 7 3858 3199

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From sidr-bounces@ietf.org  Mon Oct 13 13:32:03 2008
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Date: Mon, 13 Oct 2008 16:33:08 -0400
To: Geoff Huston <gih@apnic.net>
From: Stephen Kent <kent@bbn.com>
Cc: Rob Austein <sra@isc.org>, sidr@ietf.org
Subject: Re: [sidr] WG LC on draft-ietf-sidr-rpki-manifests-02.txt
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Geoff & Rob,

First, my recollection is that we decided that the cert for a 
manifest appears only in the manifest data structure, which still 
seems like a useful simplification.

So, I suggest that this EE cert  appear only in this location, and 
this not have its own publication point.  That does require that the 
cert be used ONLY for manifest validation. In the terminology Geoff 
crafted for the manifest I-D, this makes the EE cert for a manifest a 
single-use cert, (optionally a sequential use cert) even if it is not 
a one-time-use cert.

Geoff's message emphasized reuse of the private key, but Rob's 
message emphasized the desire to not have to put the manifest EE cert 
on a CRL if a manifest is reissued one or more times before its next 
scheduled issuance time.
There was no mention of the validity interval is for this cert in 
either Geoff's or Rob's messages.

For a one-time-use cert, the manifest I-D suggests that the EE cert 
lifetime match that of the manifest. That will cause each new EE to 
be on the CRL until the matching manifest expires, when a manifest is 
issued before the nextUpdate time. Presumably this is what triggered 
Rob's concern. The manifest I-D does not provide (useful) guidance 
for the validity period for a sequential-use EE cert associated with 
a manifest. Presumably the validity period will be longer than that 
anticipated for the manifest, else it makes no sense to view this as 
a sequential-use cert. So, it appears to me that a sequential-use, 
single-use cert satisfies Rob's concern about CRL growth.

The primary security rationale for revoking the EE cert for a 
manifest when a new manifest is issued is to alert RPs of the 
manifest change. The argument is that the revoked EE cert for the 
manifest will appear on the CRL, and RPs will thus know not to accept 
the old manifest. This argument presumes that RPs will acquire the 
new CRL in orders to perform this check. However, if an attacker 
replaces the new manifest and new CRL with the older, not yet expired 
versions, RPs will not be able to tell the difference, so the cited 
rationale is not a good one.

This suggests that a sequential-use EE cert for the manifest is just 
as secure as a one-time-use cert, relative to the unscheduled 
manifest change case.

Given this observation, I suggest that we mandate that the manifest 
nextUpdate value and the nextUpdate value in the CRL that covers the 
EE cert used to verify the manifest be the same. Otherwise, if the 
CRL is scheduled to be reissued before the manifest, the manifest 
will have to be reissued at that time, so that it contains the 
current CRL hash value, and we'll create a preventable stale manifest 
problem. (I also suggest that this analysis be included in the 
manifest I-D.) If CRL and manifest issuance are synchronized, as 
suggested above, then a sequential-use EE cert for a manifest can 
safely have a lifetime that spans multiple manifests. The primary 
argument for one-time-use EE certs for manifests, is the same as for 
ROAs, i.e., the underlying private key can be forgotten after use, 
making the system somewhat safer as a result.


As for terminology, a CA is an entity, a CA cert is not. We can talk 
about the current CRL issued by a CA and verified using the CA's 
cert, but a manifest is issued by a CA (through an EE representing 
the CA), nit by a CA cert.

Finaly, the document has LOTS of instances where is refers to objects 
signed by a given cert. This has to be fixed, as certs are not used 
to sign objects; they are used to verify signed objects.

I'l, send Geoff a marked up version of the manifest I-D with some of 
the edits based on my comments above.

Steve
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From: Sandra Murphy <sandy@sparta.com>
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Subject: [sidr] resuming last call on draft-ietf-sidr-res-certs-13.txt (fwd)
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A reminder.  Tomorrow is the last day for comments on the res-certs draft.

Please take a moment to check this out for comments.

--Sandy


---------- Forwarded message ----------
Date: Wed, 1 Oct 2008 16:07:02 -0400 (Eastern Daylight Time)
From: Sandra Murphy <sandy@sparta.com>
To: sidr@ietf.org
Subject: resuming last call on draft-ietf-sidr-res-certs-13.txt

Geoff Huston submitted a new version of the res-certs draft which responds to 
comments received on the list and contains new text about trust anchors.

I am issuing a working group last call on this draft.  The last call will end 
Wed, Oct 15.

Differences in terminology and language are scattered througout.  The largest 
changes are the new trust anchor language in section 6, a new section 7 on 
Design Notes, and a new appendix on the CMS profile for trust anchor material.

The previous last call was the -11 version.  There was a short-lived -12 
version in between.  If you would like to see the differences between the -11 
version and the -13 version, try the following URL:

http://tools.ietf.org/rfcdiff?url1=http://tools.ietf.org/id/draft-ietf-sidr-res-certs-13.txt&url2=http://tools.ietf.org/id/draft-ietf-sidr-res-certs-11.txt

This produces a side-by-side diff.  If you prefer one of the other diff styles 
offered by the tools site, type the appropriate URLs into:

http://tools.ietf.org/rfcdiff

where the appropriate URLs are:

http://tools.ietf.org/id/draft-ietf-sidr-res-certs-13.txt
http://tools.ietf.org/id/draft-ietf-sidr-res-certs-11.txt

--Sandy

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From sidr-bounces@ietf.org  Tue Oct 14 11:58:12 2008
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From: Roque Gagliano <rgaglian@fing.edu.uy>
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Subject: Re: [sidr] request for wg adoption
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I do support this draft become WG item as a different fetching  
mechanism.

I believe a reference to section 4.3 of the architecture draft (Access  
protocols) should be added in order to be sure that the proposed  
protocol complies with all the requirements stated there.

Roque


On Oct 10, 2008, at 12:58 PM, Sandra Murphy wrote:

> Terry Manderson submitted a new draft "RPKI Repository Retrieval  
> Mechanism" in repsonse to comments received.  The draft is available  
> at
> http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-manderson-sidr-fetch-00.txt.
>
> He asks for adoption of the draft as a sidr work item.
>
> I'm opening the question of whether this should be adopted as a wg  
> work item.  Please respond, indicating whether you are for or  
> against adoption and whether you would participate in that work.
>
> The question is open for two weeks.  Respond by Friday, Oct 22.
>
> --Sandy
>
>
> _______________________________________________
> sidr mailing list
> sidr@ietf.org
> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/sidr


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<html><body style=3D"word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; =
-webkit-line-break: after-white-space; ">I do support this draft become =
WG item as a different fetching mechanism.<div><br></div><div>I believe =
a reference to section 4.3 of the architecture draft (Access protocols) =
should be added in order to be sure that the proposed protocol complies =
with all the requirements stated =
there.</div><div><br></div><div>Roque</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><=
div><div><div><div>On Oct 10, 2008, at 12:58 PM, Sandra Murphy =
wrote:</div><br class=3D"Apple-interchange-newline"><blockquote =
type=3D"cite"><div>Terry Manderson submitted a new draft "RPKI =
Repository Retrieval Mechanism" in repsonse to comments received. =
&nbsp;The draft is available at<br><a =
href=3D"http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-manderson-sidr-fetch-00.=
txt">http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-manderson-sidr-fetch-00.txt=
</a>.<br><br>He asks for adoption of the draft as a sidr work =
item.<br><br>I'm opening the question of whether this should be adopted =
as a wg work item. &nbsp;Please respond, indicating whether you are for =
or against adoption and whether you would participate in that =
work.<br><br>The question is open for two weeks. &nbsp;Respond by =
Friday, Oct =
22.<br><br>--Sandy<br><br><br>____________________________________________=
___<br>sidr mailing list<br><a =
href=3D"mailto:sidr@ietf.org">sidr@ietf.org</a><br><a =
href=3D"https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/sidr">https://www.ietf.org/m=
ailman/listinfo/sidr</a><br></div></blockquote></div><br></div></div></bod=
y></html>=

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_______________________________________________
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From sidr-bounces@ietf.org  Wed Oct 15 12:07:56 2008
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I believe this document should become a WG work item.

Dave

Sandra Murphy wrote:
> Terry Manderson submitted a new draft "RPKI Repository Retrieval 
> Mechanism" in repsonse to comments received.  The draft is available at
> http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-manderson-sidr-fetch-00.txt.
>
> He asks for adoption of the draft as a sidr work item.
>
> I'm opening the question of whether this should be adopted as a wg 
> work item.  Please respond, indicating whether you are for or against 
> adoption and whether you would participate in that work.
>
> The question is open for two weeks.  Respond by Friday, Oct 22.
>
> --Sandy

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From sidr-bounces@ietf.org  Fri Oct 17 07:29:11 2008
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I'm not opposed to this idea, though I still don't know how this will shake
out against rsync.  Frankly, it would be simpler if there were just one
mechanism, and perhaps that question ought to be asked of the working group.
I do not think we are doing the broader community any favors by specifying
two methods.  I share the discomfort some people have with rsync and feel
that an HTTP approach would be easier to troubleshoot and manipulate
operationally.

That being said, this draft does not appear to be revised with feedback from
the last IETF.  Without clarification and modification, the algorithm
specified in this draft would have serious performance issues with HTTPS.
So, when are we expecting a draft revision that addresses this issue and the
others brought forward in Dublin?

-andy


On 10/10/08 10:58 AM, "Sandra Murphy" <sandy@sparta.com> wrote:

> Terry Manderson submitted a new draft "RPKI Repository Retrieval
> Mechanism" in repsonse to comments received.  The draft is available at
> http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-manderson-sidr-fetch-00.txt.
>
> He asks for adoption of the draft as a sidr work item.
>
> I'm opening the question of whether this should be adopted as a wg work
> item.  Please respond, indicating whether you are for or against
> adoption and whether you would participate in that work.
>
> The question is open for two weeks.  Respond by Friday, Oct 22.
>
> --Sandy
>
>
> _______________________________________________
> sidr mailing list
> sidr@ietf.org
> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/sidr
>

_______________________________________________
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> That being said, this draft does not appear to be revised with feedback from
> the last IETF.  Without clarification and modification, the algorithm
> specified in this draft would have serious performance issues with HTTPS.
> So, when are we expecting a draft revision that addresses this issue and the
> others brought forward in Dublin?

when will there be running code we can actually compare?

randy
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Subject: [sidr] Manifests and the Repository Structure
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The repository structure document reads:

in section 2.2:

    Becuase a CA is associated with a single key pair an entity performss
    the equivalent of a key rollover operation by generating a new CA
    instance as well as a new key pair.  In such cases the entity may
    chose to continue of use a single repository publication point for
    both CA instances.  In such cases the repository publication pooint
    will contain the CRL, manifest and subordinate certificates of both
    CA instances.

In section 2.3, which is talking about multi-use EE certificates

    It is consistent with this specification, but not recommended
    practice, that all subordinate EE certificates of a given CA share a
    common publication repository.  In this case the repository
    publication point would contain multiple manifest objects, one for
    each EE certificate that has placed objects into this common
    publication point.  Each manifest is limited in scope to listing the
    objects signed by the EE certificate.

In section 3:

    o  Each CA publication directory in the publication repository should
       contain the products of this CA, including those objects signed by
       single-use EE certificates that have been issued by this CA.  The
       signed products of related CA's that are operated by the same
       entity may share the CA publication directory.  Aside from
       subdirectories, no other objects should be placed in a publication
       repository directory.

Rob Austein's message of 19 Sep 2008 says:

>The problem is that the manifest is a not a listing of the active
>entity's outputs, it's a listing of the outputs issued by a particular
>CA certificate.  Now that David has finished beating us up about the
>term "rollover", the mapping from CA to CA certificate is 1:1, just to
>further confuse matters, and we lack a good term for the entity that
>controls a publication point and maps 1:1 with the publication point.
>
>There's a subtlety here that may not be obvious (thanks to Sandy for
>asking about it): the publication point, in the sense of a filesystem
>directory, is common to all current CA certificates in use by this
>nameless entity that we used to call a CA.  Normally that's exactly
>one CA certificate, except during rollover, when both the old and new
>CA certificates are valid; now that David has whacked us with proper
>PKI terminology, the process that we call rollover is really a process
>of generating a new CA and reissuing all of the old CA's products
>under the new CA.
>
>The manifest, however, is specific to a particular CA certificate.
>This means that during rollover the manifest will not cover the entire
>content of the directory; instead, there will be two certificates,
>each with its own manifest, and the two manifests between them will
>cover the content of the directory.

My question to which Rob refers was about how many manifests exist at
a publication point.  I think the repository structure and Rob's
message indicate that there might be more than one manifest at a
publication point, and no one manifest covers all items in the
publication point.

I don't think that the current text in the manifests draft quite
carries that thought completely all the way through.  My question to
Rob last time was private, I'm taking the risky step of asking the
question this time in public.

For example, in the intro:

    A manifest is an object that lists of all of the other signed objects
    issued by the authority responsible for a publication point in the
    repository system.

Depending on whether "the authority" means what Rob calls "the nameless
entity" or "the CA certificate" (plus single use EE certificates signed
by the CA cert?) , this would mean either that the  manifest lists all
the signed objects in the publication point period,  or that the
manifest lists only those signed objects in the publication point that
were signed using just one private key.

For the purpose of writing the manifest validation code, I think the
difference matters.

Section 5.1 on manifest generation says only:

4.	Construct the manifest content.

Who knew that might need explaining?  My first guess at the algorithm
is something like: take the EE cert that (refers to the public key
that is associated with the private key that) will sign the manifest,
take the CA cert that (refers to the public key associated with the
private key that) signed the EE cert, and list all signed objects in the
publication point that are signed by (the private key yada yada) that CA
cert.  Except that the repository structure draft in section 2.2 & 3
says that the publication point also includes objects signed by an EE
certificate "where the EE certificate was issued by this CA".  I
believe that means that the manifest object also lists the signed
objects associated with EE certs in the publication point that
are associated with the CA cert.

And in section 8.1, Tests for Determining Manifest State

    For a given publication point, the relying party should perform the
    following tests to determine the manifest state of the publication
    point:

    1.  Select the manifest having highest manifestNumber among all valid
        manifests (where manifest validity is defined in Section
        Section 7).

I think this was intended to refer to choosing among manifests you have
downloaded, not multiple manifests at the publication point.

    3.  Check that every file at the publication point appears on the
        manifest, and that every file on the manifest appears at the
        publication point.

If a manifest lists only those signed objects signed by one particular
private key (aka signed by one particular "CA", if I read Rob's message
correctly above, or signed by a single use EE cert signed by this same
one particular "CA", if I read the repository structure draft
correctly), then this language needs to be made more precise, something
like: take the EE cert that was used in signing the manifest,
take the CA cert that was used in signing the EE cert, and list all
signed objects in the publication point that are signed by that CA
cert.  The repository structure draft in section 2.2 & 3 says that the
publication point also includes objects signed by an EE certificate
"where the EE certificate was issued by this CA".  I believe that means
that the manifest object also lists the signed objects associated with
EE certs in the publication point that are associated with the CA cert.


Yes?

That section reads further:


        *  If there exists files at the publication point that do not
           appear on the manifest, or files on the manifest that do not
           appear at the publication point then see Section 8.5
           but still continue with the following test.

If there are several manifests at the publication point, then this
branch gets taken every time, right?

Section 8.5 Mismatch between Manifest and Publication Point says:

    If there exist otherwise valid signed objects that do not appear on
    any manifest, then provided the manifest is not stale (see Section
    Section 8.4) it is likely that their omission is an error by the
    publisher.

The use of the word "any" here is important and indicates that you only
have an error condition if you check all the manifests, which means
you must aggregate the results of all the manifests before you decide
you have an error.  Yes?  But objects listed in any one manifest but
missing from the publication point constitute an error that you can
check in each manifest independently.  Right?

--Sandy
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Hi Andy,

On 18/10/2008, at 12:30 AM, Andy Newton wrote:

> I'm not opposed to this idea, though I still don't know how this  
> will shake
> out against rsync.  Frankly, it would be simpler if there were just  
> one
> mechanism, and perhaps that question ought to be asked of the  
> working group.
> I do not think we are doing the broader community any favors by  
> specifying

I'm torn on this. I see the simplicity side and really appreciates  
that, but I also see the benefits of heterogeneity.

>
> two methods.  I share the discomfort some people have with rsync and  
> feel
> that an HTTP approach would be easier to troubleshoot and manipulate
> operationally.
>
> That being said, this draft does not appear to be revised with  
> feedback from
> the last IETF.  Without clarification and modification, the algorithm
> specified in this draft would have serious performance issues with  
> HTTPS.

Yes, I didn't "go all the way" on the changes requested - I addressed  
most, but refrained from some as I felt under-qualified at the time to  
target some specifics.

But I do accept that I need to go further, and willing to to do so  
under a WG item.


> So, when are we expecting a draft revision that addresses this issue  
> and the
> others brought forward in Dublin?
>

When do you want it? prior to adoption as a WG item? or as a WG item  
revision?

Cheers
Terry
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On 18/10/2008, at 2:53 AM, Randy Bush wrote:
>>
>
> when will there be running code we can actually compare?


Good question. I've been tinkering (note: I am an ops person - not a  
coder) with some code to do this and over the next few weeks in my  
spare time I shall tidy it up before it falls under the eyes of the  
programming 'guns' in the WG.

Although, that timeline may not work in for the deadline for the WG  
Adoption request.

Is that then a stopping block for you?

Terry
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as there are deep suspicions that the http approach will have serious
implementation and performance issues, indeed lack of running code is a
big blocker in my view.

andy is a serious hacker and seems interested.  perhaps he can help.

randy
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From: Rob Austein <sra@isc.org>
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I'd also question the purpose of TLS (ie, HTTPS vs HTTP) in this
context.  All the data are signed, there's no confidentiality or
access control reuirement as far as I know, and the manifest design
was specifically intended to remove the need for channel security.
The draft doesn't contain any real analysis of what threats the
protocol needs to defend against or why TLS is the right solution.
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Rob Austein wrote:
> I'd also question the purpose of TLS (ie, HTTPS vs HTTP) in this
> context.  All the data are signed, there's no confidentiality or
> access control reuirement as far as I know, and the manifest design
> was specifically intended to remove the need for channel security.
> The draft doesn't contain any real analysis of what threats the
> protocol needs to defend against or why TLS is the right solution.

I also have serious concerns about the use of HTTPS, especially about how a 
relying party should verify the server's certificate. I believe that the 
current RPKI certificate policy and/or profile prohibits certificate use for 
client/server authentication purposes. That'd mean that a different (yet 
another?) PKI should be used for this. What PKI would that be?

Robert
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Hi Rob,

On 19/10/2008, at 5:22 AM, Rob Austein wrote:

> I'd also question the purpose of TLS (ie, HTTPS vs HTTP) in this
> context.  All the data are signed, there's no confidentiality or
> access control reuirement as far as I know, and the manifest design
> was specifically intended to remove the need for channel security.
> The draft doesn't contain any real analysis of what threats the
> protocol needs to defend against or why TLS is the right solution.


Here is a hypothetical scenario that I think is technically viable.

Consider two initial parties, Party A and B. Party A is the well  
mannered ISP who regularly fetches and validates the RPKI repository.  
Party B who is multi-homed is intent on doing an attack of some form  
on party A's customers. The entity that allocated the IP address space  
to party B for some reason retracts the allocation (expired  
membership, Law enforcement action etc) and issues a BOA.

Party B somehow sees this happen and puts into play a mechanism close  
to the repository which identifies the collection of the updated  
manifest, 3779 certificate, and associated BOA - They then in transit  
modify one bit of data such that any of the following occurs for  
relying parties:
	manifest fails to validate
	the object's hash doesn't match those of the manifest and the objects  
fail to validate

This means that depending on the policy of the relying parties, the  
bgp announcement from party B will remain in place for as long as the  
MiTM attack is happening on the repository elements related to party  
B, and party B's attack on customers of party A (or others) can remain  
in place.

Using TLS would make this MiTM attack substantially more difficult to  
do with the intent of successfully downloading valid data from the  
repository for RPKI validation.

.. Am I mistaken, is this not a valid attack on the RPKI infrastructure?

Terry



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On 19/10/2008, at 8:54 PM, Robert Kisteleki wrote:
>>
> I also have serious concerns about the use of HTTPS, especially  
> about how a relying party should verify the server's certificate. I  
> believe that the current RPKI certificate policy and/or profile  
> prohibits certificate use for client/server authentication purposes.  
> That'd mean that a different (yet another?) PKI should be used for  
> this. What PKI would that be?
>

There is already a well accepted PKI for handling web based security -  
and as much as that may irritate some as equally open to abuse - it is  
far better than not having channel security.

Although, I'm not closed to the idea of a TA being distributed for the  
purposes of RPKI Repository server security - just not sure if  
creating one is substantially better than using the existing known  
framework of third party certificate authorities already listed in  
most browsers/distributions.

Please advise.

Cheers
Terry
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On 10/18/08 2:22 AM, "Terry Manderson" <terry@terrym.net> wrote:

>
> I'm torn on this. I see the simplicity side and really appreciates
> that, but I also see the benefits of heterogeneity.

Well, unless one method clearly has a trade-off the other method does not, I
see no reason for having two.  Do you see any?

>> So, when are we expecting a draft revision that addresses this issue
>> and the
>> others brought forward in Dublin?
>>
>
> When do you want it? prior to adoption as a WG item? or as a WG item
> revision?

I'd prefer a revision prior to adoption.  But failing that, an enumerated
list of changes agreed upon by the wg is good enough.

-andy

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On 10/18/08 11:59 AM, "Randy Bush" <randy@psg.com> wrote:

> andy is a serious hacker and seems interested.  perhaps he can help.

Hmmm... This couldn't be too hard to test, now could it.  Using curl or
Apache libraries should be easy.  If somebody could throw out what they
consider to be a good size for the number of files in the repository and
file size ranges, I'll cook something up.

-andy

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Andy Newton wrote:
>> I also see the benefits of heterogeneity.
> Well, unless one method clearly has a trade-off the other method does
> not, I see no reason for having two.  Do you see any?

i am still completely stunned and confused by this.  i have been unable
to understand "hetrogeneity" as other than two mandatory to implement
protocols which have to offer then same end functionality.  this not
only has no benefits but is a major pain with no gain.

i must be misunderstanding something.

randy
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At Mon, 20 Oct 2008 15:51:47 +1000, Terry Manderson wrote:
> 
> Here is a hypothetical scenario that I think is technically viable.
> 
> Consider two initial parties, Party A and B. Party A is the well  
> mannered ISP who regularly fetches and validates the RPKI repository.  
> Party B who is multi-homed is intent on doing an attack of some form  
> on party A's customers. The entity that allocated the IP address space  
> to party B for some reason retracts the allocation (expired  
> membership, Law enforcement action etc) and issues a BOA.
> 
> Party B somehow sees this happen and puts into play a mechanism close  
> to the repository which identifies the collection of the updated  
> manifest, 3779 certificate, and associated BOA - They then in transit  
> modify one bit of data such that any of the following occurs for  
> relying parties:
> 	manifest fails to validate
> 	the object's hash doesn't match those of the manifest and the objects  
> fail to validate
> 
> This means that depending on the policy of the relying parties, the  
> bgp announcement from party B will remain in place for as long as the  
> MiTM attack is happening on the repository elements related to party  
> B, and party B's attack on customers of party A (or others) can remain  
> in place.
> 
> Using TLS would make this MiTM attack substantially more difficult to  
> do with the intent of successfully downloading valid data from the  
> repository for RPKI validation.
> 
> .. Am I mistaken, is this not a valid attack on the RPKI infrastructure?

You appear to be describing a selective DoS attack by an on-path
attacker.  Unless I'm missing something, adding TLS to the mix here
changes details but doesn't change the overall situation much, as:

a) The attack was already detectable without TLS (those validation
   failures you mentioned), and

b) An on-path attacker can DoS the relying party even when TLS is in
   use, albeit somewhat more crudely.

So I don't see that TLS buys you much here, and you haven't said
anything about the risks and costs of adding it: new trust
relationships (adding channel trust relationships to what had
previously been an end-to-end object security model) and new potential
attackers (who did you say issues the TLS certificates?).
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Subject: Re: [sidr] request for wg adoption
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On 21/10/2008, at 8:09 AM, Rob Austein wrote:

> You appear to be describing a selective DoS attack by an on-path
> attacker.  Unless I'm missing something, adding TLS to the mix here
> changes details but doesn't change the overall situation much, as:
>
> a) The attack was already detectable without TLS (those validation
>   failures you mentioned), and
>

I think the difference is that the validation failures are much harder  
to nail down to a cause.
ie was the rpki repository itself compromised? was the file modified  
in transit? was file put to disk erroneously? and many others .. I'm  
not sure that is a clean outcome.

> b) An on-path attacker can DoS the relying party even when TLS is in
>   use, albeit somewhat more crudely.

That sort of attack that really is disruptive to the entire channel  
and therefore to the fetch entirely. Not just the validation. But yes,  
still a risk.

>
>
> So I don't see that TLS buys you much here, and you haven't said

What TLS buys is the acceptance of the 'uber' security-oids who have  
secret decoder rings that look on this effort to secure the routing  
path, but don't secure the fetch mechanism from common well known  
attacks that can be specific in nature, and thus consider the attempt  
less than ideal.

>
> anything about the risks and costs of adding it: new trust
> relationships (adding channel trust relationships to what had
> previously been an end-to-end object security model) and new potential
> attackers (who did you say issues the TLS certificates?).

No, I didn't, the issue there is who is the trusted party? I'm happy  
to explore the options, although would it be appropriate for resource  
repository servers to be issued certificates following the allocation  
path?

I don't see that using an un-secured channel to collect this  
information (validate-able or not) as going far enough to satisfy what  
the RPKI work is trying to achieve as a full end-to-end framework.

While I'm not in love with rsync for this, adding TLS to rsync  
directly would go a long way. Having said that the last rsync patch I  
saw for this ('07) failed to work properly - I'm not aware of further  
work.

Terry
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There are two upcoming deadlines for IETF 73 internet drafts that you 
should keep in mind:


October 27, Monday - Internet Draft Cut-off for initial document (-00) 
submission by 17:00 PDT (24:00 UTC/GMT)

November 3, Monday - Internet Draft final submission cut-off by 17:00 PT 
(01:00 Tuesday, November 4 UTC/GMT)

If you do intend to produce a -00 wg draft 
(draft-ietf-sidr-yadayada-00.txt), please let me and Geoff know ASAP.


--Sandy
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Draft wg agendas are due by Wednesday, Nov 5.  If you have any topics that 
you would like to present at the wg meeting, please send them to the wg 
chairs (me *and* Geoff) or the list by Tuesday, Nov 4.

(US Election Day 2008!  If you are in the US voting areas and you think 
you might be busy voting or dealing with social disruption or 
celebrations, send the mail early.)

--Sandy

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I haven't been doing my usual wg nagging bit, so here's the rest of the 
important deadlines for IETF 73.

November 7, Friday - Early-Bird registration and payment cut-off at 17:00 
PT (01:00 Saturday, November 8 UTC/GMT).

November 10, Monday - Revised Working Group agendas due by 17:00 PT (01:00 
Tuesday, November 11 UTC/GMT)

November 10, Monday - Registration cancellation cut-off at 17:00 PT (01:00 
Tuesday, November 11 UTC/GMT).

November 14, Friday - Final Pre-Registration and Pre-Payment cut-off at 
17:00 PT (01:00 Saturday, November 15 UTC/GMT).


--Sandy
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On 20/10/2008, at 8:22 PM, Andy Newton wrote:

>
> Hmmm... This couldn't be too hard to test, now could it.  Using curl  
> or
> Apache libraries should be easy.  If somebody could throw out what  
> they
> consider to be a good size for the number of files in the repository  
> and
> file size ranges, I'll cook something up.


APNIC _had_ a test repository in place. I don't know if it is still  
there.
I'm not aware of any other organisation with a populated repository of  
test objects.

T.
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At Wed, 22 Oct 2008 09:38:07 +1000, Terry Manderson wrote:
> 
> On 20/10/2008, at 8:22 PM, Andy Newton wrote:
> 
> > Hmmm... This couldn't be too hard to test, now could it.  Using
> > curl or Apache libraries should be easy.  If somebody could throw
> > out what they consider to be a good size for the number of files
> > in the repository and file size ranges, I'll cook something up.
> 
> APNIC _had_ a test repository in place. I don't know if it is still
> there.  I'm not aware of any other organisation with a populated
> repository of test objects.

APNIC did indeed have a mock-up of a full-scale RPKI repository at one
point, based on available data from IANA and all five RIRs (ie, this
was an attempt to simulate what the full database in an RPKI world
would look like).  This test repository was a great help when I was
first writing validation code and we were all trying to figure out
what the certificate profile should be, but it was somewhat high
maintenance, and APNIC decommissioned it a while ago.

George Michaelson might be able to supply more details, but as I
recall it was on the order of 30,000 - 40,000 objects.  Didn't include
ROAs or manifests, just certificates and CRLs.  I no longer recall
whether it included EE certificates or only CA certificates.

Most of RPKI objects are quite small.  Disk space per se was never a
problem during testing with the full ~40k objects.  Inodes, on the
other hand, were a problem -- your average unix filesystem is
configured assuming a higher data/inode ratio.  The test objects that
I generate as part of my regression testing framework come in at about
2000 octets for a manifest, about 1250 octets for a certificate, and
about 435 octets for an empty CRL.  These are probably on the small
side, CRLs and manifests grow with the number of entries and
certificates grow with the number of discrete resources encoded as
extensions, but we're still talking about tiny files in most cases.

Manifests issued by RIRs are likely to be significantly larger, simply
because the tree is so flat there.  CRLs sizes depend on your
assumptions, but it's probably safe to assume that anybody who issues
a lot of certificates will need to revoke some of them.

Hope this helps.
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I was re-reading draft-ietf-sidr-res-certs-13 to get something clear  
in my head about SIA values and I got wildly side-tracked.

in section 1, it says:

"In the context of the public Internet, and the use of public number  
resources within this context, it is intended that Resource  
Certificates are used in a manner that is explicitly aligned to the  
public number resource distribution function"

My impression is that the allocation chain goes IANA->RIR->NIR/LIR- 
 >ORG. And for legacy space there is a IANA->ORG structure. That is  
the way public numbers are distributed, yes?

Wouldn't/Shouldn't there be a request for IANA to sign over "stuff" in  
the IANA considerations section? (or have I got the purpose of that  
section completely wrong?)

Apologies for the newbie-ness of the question.

Terry
Speaking for Terry, I don't get to speak for anyone else.. and  
sometimes not even me! (just don't ask ;)
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Thanks for these comments Sandy.

I've tried to address these comments in the next release of the  
manifest draft (-04) which will be put into the internet drafts  
collection very shortly.


     Geoff



On 18/10/2008, at 4:44 AM, Sandra Murphy wrote:

>
> The repository structure document reads:
>
> in section 2.2:
>
>   Becuase a CA is associated with a single key pair an entity  
> performss
>   the equivalent of a key rollover operation by generating a new CA
>   instance as well as a new key pair.  In such cases the entity may
>   chose to continue of use a single repository publication point for
>   both CA instances.  In such cases the repository publication pooint
>   will contain the CRL, manifest and subordinate certificates of both
>   CA instances.
>
> In section 2.3, which is talking about multi-use EE certificates
>
>   It is consistent with this specification, but not recommended
>   practice, that all subordinate EE certificates of a given CA share a
>   common publication repository.  In this case the repository
>   publication point would contain multiple manifest objects, one for
>   each EE certificate that has placed objects into this common
>   publication point.  Each manifest is limited in scope to listing the
>   objects signed by the EE certificate.
>
> In section 3:
>
>   o  Each CA publication directory in the publication repository  
> should
>      contain the products of this CA, including those objects signed  
> by
>      single-use EE certificates that have been issued by this CA.  The
>      signed products of related CA's that are operated by the same
>      entity may share the CA publication directory.  Aside from
>      subdirectories, no other objects should be placed in a  
> publication
>      repository directory.
>
> Rob Austein's message of 19 Sep 2008 says:
>
>> The problem is that the manifest is a not a listing of the active
>> entity's outputs, it's a listing of the outputs issued by a  
>> particular
>> CA certificate.  Now that David has finished beating us up about the
>> term "rollover", the mapping from CA to CA certificate is 1:1, just  
>> to
>> further confuse matters, and we lack a good term for the entity that
>> controls a publication point and maps 1:1 with the publication point.
>>
>> There's a subtlety here that may not be obvious (thanks to Sandy for
>> asking about it): the publication point, in the sense of a filesystem
>> directory, is common to all current CA certificates in use by this
>> nameless entity that we used to call a CA.  Normally that's exactly
>> one CA certificate, except during rollover, when both the old and new
>> CA certificates are valid; now that David has whacked us with proper
>> PKI terminology, the process that we call rollover is really a  
>> process
>> of generating a new CA and reissuing all of the old CA's products
>> under the new CA.
>>
>> The manifest, however, is specific to a particular CA certificate.
>> This means that during rollover the manifest will not cover the  
>> entire
>> content of the directory; instead, there will be two certificates,
>> each with its own manifest, and the two manifests between them will
>> cover the content of the directory.
>
> My question to which Rob refers was about how many manifests exist at
> a publication point.  I think the repository structure and Rob's
> message indicate that there might be more than one manifest at a
> publication point, and no one manifest covers all items in the
> publication point.
>
> I don't think that the current text in the manifests draft quite
> carries that thought completely all the way through.  My question to
> Rob last time was private, I'm taking the risky step of asking the
> question this time in public.
>
> For example, in the intro:
>
>   A manifest is an object that lists of all of the other signed  
> objects
>   issued by the authority responsible for a publication point in the
>   repository system.
>
> Depending on whether "the authority" means what Rob calls "the  
> nameless
> entity" or "the CA certificate" (plus single use EE certificates  
> signed
> by the CA cert?) , this would mean either that the  manifest lists all
> the signed objects in the publication point period,  or that the
> manifest lists only those signed objects in the publication point that
> were signed using just one private key.
>
> For the purpose of writing the manifest validation code, I think the
> difference matters.
>
> Section 5.1 on manifest generation says only:
>
> 4.	Construct the manifest content.
>
> Who knew that might need explaining?  My first guess at the algorithm
> is something like: take the EE cert that (refers to the public key
> that is associated with the private key that) will sign the manifest,
> take the CA cert that (refers to the public key associated with the
> private key that) signed the EE cert, and list all signed objects in  
> the
> publication point that are signed by (the private key yada yada)  
> that CA
> cert.  Except that the repository structure draft in section 2.2 & 3
> says that the publication point also includes objects signed by an EE
> certificate "where the EE certificate was issued by this CA".  I
> believe that means that the manifest object also lists the signed
> objects associated with EE certs in the publication point that
> are associated with the CA cert.
>
> And in section 8.1, Tests for Determining Manifest State
>
>   For a given publication point, the relying party should perform the
>   following tests to determine the manifest state of the publication
>   point:
>
>   1.  Select the manifest having highest manifestNumber among all  
> valid
>       manifests (where manifest validity is defined in Section
>       Section 7).
>
> I think this was intended to refer to choosing among manifests you  
> have
> downloaded, not multiple manifests at the publication point.
>
>   3.  Check that every file at the publication point appears on the
>       manifest, and that every file on the manifest appears at the
>       publication point.
>
> If a manifest lists only those signed objects signed by one particular
> private key (aka signed by one particular "CA", if I read Rob's  
> message
> correctly above, or signed by a single use EE cert signed by this same
> one particular "CA", if I read the repository structure draft
> correctly), then this language needs to be made more precise,  
> something
> like: take the EE cert that was used in signing the manifest,
> take the CA cert that was used in signing the EE cert, and list all
> signed objects in the publication point that are signed by that CA
> cert.  The repository structure draft in section 2.2 & 3 says that the
> publication point also includes objects signed by an EE certificate
> "where the EE certificate was issued by this CA".  I believe that  
> means
> that the manifest object also lists the signed objects associated with
> EE certs in the publication point that are associated with the CA  
> cert.
>
>
> Yes?
>
> That section reads further:
>
>
>       *  If there exists files at the publication point that do not
>          appear on the manifest, or files on the manifest that do not
>          appear at the publication point then see Section 8.5
>          but still continue with the following test.
>
> If there are several manifests at the publication point, then this
> branch gets taken every time, right?
>
> Section 8.5 Mismatch between Manifest and Publication Point says:
>
>   If there exist otherwise valid signed objects that do not appear on
>   any manifest, then provided the manifest is not stale (see Section
>   Section 8.4) it is likely that their omission is an error by the
>   publisher.
>
> The use of the word "any" here is important and indicates that you  
> only
> have an error condition if you check all the manifests, which means
> you must aggregate the results of all the manifests before you decide
> you have an error.  Yes?  But objects listed in any one manifest but
> missing from the publication point constitute an error that you can
> check in each manifest independently.  Right?
>
> --Sandy
> _______________________________________________
> sidr mailing list
> sidr@ietf.org
> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/sidr

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--NextPart

A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories.
This draft is a work item of the Secure Inter-Domain Routing Working Group of the IETF.


	Title           : Manifests for the Resource Public Key Infrastructure
	Author(s)       : R. Austein, et al.
	Filename        : draft-ietf-sidr-rpki-manifests-04.txt
	Pages           : 27
	Date            : 2008-10-24

This document defines a "manifest" for use in the Resource Public Key
Infrastructure.  A manifest is a signed object that contains a
listing of all the signed objects in the repository publication point
associated with an authority responsible for publishing in the
repository.  For each certificate, or other forms of signed objects
issued by the authority that are published at this repository
publication point, the manifest contains both the name of the file
containing the object, and a hash of the file content.  Manifests are
intended to expose potential attacks against relying parties of the
Resource Public Key Infrastructure, such as a man-in-the middle
attack of withholding repository data from relying party access, or
replaying stale repository data to a relying party's access request.

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A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories.
This draft is a work item of the Secure Inter-Domain Routing Working Group of the IETF.


	Title           : A Profile for X.509 PKIX Resource Certificates
	Author(s)       : G. Huston, et al.
	Filename        : draft-ietf-sidr-res-certs-14.txt
	Pages           : 44
	Date            : 2008-10-25

This document defines a standard profile for X.509 certificates for
the purposes of supporting validation of assertions of "right-of-use"
of an Internet Number Resource (IP Addresses and Autonomous System
Numbers).  This profile is used to convey the issuer's authorization
of the subject to be regarded as the current holder of a "right-of-
use" of the IP addresses and AS numbers that are described in the
issued certificate.

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WG Chair hat OFF

This version (14) incorporates review comments received during the  
last call on the document. The section on trust anchors was revised  
for clarity with suggestions from Steven kent, but no changes in the  
specification of the certificates have been made.

   thanks,

     Geoff


  
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A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories.
This draft is a work item of the Secure Inter-Domain Routing Working Group of the IETF.


	Title           : A Profile for Bogon Origin Attestations (BOAs)
	Author(s)       : G. Huston, et al.
	Filename        : draft-ietf-sidr-bogons-02.txt
	Pages           : 15
	Date            : 2008-10-28

This document defines a standard profile for Bogon Origin
Attestations (BOAs).  A BOA is a digitally signed object that
provides a means of verifying that an IP address block holder has not
authorized any Autonomous System (AS) to originate routes that are
equivalent to any of the addresses listed in the BOA.  A BOA also
provides a means of verifying that BGP speaker is not using an AS
without appropriate authority to use that AS.  The proposed
application of BOAs is intended to fit within the requirements for
adding security measures to inter-domain routing, including the
ability to support incremental and piecemeal deployment of such
measures, and does not require any changes to the specification of
the Border Gateway Protocol.

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