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> To see this, consider a server such as Apache, which operates
> multiple independent processes. There are two ways to have an
> ephemeral key with a limited lifespan: have it shared across
> multiple processes or have one key per process. Obviously
> in the second model a key used for 100 transactions will have
> a much longer lifespan than the first.

Would the use of cached sessions be considered to extend the
lifespan of an ephemeral key?  Or is it just the sessions
where it is used in a full handshake?

Mike


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At Wed, 31 Oct 2007 22:03:46 -0700,
Mike wrote:
> 
> > To see this, consider a server such as Apache, which operates
> > multiple independent processes. There are two ways to have an
> > ephemeral key with a limited lifespan: have it shared across
> > multiple processes or have one key per process. Obviously
> > in the second model a key used for 100 transactions will have
> > a much longer lifespan than the first.
> 
> Would the use of cached sessions be considered to extend the
> lifespan of an ephemeral key?  Or is it just the sessions
> where it is used in a full handshake?

I'm not sure what the question is. Clearly if you have access
to the session cache you can reconstruct the keying material
for any connection using that master secret. If you're
interested in PFS, you need to use short session caches.

-Ekr



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> If you're
> interested in PFS, you need to use short session caches.

Is there any guideline on how short "short" should be?  Is
the recommended upper limit of 24 hours too long?

Mike


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mike-list@pobox.com wrote:

> Resurrecting the RSA_EXPORT key exchange mechanism and
> repackaging it as ephemeral RSA (and removing the key length
> restrictions) would solve this problem and there is already
> a body of existing code to do it.  These constrained clients
> could even ditch all their Diffie-Hellman code, saving some
> memory.

I don't think this is within the scope of the TLS 1.2 document.

As a separate draft, maybe (although if the absolute savings
we're talking about are in the same ballpark, or less, than
typical round-trip times, any "160x speedup" in one part
won't have any effect on e.g. user noticeable delay).

Best regards,
Pasi


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>> Resurrecting the RSA_EXPORT key exchange mechanism and
>> repackaging it as ephemeral RSA (and removing the key length
>> restrictions) would solve this problem and there is already
>> a body of existing code to do it.  These constrained clients
>> could even ditch all their Diffie-Hellman code, saving some
>> memory.
> 
> I don't think this is within the scope of the TLS 1.2 document.
> 
> As a separate draft, maybe (although if the absolute savings
> we're talking about are in the same ballpark, or less, than
> typical round-trip times, any "160x speedup" in one part
> won't have any effect on e.g. user noticeable delay).

My point was that if you're going to consider modifying DHE to
increase client performance, you should also consider moving to
ephemeral RSA.  The code is already there (RSA_EXPORT), and a
few people seem interested in it.  If you choose not to go with
either change, that's fine.

As far as a 160x speedup not being compelling enough, I would
just say that my 3.2GHz machine might not show any user notice-
able performance improvement, but a much slower processor could
easily do the RSA encryption while struggling to do the Diffie-
Hellman computations.  Also being able to support only RSA, and
not both RSA and DH saves on space.

To be complete, I tested the performance of RSA signature
verification to see if that would overwhelm the client.  The
numbers are:

                1024-bit
   size   RSA signature verify   RSA encryption     Total
   1536         0.000438            0.000842       0.001280
   2048         0.000438            0.001405       0.001843

For a Diffie-Hellman exchange:

   size   RSA verify    DH keygen    DH secret    Total
   1536    0.000438      0.06978      0.06968    0.139898
   2048    0.000438      0.15535      0.15286    0.308648

Still a factor of 109 to 167.

Mike


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From: Hovav Shacham <hovav@hovav.net>
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Subject: [TLS] removing cipher suites for 1.2
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Hi, all --


I'd like to propose that we remove some cipher suites from TLS 1.2.   
The goal is to reduce the number of choices to keep people from  
making the wrong ones, and to reduce the amount of complexity in the  
main TLS standard overall.

My philosophy is that we should think that everything in the main TLS  
standard is a good idea and worth implementing.

In particular, I'd like to discourage the use of single-DES, IDEA,  
and anything export-strength.

This gives the following cipher suites, I believe:

     CipherSuite TLS_RSA_WITH_IDEA_CBC_SHA              = { 0x00,0x07 };
     CipherSuite TLS_RSA_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA               = { 0x00,0x09 };
     CipherSuite TLS_DH_DSS_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA            = { 0x00,0x0C };
     CipherSuite TLS_DH_RSA_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA            = { 0x00,0x0F };
     CipherSuite TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA           = { 0x00,0x12 };
     CipherSuite TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA           = { 0x00,0x15 };
     CipherSuite TLS_DH_anon_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA           = { 0x00,  
0x1A };

     CipherSuite TLS_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_RC4_40_MD5         = { 0x00,0x03 };
     CipherSuite TLS_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_RC2_CBC_40_MD5     = { 0x00,0x06 };
     CipherSuite TLS_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA      = { 0x00,0x08 };
     CipherSuite TLS_DH_DSS_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA   = { 0x00,0x0B };
     CipherSuite TLS_DH_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA   = { 0x00,0x0E };
     CipherSuite TLS_DHE_DSS_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA  = { 0x00,0x11 };
     CipherSuite TLS_DHE_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA  = { 0x00,0x14 };
     CipherSuite TLS_DH_anon_EXPORT_WITH_RC4_40_MD5     = { 0x00,0x17 };
     CipherSuite TLS_DH_anon_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA  = { 0x00,0x19 };

I'd suggest that these numbers be marked as reserved to avoid  
backward-compatibility problems.

I'd also suggest removing some of the values from the  
BulkCipherAlgorithm enum, specifically rc2, des, des40, and idea.


Cheers --
Hovav Shacham.


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Subject: [TLS] RFC 5081 on Using OpenPGP Keys for Transport Layer Security
	(TLS) Authentication
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A new Request for Comments is now available in online RFC libraries.

        
        RFC 5081

        Title:      Using OpenPGP Keys for Transport 
                    Layer Security (TLS) Authentication 
        Author:     N. Mavrogiannopoulos
        Status:     Experimental
        Date:       November 2007
        Mailbox:    nmav@gnutls.org
        Pages:      8
        Characters: 15300
        Updates/Obsoletes/SeeAlso:   None

        I-D Tag:    draft-ietf-tls-openpgp-keys-11.txt

        URL:        http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5081.txt

This memo proposes extensions to the Transport Layer Security (TLS)
protocol to support the OpenPGP key format.  The extensions discussed
here include a certificate type negotiation mechanism, and the
required modifications to the TLS Handshake Protocol.  This memo defines 
an Experimental Protocol for the Internet community.

This document is a product of the Transport Layer Security
Working Group of the IETF.


EXPERIMENTAL: This memo defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet 
community. It does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Discussion
and suggestions for improvement are requested.  Distribution of this memo 
is unlimited.

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be sent to RFC-DIST-REQUEST@RFC-EDITOR.ORG.

Details on obtaining RFCs via FTP or EMAIL may be obtained by sending
an EMAIL message to rfc-info@RFC-EDITOR.ORG with the message body 

help: ways_to_get_rfcs. For example:

        To: rfc-info@RFC-EDITOR.ORG
        Subject: getting rfcs

        help: ways_to_get_rfcs

Requests for special distribution should be addressed to either the
author of the RFC in question, or to RFC-Manager@RFC-EDITOR.ORG.  Unless
specifically noted otherwise on the RFC itself, all RFCs are for
unlimited distribution.

Submissions for Requests for Comments should be sent to
RFC-EDITOR@RFC-EDITOR.ORG.  Please consult RFC 2223, Instructions to RFC
Authors, for further information.


The RFC Editor Team
USC/Information Sciences Institute

...




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From: pgut001@cs.auckland.ac.nz (Peter Gutmann)
To: hovav@hovav.net, tls@ietf.org
Subject: Re: [TLS] removing cipher suites for 1.2
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Hovav Shacham <hovav@hovav.net> writes:

>In particular, I'd like to discourage the use of single-DES, IDEA, and
>anything export-strength.

Just as a data point, about:config indicates that these are disabled by
default in Firefox so there's pretty good evidence there that there's no
problem in removing them.

Peter.


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From: "Wan-Teh Chang" <wtchang@gmail.com>
To: tls@ietf.org
Subject: Re: [TLS] removing cipher suites for 1.2
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On 11/2/07, Peter Gutmann <pgut001@cs.auckland.ac.nz> wrote:
> Hovav Shacham <hovav@hovav.net> writes:
>
> >In particular, I'd like to discourage the use of single-DES, IDEA, and
> >anything export-strength.
>
> Just as a data point, about:config indicates that these are disabled by
> default in Firefox so there's pretty good evidence there that there's no
> problem in removing them.

I believe that these are also disabled in IE7 on Windows Vista.
See http://blogs.msdn.com/ie/archive/2006/03/15/552246.aspx

Wan-Teh


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Subject: RE: [TLS] removing cipher suites for 1.2
Date: Mon, 5 Nov 2007 13:05:49 +0200
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The "export strength" cipher suites were already removed in TLS 1.1.

I guess single-DES is also obsolete, and IDEA isn't very=20
widely used either...

Best regards,
Pasi

> -----Original Message-----
> From: ext Hovav Shacham [mailto:hovav@hovav.net]=20
> Sent: 03 November, 2007 00:53
> To: tls@ietf.org
> Subject: [TLS] removing cipher suites for 1.2
>=20
> Hi, all --
>=20
>=20
> I'd like to propose that we remove some cipher suites from TLS 1.2.  =20
> The goal is to reduce the number of choices to keep people from =20
> making the wrong ones, and to reduce the amount of complexity in the =20
> main TLS standard overall.
>=20
> My philosophy is that we should think that everything in the=20
> main TLS =20
> standard is a good idea and worth implementing.
>=20
> In particular, I'd like to discourage the use of single-DES, IDEA, =20
> and anything export-strength.
>=20
> This gives the following cipher suites, I believe:
>=20
>      CipherSuite TLS_RSA_WITH_IDEA_CBC_SHA              =3D {=20
> 0x00,0x07 };
>      CipherSuite TLS_RSA_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA               =3D {=20
> 0x00,0x09 };
>      CipherSuite TLS_DH_DSS_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA            =3D {=20
> 0x00,0x0C };
>      CipherSuite TLS_DH_RSA_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA            =3D {=20
> 0x00,0x0F };
>      CipherSuite TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA           =3D {=20
> 0x00,0x12 };
>      CipherSuite TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA           =3D {=20
> 0x00,0x15 };
>      CipherSuite TLS_DH_anon_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA           =3D { 0x00, =20
> 0x1A };
>=20
>      CipherSuite TLS_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_RC4_40_MD5         =3D {=20
> 0x00,0x03 };
>      CipherSuite TLS_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_RC2_CBC_40_MD5     =3D {=20
> 0x00,0x06 };
>      CipherSuite TLS_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA      =3D {=20
> 0x00,0x08 };
>      CipherSuite TLS_DH_DSS_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA   =3D {=20
> 0x00,0x0B };
>      CipherSuite TLS_DH_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA   =3D {=20
> 0x00,0x0E };
>      CipherSuite TLS_DHE_DSS_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA  =3D {=20
> 0x00,0x11 };
>      CipherSuite TLS_DHE_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA  =3D {=20
> 0x00,0x14 };
>      CipherSuite TLS_DH_anon_EXPORT_WITH_RC4_40_MD5     =3D {=20
> 0x00,0x17 };
>      CipherSuite TLS_DH_anon_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA  =3D {=20
> 0x00,0x19 };
>=20
> I'd suggest that these numbers be marked as reserved to avoid =20
> backward-compatibility problems.
>=20
> I'd also suggest removing some of the values from the =20
> BulkCipherAlgorithm enum, specifically rc2, des, des40, and idea.
>=20
>=20
> Cheers --
> Hovav Shacham.
>=20
>=20
> _______________________________________________
> TLS mailing list
> TLS@lists.ietf.org
> https://www1.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/tls
>=20


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These days, I'm interested in the TLS in the wireless LAN infrastructure

 for the authentication and securing channel.

 

Is it possible? and progressing now?

 


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<p style=3D'word-break:break-hangul'><span lang=3DEN-US =
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infrastructure<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style=3D'word-break:break-hangul'><span lang=3DEN-US =
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;
color:#333333'>&nbsp;for the authentication and securing =
channel.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

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style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;
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<p style=3D'word-break:break-hangul'><span lang=3DEN-US =
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;
color:#333333'>Is it possible? and progressing =
now?<o:p></o:p></span></p>

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From tls-bounces@lists.ietf.org Tue Nov 06 13:05:50 2007
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Are you asking about EAP-TLS for the authentication of the wireless 
station and the access point or base station?  If so, that discussion 
is happening in the EMU WG.

At 12:15 PM 11/6/2007, jjb27 wrote:

>These days, I'm interested in the TLS in the wireless LAN infrastructure
>  for the authentication and securing channel.
>
>Is it possible? and progressing now?



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From tls-bounces@lists.ietf.org Wed Nov 07 10:10:27 2007
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Dear all,

I'm interested in sending (DTLS-) secured data over SCTP (with & without
partial reliability extension).
I read most of the material google provides on this topic, but I didn't
get a clear picture of what actually is possible by now. I read Michael
Tuexen's draft on the combination DTLS + SCTP AUTH as actual work in
progress.
I read about "plain DTLS over SCTP" as the simplest way in the article
"Secure End-to-End Transport Over SCTP" by Erwin Rathgeb et. al. As a
start for me, is there any implementation (or code snippet) yet which
runs "plain DTLS over SCTP"?

Thanks & best regards,

Oliver



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From tls-bounces@lists.ietf.org Wed Nov 07 14:05:14 2007
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Hi Oliver,

see my comments in-line.

Best regards
Michael

On Nov 7, 2007, at 4:10 PM, Oliver Roll wrote:

> Dear all,
>
> I'm interested in sending (DTLS-) secured data over SCTP (with &  
> without
> partial reliability extension).
> I read most of the material google provides on this topic, but I  
> didn't
> get a clear picture of what actually is possible by now. I read  
> Michael
> Tuexen's draft on the combination DTLS + SCTP AUTH as actual work in
> progress.
Yes, it will also be updated.
>
> I read about "plain DTLS over SCTP" as the simplest way in the article
> "Secure End-to-End Transport Over SCTP" by Erwin Rathgeb et. al. As a
> start for me, is there any implementation (or code snippet) yet which
> runs "plain DTLS over SCTP"?
Not yet.  A student of mine is implementing this by using OpenSSL (which
supports DTLS). We will make this code available once it is in a  
usable state.
>
>
> Thanks & best regards,
>
> Oliver
>
>
>
> _______________________________________________
> TLS mailing list
> TLS@lists.ietf.org
> https://www1.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/tls
>



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I'm finally back at work and investigating a bug in the SSL client
certificate code of our OEM implementation and after reading
the current TLS v1.2 document it appears that the spec is still
unclear what implementations should do for multi-level CA hierarchies.

The description of the "7.4.4. Certificate Request" handshake message
explicitly allows a TLS-Server to announce subordinate CAs
(which I think is useful), but I'm somewhat confused about what
a client is supposed or allowed to send as a certificate_list
(not where it starts, but where it ends), and what the server
is supposed to allow or allowed to / expected to reject.
I would appreciate guidance in the spec here.

Scenario:
PKI with 3-level CA hierarchy for SSL client authentication:
  RootCA, SubCA1, SubCA2, EndEntity(User)

According to 7.4.4. the SSL server can send/include
any one possible subset of (RootCAs,SubCA1,SubCA2) as acceptable
certificate_authorities in the CertificateRequest message.

Which "matching" certification authority the client implementation
depends on the clients search strategy and possibly the order of
the certification_authorities in the CertificateRequest message
of the server.

IMHO, the most sensible approach would be for the server to
send Subordinate CAs names before their issuing CA names,
but for some SSL/TLS (server side) implementations it might
be difficult or impossible to configure a particular ordering,
but the client will always receive a particular order, be
it a side-effect of the server SSL/TLS implementation or
a conscious decision (aka preference list) of the servers admin.

I'm not sure what would be the best approach for the client would
be to (a) search for the "most desirable" certification
authority, and whether it is allowed to send certificates
in the certificate_list of the ClientCertificate message
beyond the "matching" certification authority, in case
that matching certification authority was actually a
subordinate CA.

Personally, I would consider it a client-side bug if the client
would send a CA certificate beyond the matched certification
authority from the CertificateRequest, _unless_ the server
explicitly announced this higher certification authority also
in the certification_authorities list of the CertificateRequest
message.

Conceivable reasons why a client may not want to (or not be able to)
send a full path ending at a self-signed CA certificate
(and appreciate the server to announce subordinate CAs) might be
 - size constraints of a crypto hardware token or device
   (it may not store chain certs),
 - bandwith savings for the ClientCertificate handshake message. 
 - reduced work for the server: it does not need to parse
   and to process (even if processing just means comparing and ignoring)
   CA certs beyond a trusted subordinate CA

>From how I read OpenSSL code (s3_both.c from 0.9.7g) I assume that
OpenSSL will unconditionally send all available path certificates
up to a self-signed (CA) cert.

SSL clients sending unrequested/extra CA certs in the ClientCertificate
message will unnecessarily drain resources from the SSL server
(and preclude this small optimization from the server admin).


Opinions?

-Martin



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From tls-bounces@lists.ietf.org Wed Nov 07 18:42:28 2007
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From: Martin Rex <Martin.Rex@sap.com>
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Subject: Re: [TLS] removing cipher suites for 1.2
To: hovav@hovav.net (Hovav Shacham)
Date: Thu, 8 Nov 2007 00:41:59 +0100 (MET)
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Hovav Shacham wrote:
> 
> Hi, all --
> 
> 
> I'd like to propose that we remove some cipher suites from TLS 1.2.   
> The goal is to reduce the number of choices to keep people from  
> making the wrong ones, and to reduce the amount of complexity in the  
> main TLS standard overall.


I don't understand you request.  They have been removed from TLS 1.2
(from the protocol, not from the specification document, that is).

What is _NOT_ clear about the last paragraph(s) of Section A.5
of the current TLS v1.2 draft (draft-ietf-tls-rfc4346-bis-06.txt):

   When SSLv3 and TLS 1.0 were designed, the United States restricted
   the export of cryptographic software containing certain strong
   encryption algorithms. A series of cipher suites were designed to
   operate at reduced key lengths in order to comply with those
   regulations. Due to advances in computer performance, these
   algorithms are now unacceptably weak and export restrictions have
!  since been loosened. TLS 1.2 implementations MUST NOT negotiate these
!  cipher suites in TLS 1.2 mode. However, for backward compatibility
   they may be offered in the ClientHello for use with TLS 1.0 or SSLv3
   only servers. TLS 1.2 clients MUST check that the server did not
   choose one of these cipher suites during the handshake. These
   ciphersuites are listed below for informational purposes and to
   reserve the numbers.

    CipherSuite TLS_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_RC4_40_MD5         = { 0x00,0x03 };
    CipherSuite TLS_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_RC2_CBC_40_MD5     = { 0x00,0x06 };
    CipherSuite TLS_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA      = { 0x00,0x08 };
    CipherSuite TLS_DH_DSS_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA   = { 0x00,0x0B };
    CipherSuite TLS_DH_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA   = { 0x00,0x0E };
    CipherSuite TLS_DHE_DSS_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA  = { 0x00,0x11 };
    CipherSuite TLS_DHE_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA  = { 0x00,0x14 };
    CipherSuite TLS_DH_anon_EXPORT_WITH_RC4_40_MD5     = { 0x00,0x17 };
    CipherSuite TLS_DH_anon_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA  = { 0x00,0x19 };

My impression is that there is a significant installed base that
doesn't have TLS v1.1, so removing them from the specifiction
document doesn't seem like a good idea to me.  I'm already very
uncomfortable with "silent" backwards-incompatible changes in
the SSLv3->TLSv1.x protocol revisions that requires implementors
to read all documents individually and find out the backward
incompatible changes on their own.

Regards,
-Martin


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From tls-bounces@lists.ietf.org Wed Nov 07 18:59:18 2007
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Subject: Re: [TLS] removing cipher suites for 1.2
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> I don't understand you request.  They have been removed from TLS 1.2
> (from the protocol, not from the specification document, that is).

First, I am proposing that more cipher suites than just the export  
cipher suites be removed.  Single-DES and IDEA are not export- 
strength ciphers.

> !  since been loosened. TLS 1.2 implementations MUST NOT negotiate  
> these
> !  cipher suites in TLS 1.2 mode. However, for backward compatibility
>    they may be offered in the ClientHello for use with TLS 1.0 or  
> SSLv3
>    only servers. TLS 1.2 clients MUST check that the server did not
>    choose one of these cipher suites during the handshake. These
>    ciphersuites are listed below for informational purposes and to
>    reserve the numbers.

I don't disagree that this is okay, but I would prefer that TLS 1.2  
implementations be required never to list export cipher specs in the  
ClientHello.  I do not see the downside to redefining these cipher  
spec numbers as reserved.

However, I would be willing to live with the current export language  
if we can apply it to single-DES and IDEA as well.

Cheers --
Hovav.


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From tls-bounces@lists.ietf.org Wed Nov 07 19:22:30 2007
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From: Martin Rex <Martin.Rex@sap.com>
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Subject: Re: [TLS] removing cipher suites for 1.2
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Hovav Shacham wrote:
> 
> > I don't understand you request.  They have been removed from TLS 1.2
> > (from the protocol, not from the specification document, that is).
> 
> First, I am proposing that more cipher suites than just the export  
> cipher suites be removed.  Single-DES and IDEA are not export- 
> strength ciphers.

For the original SSLv3 (spec dated Nov-1996) the EXPORT grade
was 40-bit.

IIRC, the single-DES ciphersuites were added to accomodate
the raised US crypto-export regulations somewhere around 1999/2000,
but the period wasn't long enough and the issue not significant
enough to deserve "EXPORT" labelling in any of the documents.

I don't recall that IDEA was ever called weak, but it has always been
esoteric because it had been patent-encumbered (the patent may have
expired by now, but I don't know).

> 
> I don't disagree that this is okay, but I would prefer that TLS 1.2  
> implementations be required never to list export cipher specs in the  
> ClientHello.  I do not see the downside to redefining these cipher  
> spec numbers as reserved.

I will strongly object to a requirement that would require TLSv1.2
implementations to significantly impair interoperability with
the installed base of TLSv1.0 or SSLv3.  A policy option to that effect
at the discretion of a consumer of this technology is OK, but
not an implementation requirement to impair interoperability.


-Martin


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From tls-bounces@lists.ietf.org Wed Nov 07 21:07:22 2007
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Martin Rex wrote:

> IIRC, the single-DES ciphersuites were added to accomodate
> the raised US crypto-export regulations somewhere around 1999/2000,
> but the period wasn't long enough and the issue not significant
> enough to deserve "EXPORT" labelling in any of the documents.

So, single DES is weak -- due to its small keyspace -- and should not  
be negotiated.

> I don't recall that IDEA was ever called weak, but it has always been
> esoteric

For block ciphers, "esoteric" means "weak."  IDEA should not be  
negotiated.


Cheers --
Hovav.


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Martin Rex wrote:

> IIRC, the single-DES ciphersuites were added to accomodate
> the raised US crypto-export regulations somewhere around 1999/2000,
> but the period wasn't long enough and the issue not significant
> enough to deserve "EXPORT" labelling in any of the documents.

The single-DES ciphersuites were present already in SSLv2 and SSLv3,
around 1994/1995 (and were in all TLS 1.0 drafts, as well).

Best regards,
Pasi


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From: pgut001@cs.auckland.ac.nz (Peter Gutmann)
To: martin.rex@sap.com
Subject: Re: [TLS] removing cipher suites for 1.2
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Martin Rex <Martin.Rex@sap.com> writes:

>I don't recall that IDEA was ever called weak, but it has always been
>esoteric because it had been patent-encumbered (the patent may have expired
>by now, but I don't know).

The first patents were issued in 1991, so it's got a while to go yet.  However
even if was unencumbered, you've got a cipher designed for circa-1990
processors, full of complex 16-bit operations that are a right pain on RISC
32-bit and 64-bit CPUs.  The only reason it's still in there is because PGP
2.x used it.

Peter.


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From: Bodo Moeller <bmoeller@acm.org>
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Subject: Re: [TLS] CAs and certificate chains in the SSL/TLS handshake
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On Wed, Nov 07, 2007 at 08:36:37PM +0100, Martin Rex wrote:

[...]
> Personally, I would consider it a client-side bug if the client
> would send a CA certificate beyond the matched certification
> authority from the CertificateRequest, _unless_ the server
> explicitly announced this higher certification authority also
> in the certification_authorities list of the CertificateRequest
> message.

The preferred client behavior that you describe here certainly makes a
lot of sense.  However, I wouldn't want to strictly require it.
Rather, I think that is a feature that (low-footprint) clients can
treat their own certificate chain as a blob and just send the complete
chain without having to take into account its structure.

(Occasionally there might even be an actual advantage in seeing the
complete chain, beyond those CAs found in the
certification_authorities list: Remember that the list only provides
distinguished names, which need not uniquely denote specific
certificates.  If the client has a certificate chain containing one of
the acceptable distinguished names, the server still might be unable
to verify this chain because none of the certificates in it is
trusted.  In this case, knowing the complete CA chain might turn out
to be useful for analysing the whole mess, even if all the TLS
implementation can do with this is help dump the CA chain information
into a logfile.)

Bodo



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Subject: [TLS] Re: Updated TLS ID (certificate restrictions #57)
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At Wed, 31 Oct 2007 17:24:59 +0200,
<Pasi.Eronen@nokia.com> wrote:
At Wed, 31 Oct 2007 17:24:59 +0200,
<Pasi.Eronen@nokia.com> wrote:
> 
> Eric Rescorla wrote:
> 
> > The changes list is:
> > - Redid the hash function advertisements for CertificateRequest
> >   and the client-side extension. They are now pairs of
> >   hash/signature and the semantics are clearly defined for
> >   all uses of signatures (hopefully). [Issue 41]
> <snip>
> > - Cleaned up certificate text in 7.4.2 and 7.4.6 [Issue 57]
> 
> This looks pretty good. In Section 7.4.2, I think there's
> still some room for simplification. Currently it says:
> 
>    If no "signature_algorithms" extension is present, the end-entity
>    certificate MUST be signed as follows:
> 
>       Key Exchange Alg.  Signature Algorithm Used by Issuer
> 
>       RSA                RSA (RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5)
>       DHE_RSA
>       DH_RSA
>       RSA_PSK
>       ECDH_RSA
>       ECDHE_RSA
> 
>       DHE_DSS            DSA
>       DH_DSS
> 
>       ECDH_ECDSA         ECDSA
>       ECDHE_ECDSA
> 
> I think it would be simpler to specify the default behavior
> in one place, and not to make it ciphersuite-dependent.
> E.g. "if the client does not send signature_algorithms,
> behave as if rsa+sha1 had been sent". Or we could just require
> everyone to send signature_algorithms.

So, I see where you're going with this, but I'm concerned about
making it (say) RSA-SHA1 because that would potentially make
currently compliant configurations noncompliant (e.g., if you
had a pure DSA-DH shop). 

As for requiring signature_algorithms, I'm concerned about requring
extensions. I think we're getting close to the point where it's
definitely safe, but I'm not sure we're there yet.

-Ekr


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From tls-bounces@lists.ietf.org Mon Nov 12 14:17:47 2007
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Hi PKIX guys,

As you probably know, in some modes of TLS one or the other party
signs data. In some cases, this presumably means DSA. This is 
fine if you can guarantee that you are going to use SHA-1 with
DSA, but obviously there's going to be a desire to transition
to SHA-256, which raises the issue of digest substitution.

My understanding of the current thinking on how to prevent this
is to indicate in the certificate which digest algorithm is to
be used with the cert. So, the rule we plan to promulgate in TLS
is: 

	OID 1 2 840 10040 4 1 MUST only be used with SHA-1.  Future
	revisions of [PKIX] MAY define new object identifiers for DSA
	with other hash algorithms.

I wanted to check that this is compatible with the current PKIX
thinking.

Thanks,
-Ekr





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From tls-bounces@lists.ietf.org Mon Nov 12 14:35:03 2007
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Hi PKIX guys,

As you probably know, in some modes of TLS one or the other party
signs data. In some cases, this presumably means DSA. This is 
fine if you can guarantee that you are going to use SHA-1 with
DSA, but obviously there's going to be a desire to transition
to SHA-256, which raises the issue of digest substitution.

My understanding of the current thinking on how to prevent this
is to indicate in the certificate which digest algorithm is to
be used with the cert. So, the rule we plan to promulgate in TLS
is: 

	OID 1 2 840 10040 4 1 MUST only be used with SHA-1.  Future
	revisions of [PKIX] MAY define new object identifiers for DSA
	with other hash algorithms.

I wanted to check that this is compatible with the current PKIX
thinking.

Thanks,
-Ekr





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Eric Rescorla wrote:

> > I think it would be simpler to specify the default behavior
> > in one place, and not to make it ciphersuite-dependent.
> > E.g. "if the client does not send signature_algorithms,
> > behave as if rsa+sha1 had been sent". Or we could just require
> > everyone to send signature_algorithms.
>=20
> So, I see where you're going with this, but I'm concerned about
> making it (say) RSA-SHA1 because that would potentially make
> currently compliant configurations noncompliant (e.g., if you had=20
> a pure DSA-DH shop).

There are currently *no* compliant TLS 1.2 configurations (early
implementations of e.g. -04 draft won't be compatible with the
next draft version anyway), and we aren't changing the behavior=20
when TLS 1.0/1.1 is negotiated.

(And it doesn't have to be RSA-SHA1; but IMHO something along
the lines "if the extension was not sent, behave as if XYZ had
been sent" would be simpler than the current text.)

> As for requiring signature_algorithms, I'm concerned about requring
> extensions. I think we're getting close to the point where it's
> definitely safe, but I'm not sure we're there yet.

I'm not sure if we're at a point where it would be definitely
safe to propose TLS 1.2 :-) (without automatic fallback to=20
SSLv3/TLS 1.0 if the negotation fails)

But you won't get full signature algorithm agility without extensions
anyway -- I just think we probably don't want to have a half-way
solution (with extra complexity) for folks who don't want to use
extensions.

Best regards,
Pasi


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At Tue, 13 Nov 2007 08:08:46 +0200,
<Pasi.Eronen@nokia.com> wrote:
> 
> Eric Rescorla wrote:
> 
> > > I think it would be simpler to specify the default behavior
> > > in one place, and not to make it ciphersuite-dependent.
> > > E.g. "if the client does not send signature_algorithms,
> > > behave as if rsa+sha1 had been sent". Or we could just require
> > > everyone to send signature_algorithms.
> > 
> > So, I see where you're going with this, but I'm concerned about
> > making it (say) RSA-SHA1 because that would potentially make
> > currently compliant configurations noncompliant (e.g., if you had 
> > a pure DSA-DH shop).
> 
> There are currently *no* compliant TLS 1.2 configurations (early
> implementations of e.g. -04 draft won't be compatible with the
> next draft version anyway), and we aren't changing the behavior 
> when TLS 1.0/1.1 is negotiated.
> 
> (And it doesn't have to be RSA-SHA1; but IMHO something along
> the lines "if the extension was not sent, behave as if XYZ had
> been sent" would be simpler than the current text.)

Sorry, what I mean is:
If you have TLS 1.1 server with a DSS cert, then you can currently run
DSS_DHE. It should be the case that if you switch to TLS 1.2, this
continues to work, which means that the implied signature_algorithms
need to permit DSA/SHA-1 in this case.

So, I think the right thing is: assume that SHA-1 is permitted
and that you can use whatever signature algorithm is specified
in the cipher suite.

-Ekr





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Eric Rescorla wrote:

> Sorry, what I mean is: If you have TLS 1.1 server with a DSS cert,
> then you can currently run DSS_DHE. It should be the case that if
> you switch to TLS 1.2, this continues to work, which means that the
> implied signature_algorithms need to permit DSA/SHA-1 in this case.

This means we'd have two different ways to specify supported
signature algorithms: the extension and the cipher suite.
IMHO this is unnecessarily complicated -- if you switch to TLS 1.2,
your new implementation will simply have to support the extension.

Otherwise, we have to specify how the two mechanisms interact.

> So, I think the right thing is: assume that SHA-1 is permitted
> and that you can use whatever signature algorithm is specified
> in the cipher suite.

Well... even in that case, I'd prefer describing this=20
as a default value for signature_algorithms extension in=20
Section 7.4.1.4.1 (rather than mixing this in with the
certificate selection text).

E.g. something along these lines:

   If the client does not send the signature_algorithms=20
   extension, the server will assume the following:

   o  If the negotiated key exchange algorithm is one
      of (RSA, DHE_RSA, DH_RSA, RSA_PSK, ECDH_RSA, ECDHE_RSA),=20
      behave as if client had sent the value (sha1,rsa).
   =20
   o  If the negotiated key exchange algorithm is one of=20
      (DHE_DSS, DH_DSS), behave as if the client had sent the
      value (sha1,dsa).

   o  If the negotiated key exchnage algorithm is one of=20
      (ECDH_ECDSA, ECDHE_ECDSA), behave as if the client had
      sent value (sha1,ecdsa).

(BTW, the SignatureAlgorithm enum is missing "ecdsa").

Best regards,
Pasi


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From: Stefan Santesson <stefans@microsoft.com>
To: Eric Rescorla <ekr@networkresonance.com>, "ietf-pkix@imc.org"
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Date: Fri, 16 Nov 2007 15:27:20 +0000
Subject: RE: [TLS] DSA/SHA-1, and OIDs
Thread-Topic: [TLS] DSA/SHA-1, and OIDs
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Not really.

The OID 1 2 840 10040 4 1 identifies DSA only and is used in the subject pu=
blic key info for declaring the DSA key. In FIPS 186-2 sha-1 was the only h=
ash algorithm, but this is expanded in FIPS 186-3

The following OIDs are relevant

>From RFC 3279:

  -- OID for DSA public key
   id-dsa OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::=3D {
        iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) x9-57(10040) x9algorithm(4) 1 }

   -- OID for DSA signature generated with SHA-1 hash
   id-dsa-with-sha1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::=3D  {
        iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) x9-57 (10040) x9algorithm(4) 3 }


>From draft-ietf-pkix-sha2-dsa-ecdsa-01.txt

        id-dsa-with-sha224 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::=3D  { joint-iso-
        ccitt(2) country(16) us(840) organization(1) gov(101)
        csor(3) algorithms(4) id-dsa-with-sha2(3) 1}

        id-dsa-with-sha256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::=3D  { joint-iso-
        ccitt(2) country(16) us(840) organization(1) gov(101)
        csor(3) algorithms(4) id-dsa-with-sha2(3) 1}



Stefan Santesson
Senior Program Manager
Windows Security, Standards


> -----Original Message-----
> From: Eric Rescorla [mailto:ekr@networkresonance.com]
> Sent: den 12 november 2007 20:11
> To: ietf-pkix@imc.org; tls@ietf.org
> Subject: [TLS] DSA/SHA-1, and OIDs
>
> Hi PKIX guys,
>
> As you probably know, in some modes of TLS one or the other party
> signs data. In some cases, this presumably means DSA. This is
> fine if you can guarantee that you are going to use SHA-1 with
> DSA, but obviously there's going to be a desire to transition
> to SHA-256, which raises the issue of digest substitution.
>
> My understanding of the current thinking on how to prevent this
> is to indicate in the certificate which digest algorithm is to
> be used with the cert. So, the rule we plan to promulgate in TLS
> is:
>
>         OID 1 2 840 10040 4 1 MUST only be used with SHA-1.  Future
>         revisions of [PKIX] MAY define new object identifiers for DSA
>         with other hash algorithms.
>
> I wanted to check that this is compatible with the current PKIX
> thinking.
>
> Thanks,
> -Ekr
>
>
>
>
>
> _______________________________________________
> TLS mailing list
> TLS@lists.ietf.org
> https://www1.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/tls


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Section 6.2.3.2 of RFC 4364 says:

       block-ciphered struct {
           opaque IV[CipherSpec.block_length];
           opaque content[TLSCompressed.length];
           opaque MAC[CipherSpec.hash_size];
           uint8 padding[GenericBlockCipher.padding_length];
           uint8 padding_length;
       } GenericBlockCipher;
...
   padding
      Padding that is added to force the length of the plaintext to be
      an integral multiple of the block cipher's block length.  The
      padding MAY be any length up to 255 bytes, as long as it results
      in the TLSCiphertext.length being an integral multiple of the
      block length.  Lengths longer than necessary might be desirable to
      frustrate attacks on a protocol that are based on analysis of the
      lengths of exchanged messages.

GnuTLS takes advantage of the wording, and uses longer padding than
necessary.  The pad length is determined randomly.  The reason is to
avoid statistical length-based analysis of short packets.  Other common
implementations (including OpenSSL) doesn't seem to implement similar
precautions.

GnuTLS' behavior appear to generate interop failures with some TLS
client libraries, notably those in Nokia/Ericsson phones.  For
reference, see bug reports:

http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=390712
http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=402861
http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=438137

I believe this part of the specification has changed since the SSL days,
which did not permit unnecessarily long pads.  Still, it seems clear
that this is a problem in those TLS libraries rather than in GnuTLS.  I
also believe the feature is important.

Have others run into this problem?

Is there anything the specification can say to make implementers more
aware of this problem?

Would this be relevant for draft-ietf-tls-interoperability?
(Btw, what's up with that document?  It has expired.)

If someone responsible for these implementation happens to read this,
also consider fixing the bug. ;)

/Simon


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Simon,
> Have others run into this problem?

I had similar toughts about this issue. My conclusion 
was that its best to accept any valid padding but never
use to for sending data - except if the peer uses it 
first, becaue then we can assume peer supports this. 

Maybe adding a phrase like "implementations MUST support
this" will calify one for all, that this is really 
mandatory for implementations when reading data.


Axel




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From: Stefan Santesson <stefans@microsoft.com>
To: "martin.rex@sap.com" <martin.rex@sap.com>, "TLS@lists.ietf.org"
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Date: Fri, 16 Nov 2007 17:02:15 +0000
Subject: RE: [TLS] CAs and certificate chains in the SSL/TLS handshake
Thread-Topic: [TLS] CAs and certificate chains in the SSL/TLS handshake
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As I disagree with the major part of this post, I had to go back to the spe=
c to re-read what it actually states.

There is nothing in the current text that says anything about how long chai=
n the client should return. In fact the text is clearly written as if only =
one certificate is sent. The terminology in 7.4.6 talks about "certificate"=
 and "the certificate" rather than certificates and certificate chains.

7.4.6 does not even make any reference to what structure that is used, even=
 if you can determine from other parts of the document that the structure i=
s "Certificate" which allows a chain of certificates.

What I find strange is the following text in 7.4.6

       -  If the certificate_authorities list in the certificate
          request message was non-empty, the certificate SHOULD be
          issued by one of the listed CAs.

This makes no sense to me at all. If the list of CA DNs in certificate_auth=
orities included a list of root CA names, why "SHOULD" the client certifica=
te be issued directly by one of these roots?

The functionality, as I see it implemented in practice, is simply that the =
server provides a list of CA names. The client picks a certificate where th=
at CA name is present anywhere in the selected client certificate chain. Th=
e client then sends either just the client certificate or the whole chain (=
with or without the root) to the server according to local policy.


I also found another small nit in 7.4.4

In the following text:

       For
       example, if the server sends dss_fixed_dh certificate type and
       {dss_sha1, rsa_sha1} signature types, the client MAY _to_ reply
       with a certificate containing a static DH key, signed with RSA-
       SHA1.

Remove "to" after MAY


Stefan Santesson
Senior Program Manager
Windows Security, Standards


> -----Original Message-----
> From: Martin Rex [mailto:Martin.Rex@sap.com]
> Sent: den 7 november 2007 20:37
> To: TLS@lists.ietf.org
> Subject: [TLS] CAs and certificate chains in the SSL/TLS handshake
>
> I'm finally back at work and investigating a bug in the SSL client
> certificate code of our OEM implementation and after reading
> the current TLS v1.2 document it appears that the spec is still
> unclear what implementations should do for multi-level CA hierarchies.
>
> The description of the "7.4.4. Certificate Request" handshake message
> explicitly allows a TLS-Server to announce subordinate CAs
> (which I think is useful), but I'm somewhat confused about what
> a client is supposed or allowed to send as a certificate_list
> (not where it starts, but where it ends), and what the server
> is supposed to allow or allowed to / expected to reject.
> I would appreciate guidance in the spec here.
>
> Scenario:
> PKI with 3-level CA hierarchy for SSL client authentication:
>   RootCA, SubCA1, SubCA2, EndEntity(User)
>
> According to 7.4.4. the SSL server can send/include
> any one possible subset of (RootCAs,SubCA1,SubCA2) as acceptable
> certificate_authorities in the CertificateRequest message.
>
> Which "matching" certification authority the client implementation
> depends on the clients search strategy and possibly the order of
> the certification_authorities in the CertificateRequest message
> of the server.
>
> IMHO, the most sensible approach would be for the server to
> send Subordinate CAs names before their issuing CA names,
> but for some SSL/TLS (server side) implementations it might
> be difficult or impossible to configure a particular ordering,
> but the client will always receive a particular order, be
> it a side-effect of the server SSL/TLS implementation or
> a conscious decision (aka preference list) of the servers admin.
>
> I'm not sure what would be the best approach for the client would
> be to (a) search for the "most desirable" certification
> authority, and whether it is allowed to send certificates
> in the certificate_list of the ClientCertificate message
> beyond the "matching" certification authority, in case
> that matching certification authority was actually a
> subordinate CA.
>
> Personally, I would consider it a client-side bug if the client
> would send a CA certificate beyond the matched certification
> authority from the CertificateRequest, _unless_ the server
> explicitly announced this higher certification authority also
> in the certification_authorities list of the CertificateRequest
> message.
>
> Conceivable reasons why a client may not want to (or not be able to)
> send a full path ending at a self-signed CA certificate
> (and appreciate the server to announce subordinate CAs) might be
>  - size constraints of a crypto hardware token or device
>    (it may not store chain certs),
>  - bandwith savings for the ClientCertificate handshake message.
>  - reduced work for the server: it does not need to parse
>    and to process (even if processing just means comparing and
> ignoring)
>    CA certs beyond a trusted subordinate CA
>
> >From how I read OpenSSL code (s3_both.c from 0.9.7g) I assume that
> OpenSSL will unconditionally send all available path certificates
> up to a self-signed (CA) cert.
>
> SSL clients sending unrequested/extra CA certs in the ClientCertificate
> message will unnecessarily drain resources from the SSL server
> (and preclude this small optimization from the server admin).
>
>
> Opinions?
>
> -Martin
>
>
>
> _______________________________________________
> TLS mailing list
> TLS@lists.ietf.org
> https://www1.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/tls


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Axel.Heider@gi-de.com writes:

> Simon,
>> Have others run into this problem?
>
> I had similar toughts about this issue. My conclusion 
> was that its best to accept any valid padding but never
> use to for sending data - except if the peer uses it 
> first, becaue then we can assume peer supports this. 

If all implementations make that decision, the feature would never be
used in practice.  That leads to a normally unused code-path, which is
often a poor idea security-wise.  I do sympathize with your desire to
maximize interoperability though.

> Maybe adding a phrase like "implementations MUST support
> this" will calify one for all, that this is really 
> mandatory for implementations when reading data.

I would support that.

/Simon


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From: Eric Rescorla <ekr@networkresonance.com>
To: Stefan Santesson <stefans@microsoft.com>
Subject: Re: [TLS] DSA/SHA-1, and OIDs
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At Fri, 16 Nov 2007 15:27:20 +0000,
Stefan Santesson wrote:

> 
> The OID 1 2 840 10040 4 1 identifies DSA only and is used in the subject public key info for declaring the DSA key. In FIPS 186-2 sha-1 was the only hash algorithm, but this is expanded in FIPS 186-3
> 
> The following OIDs are relevant
> 
> >From RFC 3279:
> 
>   -- OID for DSA public key
>    id-dsa OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
>         iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) x9-57(10040) x9algorithm(4) 1 }
> 
>    -- OID for DSA signature generated with SHA-1 hash
>    id-dsa-with-sha1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::=  {
>         iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) x9-57 (10040) x9algorithm(4) 3 }
> 
> 
> >From draft-ietf-pkix-sha2-dsa-ecdsa-01.txt
> 
>         id-dsa-with-sha224 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::=  { joint-iso-
>         ccitt(2) country(16) us(840) organization(1) gov(101)
>         csor(3) algorithms(4) id-dsa-with-sha2(3) 1}
> 
>         id-dsa-with-sha256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::=  { joint-iso-
>         ccitt(2) country(16) us(840) organization(1) gov(101)
>         csor(3) algorithms(4) id-dsa-with-sha2(3) 1}

Stefan,

Maybe it's worth upleveling a bit.

My claim is that for security reasons it's necessary for DSA certs
to indicate the hash algorithm(s) that may be used with the cert.
This prevents hash algorithm substitution in the signature. 
Do you agree with this?

If so, then it becomes a question of encoding this information in
the cert. I'm not a PKIX expert and don't have an opinion about
how it should be encoded except that:

1. Current certificates must obviously be usable with at least
   SHA-1.
2. There must be a way for future certificates to rule out SHA-1.

How does PKIX propose to solve this?

-Ekr


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A new version of TLS 1.2 can be found at:

https://svn.resiprocate.org/rep/ietf-drafts/ekr/tls/tls.txt

Here is the (modest) change list:

   - SSLv2 backward compatibility downgraded to MAY

   - Altered DSA hash rules to more closely match FIPS186-3 and
     PKIX, plus remove OID restriction.

   - verify_length no longer in SecurityParameters

   - Moved/cleaned up cert selection text for server cert
     when signature_algorithms is not specified.

   - Other editorial changes.

All open issues I know of are now closed. I believe that this
document is ready for WGLC.

-Ekr


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From tls-bounces@lists.ietf.org Mon Nov 19 03:34:37 2007
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Subject: RE: [TLS] Interoperability failure caused by CBC block cipher padding
Date: Mon, 19 Nov 2007 10:33:56 +0200
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A while ago, I did some testing on how implementations
handled this, and presented the results in IETF67. See:

http://www3.ietf.org/proceedings/06nov/slides/tls-3/sld8.htm=20
http://www3.ietf.org/proceedings/06nov/slides/tls-3/sld9.htm

Basically, most implementations seemed to handle this OK.
Perhaps we could add this to the "implementation pitfalls"
section, though.

(I will also try to report this bug to the people responsible
for fixing this.)

Best regards,
Pasi

> -----Original Message-----
> From: ext Simon Josefsson [mailto:simon@josefsson.org]=20
> Sent: 16 November, 2007 18:10
> To: tls@ietf.org
> Subject: [TLS] Interoperability failure caused by CBC block=20
> cipher padding
>=20
> Section 6.2.3.2 of RFC 4364 says:
>=20
>        block-ciphered struct {
>            opaque IV[CipherSpec.block_length];
>            opaque content[TLSCompressed.length];
>            opaque MAC[CipherSpec.hash_size];
>            uint8 padding[GenericBlockCipher.padding_length];
>            uint8 padding_length;
>        } GenericBlockCipher;
> ...
>    padding
>       Padding that is added to force the length of the plaintext to be
>       an integral multiple of the block cipher's block length.  The
>       padding MAY be any length up to 255 bytes, as long as it results
>       in the TLSCiphertext.length being an integral multiple of the
>       block length.  Lengths longer than necessary might be=20
> desirable to
>       frustrate attacks on a protocol that are based on=20
> analysis of the
>       lengths of exchanged messages.
>=20
> GnuTLS takes advantage of the wording, and uses longer padding than
> necessary.  The pad length is determined randomly.  The reason is to
> avoid statistical length-based analysis of short packets. =20
> Other common
> implementations (including OpenSSL) doesn't seem to implement similar
> precautions.
>=20
> GnuTLS' behavior appear to generate interop failures with some TLS
> client libraries, notably those in Nokia/Ericsson phones.  For
> reference, see bug reports:
>=20
> http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=3D390712
> http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=3D402861
> http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=3D438137
>=20
> I believe this part of the specification has changed since=20
> the SSL days,
> which did not permit unnecessarily long pads.  Still, it seems clear
> that this is a problem in those TLS libraries rather than in=20
> GnuTLS.  I
> also believe the feature is important.
>=20
> Have others run into this problem?
>=20
> Is there anything the specification can say to make implementers more
> aware of this problem?
>=20
> Would this be relevant for draft-ietf-tls-interoperability?
> (Btw, what's up with that document?  It has expired.)
>=20
> If someone responsible for these implementation happens to read this,
> also consider fixing the bug. ;)
>=20
> /Simon


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From tls-bounces@lists.ietf.org Mon Nov 19 03:59:45 2007
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Subject: RE: [TLS] CAs and certificate chains in the SSL/TLS handshake
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7.4.6 does not describe the structure, because the structure
has been already described, and it's not repeated there.
The description is pretty clear that a chain be sent:

   certificate_list

       This is a sequence (chain) of certificates. The sender's
       certificate MUST come first in the list. Each following
       certificate MUST directly certify the one preceding
       it. Because certificate validation requires that root keys
       be distributed independently, the self-signed certificate
       that specifies the root certificate authority MAY optionally
       be omitted from the chain, under the assumption that the
       remote end must already possess it in order to validate it
       in any case.

But there is indeed some text in e.g. 7.4.6 that incorrectly
talks about just "the certificate", when it means "the certificate
plus possibly intermediate parts of the chain". I'll see
that these get fixed during WGLC...

Best regards,
Pasi

> -----Original Message-----
> From: ext Stefan Santesson [mailto:stefans@microsoft.com]=20
> Sent: 16 November, 2007 19:02
> To: martin.rex@sap.com; TLS@lists.ietf.org
> Subject: RE: [TLS] CAs and certificate chains in the SSL/TLS handshake
>=20
> As I disagree with the major part of this post, I had to go=20
> back to the spec to re-read what it actually states.
>=20
> There is nothing in the current text that says anything about=20
> how long chain the client should return. In fact the text is=20
> clearly written as if only one certificate is sent. The=20
> terminology in 7.4.6 talks about "certificate" and "the=20
> certificate" rather than certificates and certificate chains.
>=20
> 7.4.6 does not even make any reference to what structure that=20
> is used, even if you can determine from other parts of the=20
> document that the structure is "Certificate" which allows a=20
> chain of certificates.
>=20
> What I find strange is the following text in 7.4.6
>=20
>        -  If the certificate_authorities list in the certificate
>           request message was non-empty, the certificate SHOULD be
>           issued by one of the listed CAs.
>=20
> This makes no sense to me at all. If the list of CA DNs in=20
> certificate_authorities included a list of root CA names, why=20
> "SHOULD" the client certificate be issued directly by one of=20
> these roots?
>=20
> The functionality, as I see it implemented in practice, is=20
> simply that the server provides a list of CA names. The=20
> client picks a certificate where that CA name is present=20
> anywhere in the selected client certificate chain. The client=20
> then sends either just the client certificate or the whole=20
> chain (with or without the root) to the server according to=20
> local policy.
>=20
>=20
> I also found another small nit in 7.4.4
>=20
> In the following text:
>=20
>        For
>        example, if the server sends dss_fixed_dh certificate type and
>        {dss_sha1, rsa_sha1} signature types, the client MAY _to_ reply
>        with a certificate containing a static DH key, signed with RSA-
>        SHA1.
>=20
> Remove "to" after MAY
>=20
>=20
> Stefan Santesson
> Senior Program Manager
> Windows Security, Standards
>=20
>=20
> > -----Original Message-----
> > From: Martin Rex [mailto:Martin.Rex@sap.com]
> > Sent: den 7 november 2007 20:37
> > To: TLS@lists.ietf.org
> > Subject: [TLS] CAs and certificate chains in the SSL/TLS handshake
> >
> > I'm finally back at work and investigating a bug in the SSL client
> > certificate code of our OEM implementation and after reading
> > the current TLS v1.2 document it appears that the spec is still
> > unclear what implementations should do for multi-level CA=20
> hierarchies.
> >
> > The description of the "7.4.4. Certificate Request"=20
> handshake message
> > explicitly allows a TLS-Server to announce subordinate CAs
> > (which I think is useful), but I'm somewhat confused about what
> > a client is supposed or allowed to send as a certificate_list
> > (not where it starts, but where it ends), and what the server
> > is supposed to allow or allowed to / expected to reject.
> > I would appreciate guidance in the spec here.
> >
> > Scenario:
> > PKI with 3-level CA hierarchy for SSL client authentication:
> >   RootCA, SubCA1, SubCA2, EndEntity(User)
> >
> > According to 7.4.4. the SSL server can send/include
> > any one possible subset of (RootCAs,SubCA1,SubCA2) as acceptable
> > certificate_authorities in the CertificateRequest message.
> >
> > Which "matching" certification authority the client implementation
> > depends on the clients search strategy and possibly the order of
> > the certification_authorities in the CertificateRequest message
> > of the server.
> >
> > IMHO, the most sensible approach would be for the server to
> > send Subordinate CAs names before their issuing CA names,
> > but for some SSL/TLS (server side) implementations it might
> > be difficult or impossible to configure a particular ordering,
> > but the client will always receive a particular order, be
> > it a side-effect of the server SSL/TLS implementation or
> > a conscious decision (aka preference list) of the servers admin.
> >
> > I'm not sure what would be the best approach for the client would
> > be to (a) search for the "most desirable" certification
> > authority, and whether it is allowed to send certificates
> > in the certificate_list of the ClientCertificate message
> > beyond the "matching" certification authority, in case
> > that matching certification authority was actually a
> > subordinate CA.
> >
> > Personally, I would consider it a client-side bug if the client
> > would send a CA certificate beyond the matched certification
> > authority from the CertificateRequest, _unless_ the server
> > explicitly announced this higher certification authority also
> > in the certification_authorities list of the CertificateRequest
> > message.
> >
> > Conceivable reasons why a client may not want to (or not be able to)
> > send a full path ending at a self-signed CA certificate
> > (and appreciate the server to announce subordinate CAs) might be
> >  - size constraints of a crypto hardware token or device
> >    (it may not store chain certs),
> >  - bandwith savings for the ClientCertificate handshake message.
> >  - reduced work for the server: it does not need to parse
> >    and to process (even if processing just means comparing and
> > ignoring)
> >    CA certs beyond a trusted subordinate CA
> >
> > >From how I read OpenSSL code (s3_both.c from 0.9.7g) I assume that
> > OpenSSL will unconditionally send all available path certificates
> > up to a self-signed (CA) cert.
> >
> > SSL clients sending unrequested/extra CA certs in the=20
> ClientCertificate
> > message will unnecessarily drain resources from the SSL server
> > (and preclude this small optimization from the server admin).
> >
> >
> > Opinions?
> >
> > -Martin
> >
> >
> >
> > _______________________________________________
> > TLS mailing list
> > TLS@lists.ietf.org
> > https://www1.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/tls
>=20
>=20
> _______________________________________________
> TLS mailing list
> TLS@lists.ietf.org
> https://www1.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/tls
>=20


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TLS WG is scheduled to meet on Monday 0900-1130 (subject to change,=20
as usual). This is a call for agenda items. Please send them to me=20
and Eric as soon as possible (preliminary agendas are due this
Wednesday).

Best regards,
Pasi & Eric


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From: Eric Rescorla <ekr@networkresonance.com>
To: Stephen Kent <kent@bbn.com>
Subject: Re: [TLS] DSA/SHA-1, and OIDs
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At Mon, 19 Nov 2007 11:35:47 -0500,
Stephen Kent wrote:
> 
> Eric,
> 
> Your question was:
> 	My claim is that for security reasons it's necessary for DSA certs
> 	to indicate the hash algorithm(s) that may be used with the cert.
> 	This prevents hash algorithm substitution in the signature.
> 	Do you agree with this?
> 
> The wording here strikes me as a bit odd.  The hash algorithm used to 
> verify a cert IS specified in the cert, in the SignatureAlgorithm 
> field.
>
> The hash algorithm(s) that may be used with the public KEY in the 
> cert are not specified, in general, as the key may be used to verify 
> signatures for certs or for other signed objects (in the case of EE 
> certs).

I agree my wording was imprecise. Let me rephrase:

 	My claim is that for security reasons it's necessary for DSA
 	certs to indicate the hash algorithm(s) that may be used with
 	the public key contained in the cert. This prevents hash
 	algorithm substitution in signatures formed with that key
	(or rather the private key that corresponds to that key). Do
 	you agree with this?

-Ekr


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From: Stefan Santesson <stefans@microsoft.com>
To: Eric Rescorla <ekr@networkresonance.com>, Stephen Kent <kent@bbn.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Nov 2007 18:39:00 +0000
Subject: RE: [TLS] DSA/SHA-1, and OIDs
Thread-Topic: [TLS] DSA/SHA-1, and OIDs
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First a small technicality.

I copied the OID from the ASN'1 section of the draft.

Someone pointed out to me that the two OIDs were identical. So here are the=
 correct OIDs

     --
     -- DSA with SHA-224 and SHA-256 signature algorithms
     --

     dsa-with-sha224 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::=3D  { joint-iso-
             ccitt(2) country(16) us(840) organization(1)
             gov(101) csor(3) algorithms(4) id-dsa-with-sha2(3)
             1}

     dsa-with-sha256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::=3D  { joint-iso-
             ccitt(2) country(16) us(840) organization(1)
             gov(101) csor(3) algorithms(4) id-dsa-with-sha2(3)
             2}


On the subject I have a clear opinion and that is an absolute no to do this=
 through subject public key info.

The subject public key info is a core field of a certificate and it has a d=
efined meaning to provide the key and its parameters. In addition to this t=
he field also supplies an identifier of the key which identifies the key an=
d parameter structure and syntax so it can be parsed. All X.509 software an=
d systems using X.509 built to this date that I know of is designed to use =
the field exclusively in this manner.

In general, it is the responsibility of the protocol to limit the algorithm=
s used, not the public key certificate. When limitations are specified in t=
he certificate this is guidance for the applications using it. Except for a=
 few core restrictions defined in path validation, it is nothing that will =
be enforced on the crypto API level. ANSI has made attempts to defined expa=
nded restrictions in the subject public key field for ECC algorithm modes a=
nd this is exactly the type of complexity and change in field usage we don'=
t need in X.509. Especially since nobody has defined where in the system ar=
chitecture these restrictions should be enforced (protocol level, applicati=
on level or crypto library level where keys are stored and used).

Conclusion is. Any new types of usage restrictions must be provided in a ne=
w field. i.e. in a certificate extension and it must be understood that thi=
s serves as information to the relying party on when it is appropriate to u=
se this certificate.




Stefan Santesson
Senior Program Manager
Windows Security, Standards


> -----Original Message-----
> From: Eric Rescorla [mailto:ekr@networkresonance.com]
> Sent: den 19 november 2007 17:48
> To: Stephen Kent
> Cc: Eric Rescorla; Stefan Santesson; ietf-pkix@imc.org; tls@ietf.org
> Subject: Re: [TLS] DSA/SHA-1, and OIDs
>
> At Mon, 19 Nov 2007 11:35:47 -0500,
> Stephen Kent wrote:
> >
> > Eric,
> >
> > Your question was:
> >       My claim is that for security reasons it's necessary for DSA
> certs
> >       to indicate the hash algorithm(s) that may be used with the
> cert.
> >       This prevents hash algorithm substitution in the signature.
> >       Do you agree with this?
> >
> > The wording here strikes me as a bit odd.  The hash algorithm used to
> > verify a cert IS specified in the cert, in the SignatureAlgorithm
> > field.
> >
> > The hash algorithm(s) that may be used with the public KEY in the
> > cert are not specified, in general, as the key may be used to verify
> > signatures for certs or for other signed objects (in the case of EE
> > certs).
>
> I agree my wording was imprecise. Let me rephrase:
>
>         My claim is that for security reasons it's necessary for DSA
>         certs to indicate the hash algorithm(s) that may be used with
>         the public key contained in the cert. This prevents hash
>         algorithm substitution in signatures formed with that key
>         (or rather the private key that corresponds to that key). Do
>         you agree with this?
>
> -Ekr


_______________________________________________
TLS mailing list
TLS@lists.ietf.org
https://www1.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/tls



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From: Stefan Santesson <stefans@microsoft.com>
To: "Pasi.Eronen@nokia.com" <Pasi.Eronen@nokia.com>, "TLS@lists.ietf.org"
	<TLS@lists.ietf.org>
Date: Mon, 19 Nov 2007 18:42:24 +0000
Subject: RE: [TLS] CAs and certificate chains in the SSL/TLS handshake
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Pasi,

I know that the structure for certificates is defined. I was just surprised=
 that this section didn't even mention it. I know that many use standards a=
s dictionaries rather than novels (they don't read them from page 1 to the =
end). So some kind of hint where the structure is defined would not hurt.


Stefan Santesson
Senior Program Manager
Windows Security, Standards


> -----Original Message-----
> From: Pasi.Eronen@nokia.com [mailto:Pasi.Eronen@nokia.com]
> Sent: den 19 november 2007 10:00
> To: Stefan Santesson; TLS@lists.ietf.org
> Subject: RE: [TLS] CAs and certificate chains in the SSL/TLS handshake
>
>
> 7.4.6 does not describe the structure, because the structure
> has been already described, and it's not repeated there.
> The description is pretty clear that a chain be sent:
>
>    certificate_list
>
>        This is a sequence (chain) of certificates. The sender's
>        certificate MUST come first in the list. Each following
>        certificate MUST directly certify the one preceding
>        it. Because certificate validation requires that root keys
>        be distributed independently, the self-signed certificate
>        that specifies the root certificate authority MAY optionally
>        be omitted from the chain, under the assumption that the
>        remote end must already possess it in order to validate it
>        in any case.
>
> But there is indeed some text in e.g. 7.4.6 that incorrectly
> talks about just "the certificate", when it means "the certificate
> plus possibly intermediate parts of the chain". I'll see
> that these get fixed during WGLC...
>
> Best regards,
> Pasi
>
> > -----Original Message-----
> > From: ext Stefan Santesson [mailto:stefans@microsoft.com]
> > Sent: 16 November, 2007 19:02
> > To: martin.rex@sap.com; TLS@lists.ietf.org
> > Subject: RE: [TLS] CAs and certificate chains in the SSL/TLS
> handshake
> >
> > As I disagree with the major part of this post, I had to go
> > back to the spec to re-read what it actually states.
> >
> > There is nothing in the current text that says anything about
> > how long chain the client should return. In fact the text is
> > clearly written as if only one certificate is sent. The
> > terminology in 7.4.6 talks about "certificate" and "the
> > certificate" rather than certificates and certificate chains.
> >
> > 7.4.6 does not even make any reference to what structure that
> > is used, even if you can determine from other parts of the
> > document that the structure is "Certificate" which allows a
> > chain of certificates.
> >
> > What I find strange is the following text in 7.4.6
> >
> >        -  If the certificate_authorities list in the certificate
> >           request message was non-empty, the certificate SHOULD be
> >           issued by one of the listed CAs.
> >
> > This makes no sense to me at all. If the list of CA DNs in
> > certificate_authorities included a list of root CA names, why
> > "SHOULD" the client certificate be issued directly by one of
> > these roots?
> >
> > The functionality, as I see it implemented in practice, is
> > simply that the server provides a list of CA names. The
> > client picks a certificate where that CA name is present
> > anywhere in the selected client certificate chain. The client
> > then sends either just the client certificate or the whole
> > chain (with or without the root) to the server according to
> > local policy.
> >
> >
> > I also found another small nit in 7.4.4
> >
> > In the following text:
> >
> >        For
> >        example, if the server sends dss_fixed_dh certificate type and
> >        {dss_sha1, rsa_sha1} signature types, the client MAY _to_
> reply
> >        with a certificate containing a static DH key, signed with
> RSA-
> >        SHA1.
> >
> > Remove "to" after MAY
> >
> >
> > Stefan Santesson
> > Senior Program Manager
> > Windows Security, Standards
> >
> >
> > > -----Original Message-----
> > > From: Martin Rex [mailto:Martin.Rex@sap.com]
> > > Sent: den 7 november 2007 20:37
> > > To: TLS@lists.ietf.org
> > > Subject: [TLS] CAs and certificate chains in the SSL/TLS handshake
> > >
> > > I'm finally back at work and investigating a bug in the SSL client
> > > certificate code of our OEM implementation and after reading
> > > the current TLS v1.2 document it appears that the spec is still
> > > unclear what implementations should do for multi-level CA
> > hierarchies.
> > >
> > > The description of the "7.4.4. Certificate Request"
> > handshake message
> > > explicitly allows a TLS-Server to announce subordinate CAs
> > > (which I think is useful), but I'm somewhat confused about what
> > > a client is supposed or allowed to send as a certificate_list
> > > (not where it starts, but where it ends), and what the server
> > > is supposed to allow or allowed to / expected to reject.
> > > I would appreciate guidance in the spec here.
> > >
> > > Scenario:
> > > PKI with 3-level CA hierarchy for SSL client authentication:
> > >   RootCA, SubCA1, SubCA2, EndEntity(User)
> > >
> > > According to 7.4.4. the SSL server can send/include
> > > any one possible subset of (RootCAs,SubCA1,SubCA2) as acceptable
> > > certificate_authorities in the CertificateRequest message.
> > >
> > > Which "matching" certification authority the client implementation
> > > depends on the clients search strategy and possibly the order of
> > > the certification_authorities in the CertificateRequest message
> > > of the server.
> > >
> > > IMHO, the most sensible approach would be for the server to
> > > send Subordinate CAs names before their issuing CA names,
> > > but for some SSL/TLS (server side) implementations it might
> > > be difficult or impossible to configure a particular ordering,
> > > but the client will always receive a particular order, be
> > > it a side-effect of the server SSL/TLS implementation or
> > > a conscious decision (aka preference list) of the servers admin.
> > >
> > > I'm not sure what would be the best approach for the client would
> > > be to (a) search for the "most desirable" certification
> > > authority, and whether it is allowed to send certificates
> > > in the certificate_list of the ClientCertificate message
> > > beyond the "matching" certification authority, in case
> > > that matching certification authority was actually a
> > > subordinate CA.
> > >
> > > Personally, I would consider it a client-side bug if the client
> > > would send a CA certificate beyond the matched certification
> > > authority from the CertificateRequest, _unless_ the server
> > > explicitly announced this higher certification authority also
> > > in the certification_authorities list of the CertificateRequest
> > > message.
> > >
> > > Conceivable reasons why a client may not want to (or not be able
> to)
> > > send a full path ending at a self-signed CA certificate
> > > (and appreciate the server to announce subordinate CAs) might be
> > >  - size constraints of a crypto hardware token or device
> > >    (it may not store chain certs),
> > >  - bandwith savings for the ClientCertificate handshake message.
> > >  - reduced work for the server: it does not need to parse
> > >    and to process (even if processing just means comparing and
> > > ignoring)
> > >    CA certs beyond a trusted subordinate CA
> > >
> > > >From how I read OpenSSL code (s3_both.c from 0.9.7g) I assume that
> > > OpenSSL will unconditionally send all available path certificates
> > > up to a self-signed (CA) cert.
> > >
> > > SSL clients sending unrequested/extra CA certs in the
> > ClientCertificate
> > > message will unnecessarily drain resources from the SSL server
> > > (and preclude this small optimization from the server admin).
> > >
> > >
> > > Opinions?
> > >
> > > -Martin
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > _______________________________________________
> > > TLS mailing list
> > > TLS@lists.ietf.org
> > > https://www1.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/tls
> >
> >
> > _______________________________________________
> > TLS mailing list
> > TLS@lists.ietf.org
> > https://www1.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/tls
> >


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Date: Mon, 19 Nov 2007 11:07:03 -0800
From: Eric Rescorla <ekr@networkresonance.com>
To: Stefan Santesson <stefans@microsoft.com>
Subject: Re: [TLS] DSA/SHA-1, and OIDs
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At Mon, 19 Nov 2007 18:39:00 +0000,
Stefan Santesson wrote:
> On the subject I have a clear opinion and that is an absolute no to
> do this through subject public key info.
> 
> The subject public key info is a core field of a certificate and it
> has a defined meaning to provide the key and its parameters. In
> addition to this the field also supplies an identifier of the key
> which identifies the key and parameter structure and syntax so it
> can be parsed. All X.509 software and systems using X.509 built to
> this date that I know of is designed to use the field exclusively in
> this manner.

OK.


> In general, it is the responsibility of the protocol to limit the
> algorithms used, not the public key certificate.

This seems problematic: the issue here is downgrade attack.
The relying party has support for a variety of digest
algorithms and if there's no indication in the certificate
of which digests will be used, then essentially an attacker
can attack the weakest one. 


> When limitations
> are specified in the certificate this is guidance for the
> applications using it. Except for a few core restrictions defined in
> path validation, it is nothing that will be enforced on the crypto
> API level. ANSI has made attempts to defined expanded restrictions
> in the subject public key field for ECC algorithm modes and this is
> exactly the type of complexity and change in field usage we don't
> need in X.509. Especially since nobody has defined where in the
> system architecture these restrictions should be enforced (protocol
> level, application level or crypto library level where keys are
> stored and used).
>
> Conclusion is. Any new types of usage restrictions must be provided
> in a new field. i.e. in a certificate extension and it must be
> understood that this serves as information to the relying party on
> when it is appropriate to use this certificate.

OK well, I don't have a problem with it being in a new field,
or that it's for the information of the relying party, but for
the reasons I argue above, I think it needs to be uniform for
all protocols and needs to be in the cert.

-Ekr




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Subject: [TLS] Fwd: Document Action: 'Additional Diffie-Hellman Groups for
 use with IETF Standards' to Informational RFC
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>The IESG has approved the following document:
>
>- 'Additional Diffie-Hellman Groups for use with IETF Standards '
>    <draft-lepinski-dh-groups-03.txt> as an Informational RFC
>
>This document has been reviewed in the IETF but is not the product of an
>IETF Working Group.
>
>The IESG contact person is Tim Polk.
>
>A URL of this Internet-Draft is:
>http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-lepinski-dh-groups-03.txt
>
>Technical Summary
>
>This document specifies (eight) Diffie-Hellman groups for use with
>security protocols developed by five different IETF WGs (IPsec, PKIX,
>S/MIME, SSH, SSL, and TLS).  The specified groups include three
>modular exponentiation groups and five elliptic curve groups.  Several
>of the Diffie-Hellman groups specified in this draft are already
>defined in WG-specific RFCs (e.g., RFC 3526 and RFC 4753) and I-Ds,
>but without the test data provided here. The group definitions and
>test data are derived from a NIST document that is available only
>on the NIST web site as a PDF.  This draft translates the parameter
>terminology from the with NIST document into a form consistent with
>RFCs that define Diffie-Hellman groups (in protocol-specific contexts),
>and removes extraneous test data that would not be relevant to IETF
>protocols.
>
>Working Group Summary
>
>This document was not the product of any working group, but has been
>reviewed by experts from several relevant wgs.  Specifically, this
>document
>incorporates comments from: Tero Kivinen, the designated
>approver of additional Diffie-Hellman groups for IKE; Sean
>Turner S/MIME WG co-chair;  and Pasi Eronen (TLS WG co-chair).  Steve
>Kent (PKIX co-chair) is a co-author of this document and he ensured
>that PKIX concerns were addressed. No input was solicited form the
>SSH WG co-chairs, as that protocol provides a trivial means of
>accommodating additional (mod p) Diffie-Hellman groups. SSH provides
>no means of accommodating Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman groups, and
>as a result, the document is silent on use of Elliptic Curve
>Diffie-Hellman groups with SSH. (There is an expired I-D that
>describes how to use Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman with SSH. If it
>is re-submitted and adopted by the SSH WG, it would be appropriate
>to amend this draft to include it as well.)
>
>Protocol Quality
>
>Tim Polk reviewed this specification for the IESG.  Larry Bassham, who
>drafted the base NIST document, has also reviewed the specification.


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Date: Mon, 19 Nov 2007 15:01:07 -0500
To: Eric Rescorla <ekr@networkresonance.com>
From: Stephen Kent <kent@bbn.com>
Subject: Re: [TLS] DSA/SHA-1, and OIDs
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At 8:47 AM -0800 11/19/07, Eric Rescorla wrote:
>At Mon, 19 Nov 2007 11:35:47 -0500,
>Stephen Kent wrote:
>>
>>  Eric,
>>
>>  Your question was:
>>	My claim is that for security reasons it's necessary for DSA certs
>>	to indicate the hash algorithm(s) that may be used with the cert.
>>	This prevents hash algorithm substitution in the signature.
>>	Do you agree with this?
>>
>>  The wording here strikes me as a bit odd.  The hash algorithm used to
>>  verify a cert IS specified in the cert, in the SignatureAlgorithm
>>  field.
>>
>>  The hash algorithm(s) that may be used with the public KEY in the
>>  cert are not specified, in general, as the key may be used to verify
>>  signatures for certs or for other signed objects (in the case of EE
>>  certs).
>
>I agree my wording was imprecise. Let me rephrase:
>
>  	My claim is that for security reasons it's necessary for DSA
>  	certs to indicate the hash algorithm(s) that may be used with
>  	the public key contained in the cert. This prevents hash
>  	algorithm substitution in signatures formed with that key
>	(or rather the private key that corresponds to that key). Do
>  	you agree with this?
>
>-Ekr

OK, that is clearer.

While I do see some benefits to being able to specify a has algorithm 
to use with a public key and algorithm specified in a cert, I agree 
with Stefan that the SubjectPublicKeyInfo field is NOT the place to 
do this, given the history of how this field is used and the 
peripheral nature of the info you want to specify.  I think it would 
be best to create a new extension that one could use for this 
purpose, like the extension created for S/MIME to express the 
symmetric  algorithm(s) supported by a recipient of encrypted 
messages.

Steve


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At 8:47 AM -0800 11/19/07, Eric Rescorla wrote:
>At Mon, 19 Nov 2007 11:35:47 -0500,
>Stephen Kent wrote:
>>
>>  Eric,
>>
>>  Your question was:
>>	My claim is that for security reasons it's necessary for DSA certs
>>	to indicate the hash algorithm(s) that may be used with the cert.
>>	This prevents hash algorithm substitution in the signature.
>>	Do you agree with this?
>>
>>  The wording here strikes me as a bit odd.  The hash algorithm used to
>>  verify a cert IS specified in the cert, in the SignatureAlgorithm
>>  field.
>>
>>  The hash algorithm(s) that may be used with the public KEY in the
>>  cert are not specified, in general, as the key may be used to verify
>>  signatures for certs or for other signed objects (in the case of EE
>>  certs).
>
>I agree my wording was imprecise. Let me rephrase:
>
>  	My claim is that for security reasons it's necessary for DSA
>  	certs to indicate the hash algorithm(s) that may be used with
>  	the public key contained in the cert. This prevents hash
>  	algorithm substitution in signatures formed with that key
>	(or rather the private key that corresponds to that key). Do
>  	you agree with this?
>
>-Ekr

OK, that is clearer.

While I do see some benefits to being able to specify a has algorithm 
to use with a public key and algorithm specified in a cert, I agree 
with Stefan that the SubjectPublicKeyInfo field is NOT the place to 
do this, given the history of how this field is used and the 
peripheral nature of the info you want to specify.  I think it would 
be best to create a new extension that one could use for this 
purpose, like the extension created for S/MIME to express the 
symmetric  algorithm(s) supported by a recipient of encrypted 
messages.

Steve


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From tls-bounces@lists.ietf.org Tue Nov 20 06:13:56 2007
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Date: Mon, 19 Nov 2007 11:35:47 -0500
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Subject: Re: [TLS] DSA/SHA-1, and OIDs
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Eric,

Your question was:
	My claim is that for security reasons it's necessary for DSA certs
	to indicate the hash algorithm(s) that may be used with the cert.
	This prevents hash algorithm substitution in the signature.
	Do you agree with this?

The wording here strikes me as a bit odd.  The hash algorithm used to 
verify a cert IS specified in the cert, in the SignatureAlgorithm 
field.

The hash algorithm(s) that may be used with the public KEY in the 
cert are not specified, in general, as the key may be used to verify 
signatures for certs or for other signed objects (in the case of EE 
certs).

Steve


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From tls-bounces@lists.ietf.org Tue Nov 20 06:23:52 2007
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Subject: RE: [TLS] CAs and certificate chains in the SSL/TLS handshake
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Stefan Santesson wrote:
> Pasi,
>=20
> I know that the structure for certificates is defined. I was=20
> just surprised that this section didn't even mention it. I=20
> know that many use standards as dictionaries rather than=20
> novels (they don't read them from page 1 to the end). So some=20
> kind of hint where the structure is defined would not hurt.

A very reasonable suggestion; I'll propose text to be added=20
here during WGLC.

Best regards,
Pasi


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Date: Tue, 20 Nov 2007 09:33:36 -0800
From: Eric Rescorla <ekr@networkresonance.com>
To: Stefan Santesson <stefans@microsoft.com>
Subject: Re: [TLS] DSA/SHA-1, and OIDs
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At Tue, 20 Nov 2007 16:19:40 +0000,
Stefan Santesson wrote:
> 
> [1  <text/plain; utf-8 (base64)>]
> James,
> 
> The design team has met again and will talk about it at the PKIX meeting.
> However, this has never extended beyond the public key algorithm itself.
> No one has seriously requested a full signature algorithm with hash algorithm to be specified in this field.

Please take this message as a request from me that it be so, at
least for DSA/ECSDA.

-Ekr


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To: Eric Rescorla <ekr@networkresonance.com>
From: Russ Housley <housley@vigilsec.com>
Subject: Re: [TLS] DSA/SHA-1, and OIDs
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Eric:

I disagree.  When an actual signature is generated, then signer must 
indicate which hash was used to generate the signature.  Only the 
holder of the private key can generate the signature, so the holder 
of the private key is totally in control of which hash function they 
choose to use.

X.509 and CMS include the algorithm identifier of the signature 
algorithm (which implicitly identifies the hash function) in two 
places.  One is outside the signature to aid in signature 
validation.  The second one is covered by the signature, and it must 
match the one on the outside.

Putting a list of hash functions in the certificate would be 
protected by the hash function that the CA employed in signing the 
certificate, which might be a better studied structure, but it just 
move the concern that you seem to be raising to the certificate 
instead of the signed data.

Russ


At 09:17 AM 11/17/2007, Eric Rescorla wrote:
>My claim is that for security reasons it's necessary for DSA certs
>to indicate the hash algorithm(s) that may be used with the cert.
>This prevents hash algorithm substitution in the signature.
>Do you agree with this?



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Is there any reason to believe that DSA or ECDSA signatures
are more susceptible to hash downgrade attacks than
RSA-with-digest signatures?

And is there a reason such attacks are important?  It would
seem that a relying party should not accept algorithms that
it is not willing to accept. I.e., if the RP would accept a
DSA-with-SHA1 signature on message X, then why should the
RP not accept DSA-with-SHA1 signature on message Y?
(Assume X was signed with SHA1 and Y was signed with SHA2
but was attacked).  Putting restrictions on the cert used
to sign Y will have no effect on other messages.

In the logical end, if an RP is willing to accept signed
and unsigned messages, there is no way to prevent a
"downgrade" attack of stripping the signature entirely.

I don't see the value of using certificate contents to=20
constrain and signal hash algorithms as opposed to the
established practice of using protocol and configuration
mechanisms.  The benefit of the latter is that algorithms
can be *upgraded* without reissuing the cert, i.e. users
who have been signing using SHA1 can also use SHA2.




-----Original Message-----
From: Eric Rescorla [mailto:ekr@networkresonance.com]=20
Sent: Tuesday, November 20, 2007 12:34 PM
To: Stefan Santesson
Cc: ietf-pkix@imc.org; Manger,James H; tls@ietf.org
Subject: Re: [TLS] DSA/SHA-1, and OIDs

At Tue, 20 Nov 2007 16:19:40 +0000,
Stefan Santesson wrote:
>=20
> [1  <text/plain; utf-8 (base64)>]
> James,
>=20
> The design team has met again and will talk about it at the PKIX
meeting.
> However, this has never extended beyond the public key algorithm
itself.
> No one has seriously requested a full signature algorithm with hash
algorithm to be specified in this field.

Please take this message as a request from me that it be so, at
least for DSA/ECSDA.

-Ekr


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Subject: [TLS] RFC 5054 on Using the Secure Remote Password (SRP) Protocol
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A new Request for Comments is now available in online RFC libraries.

        
        RFC 5054

        Title:      Using the Secure Remote Password 
                    (SRP) Protocol for TLS Authentication 
        Author:     D. Taylor, T. Wu,
                    N. Mavrogiannopoulos, T. Perrin
        Status:     Informational
        Date:       November 2007
        Mailbox:    dtaylor@gnutls.org, 
                    thomwu@cisco.com, 
                    nmav@gnutls.org, trevp@trevp.net
        Pages:      24
        Characters: 44445
        Updates/Obsoletes/SeeAlso:   None

        I-D Tag:    draft-ietf-tls-srp-14.txt

        URL:        http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5054.txt

This memo presents a technique for using the Secure Remote Password
protocol as an authentication method for the Transport Layer Security
protocol.  This memo provides information for the Internet community.

This document is a product of the Transport Layer Security
Working Group of the IETF.


INFORMATIONAL: This memo provides information for the Internet community. 
It does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution
of this memo is unlimited.

This announcement is sent to the IETF list and the RFC-DIST list.
Requests to be added to or deleted from the IETF distribution list
should be sent to IETF-REQUEST@IETF.ORG.  Requests to be
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Details on obtaining RFCs via FTP or EMAIL may be obtained by sending
an EMAIL message to rfc-info@RFC-EDITOR.ORG with the message body 

help: ways_to_get_rfcs. For example:

        To: rfc-info@RFC-EDITOR.ORG
        Subject: getting rfcs

        help: ways_to_get_rfcs

Requests for special distribution should be addressed to either the
author of the RFC in question, or to RFC-Manager@RFC-EDITOR.ORG.  Unless
specifically noted otherwise on the RFC itself, all RFCs are for
unlimited distribution.

Submissions for Requests for Comments should be sent to
RFC-EDITOR@RFC-EDITOR.ORG.  Please consult RFC 2223, Instructions to RFC
Authors, for further information.


The RFC Editor Team
USC/Information Sciences Institute

...




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Subject: RE: [TLS] DSA/SHA-1, and OIDs
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From: "Santosh Chokhani" <chokhani@orionsec.com>
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Russ,

But, assuming the trust anchor (self-signed certificate) contains the
hashing algorithm you trust (just like the public key) and the
certificates in the path have the hash extension, certification path
does provide that transitive trust.

-----Original Message-----
From: owner-ietf-pkix@mail.imc.org [mailto:owner-ietf-pkix@mail.imc.org]
On Behalf Of Russ Housley
Sent: Tuesday, November 20, 2007 10:42 AM
To: Eric Rescorla
Cc: ietf-pkix@imc.org; tls@ietf.org
Subject: Re: [TLS] DSA/SHA-1, and OIDs


Eric:

I disagree.  When an actual signature is generated, then signer must=20
indicate which hash was used to generate the signature.  Only the=20
holder of the private key can generate the signature, so the holder=20
of the private key is totally in control of which hash function they=20
choose to use.

X.509 and CMS include the algorithm identifier of the signature=20
algorithm (which implicitly identifies the hash function) in two=20
places.  One is outside the signature to aid in signature=20
validation.  The second one is covered by the signature, and it must=20
match the one on the outside.

Putting a list of hash functions in the certificate would be=20
protected by the hash function that the CA employed in signing the=20
certificate, which might be a better studied structure, but it just=20
move the concern that you seem to be raising to the certificate=20
instead of the signed data.

Russ


At 09:17 AM 11/17/2007, Eric Rescorla wrote:
>My claim is that for security reasons it's necessary for DSA certs
>to indicate the hash algorithm(s) that may be used with the cert.
>This prevents hash algorithm substitution in the signature.
>Do you agree with this?



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From: Stefan Santesson <stefans@microsoft.com>
To: Eric Rescorla <ekr@networkresonance.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Nov 2007 12:47:58 +0000
Subject: RE: [TLS] DSA/SHA-1, and OIDs
Thread-Topic: [TLS] DSA/SHA-1, and OIDs
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This is not the place to request it, but I really think we should bring thi=
s up in a common meeting like the saag, because it is a general problem tha=
t is relevant cross protocols.

Trying to solve downgrade problems by stuffing  hash limitations in the cer=
tificate worries me, feels like the easy way out for the protocol designers=
 and principally wrong.
As pointed out, it makes management of hash selection a lot harder and a sl=
ow moving target as it requires certificate issuance to match the hash poli=
cy.

As a basic principle I think the major effort to transition to better hashe=
s is to upgrade the capability of communicating hosts before the lowest gra=
de of hash used becomes a realistic security issue. As a secondary solution=
 protocols could be amended to protect against downgrading, as with S/MIME =
and as a last resort enhance the certificates.

Is there any studies out there showing that this is a real security issue (=
has any realistic chance of being exploited) or are we simply chasing a gho=
st far away from the scene of real internet crime?



Stefan Santesson
Senior Program Manager
Windows Security, Standards


> -----Original Message-----
> From: Eric Rescorla [mailto:ekr@networkresonance.com]
> Sent: den 20 november 2007 18:34
> To: Stefan Santesson
> Cc: Manger, James H; ietf-pkix@imc.org; tls@ietf.org
> Subject: Re: [TLS] DSA/SHA-1, and OIDs
>
> At Tue, 20 Nov 2007 16:19:40 +0000,
> Stefan Santesson wrote:
> >
> > [1  <text/plain; utf-8 (base64)>]
> > James,
> >
> > The design team has met again and will talk about it at the PKIX
> meeting.
> > However, this has never extended beyond the public key algorithm
> itself.
> > No one has seriously requested a full signature algorithm with hash
> algorithm to be specified in this field.
>
> Please take this message as a request from me that it be so, at
> least for DSA/ECSDA.
>
> -Ekr


_______________________________________________
TLS mailing list
TLS@lists.ietf.org
https://www1.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/tls



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From: max pritikin <pritikin@cisco.com>
Subject: Re: [TLS] DSA/SHA-1, and OIDs
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I too feel that placing protocol hints in the certificate is a bad  
way to go.

	- max

On Nov 21, 2007, at 6:47 AM, Stefan Santesson wrote:

>
> This is not the place to request it, but I really think we should  
> bring this up in a common meeting like the saag, because it is a  
> general problem that is relevant cross protocols.
>
> Trying to solve downgrade problems by stuffing  hash limitations in  
> the certificate worries me, feels like the easy way out for the  
> protocol designers and principally wrong.
> As pointed out, it makes management of hash selection a lot harder  
> and a slow moving target as it requires certificate issuance to  
> match the hash policy.
>
> As a basic principle I think the major effort to transition to  
> better hashes is to upgrade the capability of communicating hosts  
> before the lowest grade of hash used becomes a realistic security  
> issue. As a secondary solution protocols could be amended to  
> protect against downgrading, as with S/MIME and as a last resort  
> enhance the certificates.
>
> Is there any studies out there showing that this is a real security  
> issue (has any realistic chance of being exploited) or are we  
> simply chasing a ghost far away from the scene of real internet crime?
>
>
>
> Stefan Santesson
> Senior Program Manager
> Windows Security, Standards
>
>
>> -----Original Message-----
>> From: Eric Rescorla [mailto:ekr@networkresonance.com]
>> Sent: den 20 november 2007 18:34
>> To: Stefan Santesson
>> Cc: Manger, James H; ietf-pkix@imc.org; tls@ietf.org
>> Subject: Re: [TLS] DSA/SHA-1, and OIDs
>>
>> At Tue, 20 Nov 2007 16:19:40 +0000,
>> Stefan Santesson wrote:
>>>
>>> [1  <text/plain; utf-8 (base64)>]
>>> James,
>>>
>>> The design team has met again and will talk about it at the PKIX
>> meeting.
>>> However, this has never extended beyond the public key algorithm
>> itself.
>>> No one has seriously requested a full signature algorithm with hash
>> algorithm to be specified in this field.
>>
>> Please take this message as a request from me that it be so, at
>> least for DSA/ECSDA.
>>
>> -Ekr



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TLS mailing list
TLS@lists.ietf.org
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Date: Wed, 21 Nov 2007 06:57:49 -0800
From: Eric Rescorla <ekr@networkresonance.com>
To: Stefan Santesson <stefans@microsoft.com>
Subject: Re: [TLS] DSA/SHA-1, and OIDs
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At Wed, 21 Nov 2007 12:47:58 +0000,
Stefan Santesson wrote:
> 
> This is not the place to request it, but I really think we should
> bring this up in a common meeting like the saag, because it is a
> general problem that is relevant cross protocols.
> 
> Trying to solve downgrade problems by stuffing hash limitations in
> the certificate worries me, feels like the easy way out for the
> protocol designers and principally wrong.

I don't know what you mean by "the easy way out". TLS, for
instance, has extensive anti-downgrade provisions. But this
particular one cannot go in the protocol, because it's
fundamentally tied to the signing key. [The exception here
is to make an explicit tie to key length, i.e., keys of 
length X need SHA-1. I'll note that this is what FIPS 186-3
already does but it's notmandatory.]


> As pointed out, it makes management of hash selection a lot harder
> and a slow moving target as it requires certificate issuance to
> match the hash policy.

I don't see this. What I would expect would simply be that
certificates would be issued with digest algorithms that
match the FIPS 186-3 recommendations. 


> As a basic principle I think the major effort to transition to
> better hashes is to upgrade the capability of communicating hosts
> before the lowest grade of hash used becomes a realistic security
> issue.

This isn't about turning on new hashes, it's about allowing
old ones to be used once the new ones are turned on during
the transition period.


> As a secondary solution protocols could be amended to protect
> against downgrading, as with S/MIME and as a last resort enhance the
> certificates.

We're talking about two different kinds of downgrade here.
The S/MIME anti-downgrade issue is about signature stripping
when multiple signatures are applied. The downgrade issue
I'm concerned about is straight-line forgery: Alice always
signs with digest algorithm H1: she then generates a signature
over some message M where H1(M) = X. The attacker compromises H2
and forms M' st. H2(M2) = X. He can then craft a new message
apparently signed by Alice. There's no act that Alice can take
involving H1 and her signature algorithm that can prevent this:
it has to be in information available to a verifier who has only
the cert and a candidate signature.


> Is there any studies out there showing that this is a real security
> issue (has any realistic chance of being exploited) or are we simply
> chasing a ghost far away from the scene of real internet crime?

Is this the current PKIX standard for work items?

-Ekr


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Hi all,

recently we have observed problems with SSL/TLS servers that send
large numbers of certificate authorities wihtin their CertificateRequest
message. For instance, one server sent 152 CA names (21613 bytes), 
another sent 164 (29293 bytes) within one record without fragmentation...
The client may have to check if any of its keys is appropriate for any 
of these 164 CAs received from the server. There is no way for the
client to tell the server to do not send or limit the number of certificate
authorities in the CertificateRequest message.
Have there ever been thoughts about, or would this group support a 
proposal for an extension allowing the client to first announce the 
DNs of the CAs for which it is able to fulfill a CertificateRequest? 
Usually a client only has a few number of keys (for instance 1 or 2)
to may be used for client authentication. The client could use an 
extension to send the DNs of these few CAs to the server who then 
-- if it is configured to request client authentication -- may include only
one (or some) of these few CA names in its CertificateRequest message
(instead of sending all its trusted CAs). 

Regards,
Dieter 
---------
Dieter Bratko, SIC/IAIK - Graz University of Technology
Inffeldgasse 16a, 8010 Graz, Austria, http://jce.iaik.tugraz.at/


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Date: Wed, 21 Nov 2007 08:50:33 -0800
To: Eric Rescorla <ekr@networkresonance.com>,
	Stefan Santesson <stefans@microsoft.com>
From: Paul Hoffman <paul.hoffman@vpnc.org>
Subject: Re: [TLS] DSA/SHA-1, and OIDs
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At 6:57 AM -0800 11/21/07, Eric Rescorla wrote:
>We're talking about two different kinds of downgrade here.
>The S/MIME anti-downgrade issue is about signature stripping
>when multiple signatures are applied. The downgrade issue
>I'm concerned about is straight-line forgery: Alice always
>signs with digest algorithm H1: she then generates a signature
>over some message M where H1(M) = X. The attacker compromises H2
>and forms M' st. H2(M2) = X. He can then craft a new message
>apparently signed by Alice. There's no act that Alice can take
>involving H1 and her signature algorithm that can prevent this:
>it has to be in information available to a verifier who has only
>the cert and a candidate signature.

The proposed solution of an extension that says which hash functions 
can be used with the public key in a cert has a few flaws. First, it 
means that all CAs must understand the safety of all the hash 
algorithms out there to know to not list H2. In some sense, they must 
all predict the future as well, because they might list H2 today and 
then next year find out that some set of Mallorys have compromised 
it. Further, this puts CAs into the position of saying what can and 
cannot be done with a public key; "key usage" has proven this to be a 
disaster.

Instead, we have to assume that all relying parties need to know 
which of the hash algorithms that they know how to use are 
trustworthy, and which aren't. Hopefully, for any that are not, the 
relying party simply forgets how to use it, or marks it as poisoned.

--Paul Hoffman, Director
--VPN Consortium


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From tls-bounces@lists.ietf.org Wed Nov 21 11:58:02 2007
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Date: Wed, 21 Nov 2007 08:52:57 -0800
From: Eric Rescorla <ekr@networkresonance.com>
To: Paul Hoffman <paul.hoffman@vpnc.org>
Subject: Re: [TLS] DSA/SHA-1, and OIDs
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At Wed, 21 Nov 2007 08:50:33 -0800,
Paul Hoffman wrote:
> 
> At 6:57 AM -0800 11/21/07, Eric Rescorla wrote:
> >We're talking about two different kinds of downgrade here.
> >The S/MIME anti-downgrade issue is about signature stripping
> >when multiple signatures are applied. The downgrade issue
> >I'm concerned about is straight-line forgery: Alice always
> >signs with digest algorithm H1: she then generates a signature
> >over some message M where H1(M) = X. The attacker compromises H2
> >and forms M' st. H2(M2) = X. He can then craft a new message
> >apparently signed by Alice. There's no act that Alice can take
> >involving H1 and her signature algorithm that can prevent this:
> >it has to be in information available to a verifier who has only
> >the cert and a candidate signature.
> 
> The proposed solution of an extension that says which hash functions 
> can be used with the public key in a cert has a few flaws. First, it 
> means that all CAs must understand the safety of all the hash 
> algorithms out there to know to not list H2.

Not really, no. As I said, I think this is pretty much an issue
of matching SHA variant to DSA key size. I agree that this is
imperfect, but the situation is imperfect.


> In some sense, they must 
> all predict the future as well, because they might list H2 today and 
> then next year find out that some set of Mallorys have compromised 
> it. Further, this puts CAs into the position of saying what can and 
> cannot be done with a public key; "key usage" has proven this to be a 
> disaster.

This strikes me as a pretty different case.


> Instead, we have to assume that all relying parties need to know 
> which of the hash algorithms that they know how to use are 
> trustworthy, and which aren't. Hopefully, for any that are not, the 
> relying party simply forgets how to use it, or marks it as poisoned.

This seems highly undesirable from the perspective of the
verifying party, who has opinions about what digests he
will use, but who needs the relying party to enforce it.

-Ekr


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Date: Wed, 21 Nov 2007 10:03:59 -0800
From: Eric Rescorla <ekr@networkresonance.com>
To: max pritikin <pritikin@cisco.com>
Subject: Re: [TLS] DSA/SHA-1, and OIDs
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At Wed, 21 Nov 2007 11:26:53 -0600,
max pritikin wrote:
> Placing usage instructions in the certificate does not enforce the  
> verifying parties behavior any more than protocol handshakes would.   

It's not a matter of enforcement than information.
Again, there's no way to do this in the protocol handshake
because it needs to be authenticated by a separate mechanism.


> Paul's  
> example of key usage seems to be very topical.
> 
> Long lived device certificates would suffer from this approach. The  
> certificates on these devices (cable modems, wimax, IEEE 802.1AR, etc  
> etc etc) are profiled and baked well in advance. Attempting to expand  
> those profiles to limit the use of the credentials to particular hash  
> algorithms would be problematic.

No more than limiting them to particular signature algorithms,
which is baked into the certificate right now. In fact, I'd
observe that current DSA certificates are effectively
restricted to SHA-1 right now in that there is no DSS for 
DSA with other digests.

-Ekr





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Date: Wed, 21 Nov 2007 14:53:49 -0500
To: Eric Rescorla <ekr@networkresonance.com>
From: Stephen Kent <kent@bbn.com>
Subject: Re: [TLS] DSA/SHA-1, and OIDs
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At 6:57 AM -0800 11/21/07, Eric Rescorla wrote:

>...
>  > Is there any studies out there showing that this is a real security
>>  issue (has any realistic chance of being exploited) or are we simply
>>  chasing a ghost far away from the scene of real internet crime?
>
>Is this the current PKIX standard for work items?
>
>-Ekr

Two observations:

PKIX does take into account the viability of attacks when deciding 
how to address newly discovered vulnerabilities.  So, for example, we 
noted that a CA could assign non-predictable cert serial numbers as a 
countermeasure to the first published hash attacks, which rely on the 
attacker being able to know/control the prefix of a signed object 
such as a cert submitted in a cert request.

Several of the recent messages refer to problem of using the right 
hash algorithm with a given signature algorithm and key size.  PKIX 
will certainly address this problem in the context of our data 
objects, e.g., certs. It is less clear whether PKIX should advocate 
carriage of additional data in certs to assist other protocols in 
this area. One could define suitable conventions for hash alg and 
signature alg/key size in the context of each protocol, for example.

That doesn't mean we ought not consider an extension for carrying 
this info, but as several there  folks have pointed out, this 
approach has problems too:

	- a CA may not want to assume liability for putting this info 
into a cert

	- a cert lifetime many not match the time frame for 
expressing new algorithm pairing info

	- an application/protocol or a CAPI may not have ready access 
to a private extension used  to convey this info


We have to proceed cautiously here. I am not (yet) ruling out an 
extension to carry such info, if these issue can be addressed.

Steve


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From: pgut001@cs.auckland.ac.nz (Peter Gutmann)
To: Dieter.Bratko@iaik.tugraz.at, TLS@lists.ietf.org
Subject: Re: [TLS] CertificateRequest
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"Dieter Bratko" <Dieter.Bratko@iaik.tugraz.at> writes:

>recently we have observed problems with SSL/TLS servers that send large
>numbers of certificate authorities wihtin their CertificateRequest message.
>For instance, one server sent 152 CA names (21613 bytes), another sent 164
>(29293 bytes) within one record without fragmentation... The client may have
>to check if any of its keys is appropriate for any of these 164 CAs received
>from the server.

My suspicion is that this is just a pathological implementation that's
iterating through all the CAs it knows of (the count seems to be in the
ballpark of the set of automatically trusted CAs for Windows, depending on
which root cert updates have been applied).  I can't imagine that any server
would really trust 160 different CAs to authorise access.  To support this,
I've seen servers that send out cert requests without the admins even knowing
that they're doing it, and the servers certainly don't want or even know what
to do with a client cert when they send the request.

>Have there ever been thoughts about, or would this group support a proposal
>for an extension allowing the client to first announce the DNs of the CAs for
>which it is able to fulfill a CertificateRequest? Usually a client only has a
>few number of keys (for instance 1 or 2) to may be used for client
>authentication.

I've found that simply ignoring the contents of the cert request seems to work
pretty well.  Since there are servers sending out nonsensical requests, the
safest thing to do is just record that a request for a cert exists.  If you
have a cert, send it and let the server sort it out.  If you don't, send a no-
cert response, which deals nicely with servers that send out bogus requests.

Peter.


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From: max pritikin <pritikin@cisco.com>
Subject: Re: [TLS] DSA/SHA-1, and OIDs
Date: Wed, 21 Nov 2007 11:26:53 -0600
To: Eric Rescorla <ekr@networkresonance.com>
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Placing usage instructions in the certificate does not enforce the  
verifying parties behavior any more than protocol handshakes would.   
Also it maybe more difficult if the certificate verification  
operations are distinct from the protocol hashing operations. Paul's  
example of key usage seems to be very topical.

Long lived device certificates would suffer from this approach. The  
certificates on these devices (cable modems, wimax, IEEE 802.1AR, etc  
etc etc) are profiled and baked well in advance. Attempting to expand  
those profiles to limit the use of the credentials to particular hash  
algorithms would be problematic.

- max


On Nov 21, 2007, at 10:52 AM, Eric Rescorla wrote:

>
> At Wed, 21 Nov 2007 08:50:33 -0800,
> Paul Hoffman wrote:
>>
>> At 6:57 AM -0800 11/21/07, Eric Rescorla wrote:
>>> We're talking about two different kinds of downgrade here.
>>> The S/MIME anti-downgrade issue is about signature stripping
>>> when multiple signatures are applied. The downgrade issue
>>> I'm concerned about is straight-line forgery: Alice always
>>> signs with digest algorithm H1: she then generates a signature
>>> over some message M where H1(M) = X. The attacker compromises H2
>>> and forms M' st. H2(M2) = X. He can then craft a new message
>>> apparently signed by Alice. There's no act that Alice can take
>>> involving H1 and her signature algorithm that can prevent this:
>>> it has to be in information available to a verifier who has only
>>> the cert and a candidate signature.
>>
>> The proposed solution of an extension that says which hash functions
>> can be used with the public key in a cert has a few flaws. First, it
>> means that all CAs must understand the safety of all the hash
>> algorithms out there to know to not list H2.
>
> Not really, no. As I said, I think this is pretty much an issue
> of matching SHA variant to DSA key size. I agree that this is
> imperfect, but the situation is imperfect.
>
>
>> In some sense, they must
>> all predict the future as well, because they might list H2 today and
>> then next year find out that some set of Mallorys have compromised
>> it. Further, this puts CAs into the position of saying what can and
>> cannot be done with a public key; "key usage" has proven this to be a
>> disaster.
>
> This strikes me as a pretty different case.
>
>
>> Instead, we have to assume that all relying parties need to know
>> which of the hash algorithms that they know how to use are
>> trustworthy, and which aren't. Hopefully, for any that are not, the
>> relying party simply forgets how to use it, or marks it as poisoned.
>
> This seems highly undesirable from the perspective of the
> verifying party, who has opinions about what digests he
> will use, but who needs the relying party to enforce it.
>
> -Ekr


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From tls-bounces@lists.ietf.org Thu Nov 22 06:54:04 2007
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From: Bodo Moeller <bmoeller@acm.org>
To: max pritikin <pritikin@cisco.com>
Subject: Re: [TLS] DSA/SHA-1, and OIDs
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On Wed, Nov 21, 2007 at 11:26:53AM -0600, max pritikin wrote:

> Placing usage instructions in the certificate does not enforce the  
> verifying parties behavior any more than protocol handshakes would.   

It does provide authenticated usage information to the verifying
parties, though.  Without such information, verifying parties cannot
tell if the observed usage in any given handshake should be considered
suspicious (and thus rejected) or is benign.


> Also it maybe more difficult if the certificate verification  
> operations are distinct from the protocol hashing operations. Paul's  
> example of key usage seems to be very topical.
> 
> Long lived device certificates would suffer from this approach. The  
> certificates on these devices (cable modems, wimax, IEEE 802.1AR, etc  
> etc etc) are profiled and baked well in advance. Attempting to expand  
> those profiles to limit the use of the credentials to particular hash  
> algorithms would be problematic.

One the one hand, you wouldn't *have* to use such hash algorithm
constraints in long-lived certificates for which you consider it
problematic.

On the other hand, this is where it is particularly important to
specify such constraints.  (You don't really need hash constraints to
prevent SHA-1 use of your (EC)DSA key that is only meant to be used
with SHA-256: Except with tiny probability, none of the signatures
that you ever generate using SHA-256 could be interpreted as a
SHA-1-based signature, unless the (EC)DSA subgroup you are using is
too small.)


Consider the following scenario.  The SHA-3 competition is now open.
So one interesting business idea is to take the signature from any
certificate signed by some high-profile ECDSA or DSA root certificate
that is far away from expiring, and then to engineer a new hash
algorithm that appears sound and secure, except that it happens to
have a particularly interesting pre-image for the hash value from said
non-root certificate's signature: namely, a preimage that would
provide you with a certificate of your own with generous
basicConstraints, simply by reusing the previous signature coming from
the CA.  So you submit this hash function to the SHA-3 competition,
provide a reference implementation and hope that it ends up in relying
parties' software.  If this plan works out, suddenly you have become a
high-profile CA yourself -- even though in this particular example
none of the cryptographic algorithms involved would have to be
insecure in itself.


If your are ambitious about security, then to avoid hash algorithm
substitution attacks of any kind, generally you'd want to limit the
use of any given key beforehand if at all possible.  I don't agree
that long-lived certificates are a severe obstacle to this.  If you
want algorithm flexibility for everyday use, then you can introduce an
intermediate CA whose certificate is updated sufficiently often,
always specifying the appropriate algorithm to use, while the root CA
would continue to use the initially chosen hash algorithms for the few
certificates that it signs.  If there is ever a time where you want
to completely exchange the set of allowed algorithms, why not take the
extra step and exchange the long-lived certificate as well?

Bodo


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>  is just a pathological implementation that's
Unfortunetely not in these cases.

> ballpark of the set of automatically trusted CAs for Windows,
> depending on which root cert updates have been applied).
That's what I have done to simulate the behaviour (since the
servers have not been publicly accessible): I installed
IIS on my machine, requested client authentication with
default trust settings and IIS sent all the certificates in one
large record.

> I can't imagine that any server would really trust 160 different CAs
> to authorise access.
Yes, but as you say below it also may occur unintentionally.
For the client -- at the time when receiving a large list --
it makes no difference if the server has sent it because of
misconfiguration or because he actually trusts 160 or more
CAs :-)

> I've seen servers that send out cert requests without the
> admins even knowing that they're doing it
You are right. And also the trust pool -- and with it the list sent
within the CertificateRequest message -- may grow automatically
without interaction and knowing of the admins. In one of the cases
(where already over 200 certificates have been sent) it helped to
contact the admin and ask him to remove certificates from the list.
However, you won't do this anytime you find large list of CAs.
We were asked if there is a way for the client to tell the server to
not send all its CAs, but this is not possible.

> I've found that simply ignoring the contents of the cert request
> seems to work pretty well.  Since there are servers sending out
> nonsensical requests, the safest thing to do is just record that a
> request for a cert exists.  If you have a cert, send it and let the
> server sort it out.  If you don't, send a no-cert response, which
> deals nicely with servers that send out bogus requests.
It might require additional configuration options on the client side,
but you are right again. However, just when doing so a (large) CA
list sent by the server is not required at all and only waste of bandwith,
which especially may be of concern in constrained environments.

Regards,
Dieter

----- Original Message ----- 
From: Peter Gutmann
To: Dieter.Bratko@iaik.tugraz.at ; TLS@lists.ietf.org
Cc: PSharkey@cleo.com
Sent: Thursday, November 22, 2007 10:08 AM
Subject: Re: [TLS] CertificateRequest


"Dieter Bratko" <Dieter.Bratko@iaik.tugraz.at> writes:

>recently we have observed problems with SSL/TLS servers that send large
>numbers of certificate authorities wihtin their CertificateRequest message.
>For instance, one server sent 152 CA names (21613 bytes), another sent 164
>(29293 bytes) within one record without fragmentation... The client may 
>have
>to check if any of its keys is appropriate for any of these 164 CAs 
>received
>from the server.

My suspicion is that this is just a pathological implementation that's
iterating through all the CAs it knows of (the count seems to be in the
ballpark of the set of automatically trusted CAs for Windows, depending on
which root cert updates have been applied).  I can't imagine that any server
would really trust 160 different CAs to authorise access.  To support this,
I've seen servers that send out cert requests without the admins even 
knowing
that they're doing it, and the servers certainly don't want or even know 
what
to do with a client cert when they send the request.

>Have there ever been thoughts about, or would this group support a proposal
>for an extension allowing the client to first announce the DNs of the CAs 
>for
>which it is able to fulfill a CertificateRequest? Usually a client only has 
>a
>few number of keys (for instance 1 or 2) to may be used for client
>authentication.

I've found that simply ignoring the contents of the cert request seems to 
work
pretty well.  Since there are servers sending out nonsensical requests, the
safest thing to do is just record that a request for a cert exists.  If you
have a cert, send it and let the server sort it out.  If you don't, send a 
no-
cert response, which deals nicely with servers that send out bogus requests.

Peter. 



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From: Dana Zhao <dzhao@certicom.com>
Date: Thu, 22 Nov 2007 11:55:38 -0500
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Subject: [TLS] Numbers for GCM ciphersuites?
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Hi all,

Did anyone implement the GCM ciphersuites for TLS1.2?

For example,

TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
TLS_ECDH_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
TLS_ECDH_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
 
TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256
TLS_ECDH_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256
TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA384
TLS_ECDH_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA384

TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384


What number do you use for them? I want to do interoperating test on them.

Thanks.

Regards,
-----------------------------------------------
Dana Zhao
Software Developer
Certicom Corp.
EMAIL: dzhao@certicom.com
PHONE: (905) 501-3822
FAX  : (905) 507-4230
WEBSITE: www.certicom.com
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<br><font size=2 face="sans-serif">Hi all,</font>
<br>
<br><font size=2 face="sans-serif">Did anyone implement the GCM ciphersuites
for TLS1.2?</font>
<br>
<br><font size=2 face="sans-serif">For example,</font>
<br>
<br><font size=2 face="sans-serif">TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256<br>
TLS_ECDH_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256<br>
TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384<br>
TLS_ECDH_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384<br>
 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<br>
TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256<br>
TLS_ECDH_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256<br>
TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA384<br>
TLS_ECDH_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA384<br>
<br>
TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256<br>
TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384<br>
TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256<br>
TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384</font>
<br>
<br>
<br><font size=2 face="sans-serif">What number do you use for them? I want
to do interoperating test on them.</font>
<br>
<br><font size=2 face="sans-serif">Thanks.</font>
<br>
<br><font size=2 face="sans-serif">Regards,<br>
-----------------------------------------------<br>
Dana Zhao<br>
Software Developer<br>
Certicom Corp.<br>
EMAIL: dzhao@certicom.com<br>
PHONE: (905) 501-3822<br>
FAX &nbsp;: (905) 507-4230<br>
WEBSITE: www.certicom.com</font>
--=_alternative 005D060F8525739B_=--



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From: pgut001@cs.auckland.ac.nz (Peter Gutmann)
To: Dieter.Bratko@iaik.tugraz.at, pgut001@cs.auckland.ac.nz, TLS@lists.ietf.org
Subject: Re: [TLS] CertificateRequest
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"Dieter Bratko" <Dieter.Bratko@iaik.tugraz.at> writes:

>However, just when doing so a (large) CA list sent by the server is not
>required at all and only waste of bandwith, which especially may be of
>concern in constrained environments.

Hmm, I see the potential for a nasty catch-22 here: Any server that's stupid
enough to send a list of 150-200 CAs in its request probably isn't going to
know about, or honour, the "Don't send me a huge long list of junk" extension
from the client :-).

Peter.



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From tls-bounces@lists.ietf.org Fri Nov 23 10:21:35 2007
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Subject: Re: [TLS] DSA/SHA-1, and OIDs
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At 12:53 PM +0100 11/22/07, Bodo Moeller wrote:
>On Wed, Nov 21, 2007 at 11:26:53AM -0600, max pritikin wrote:
>
>>  Placing usage instructions in the certificate does not enforce the 
>>  verifying parties behavior any more than protocol handshakes would.  
>
>It does provide authenticated usage information to the verifying
>parties, though.

Um, so? It is "authenticated" to be from a party that is not the 
signer. In most situations, my CA doesn't have the slightest idea 
what I am doing, or want to be doing, with my public key.

>Without such information, verifying parties cannot
>tell if the observed usage in any given handshake should be considered
>suspicious (and thus rejected) or is benign.

And with such information from my CA, they still have no idea.

>Consider the following scenario.  The SHA-3 competition is now open.
>So one interesting business idea is to take the signature from any
>certificate signed by some high-profile ECDSA or DSA root certificate
>that is far away from expiring, and then to engineer a new hash
>algorithm that appears sound and secure, except that it happens to
>have a particularly interesting pre-image for the hash value from said
>non-root certificate's signature: namely, a preimage that would
>provide you with a certificate of your own with generous
>basicConstraints, simply by reusing the previous signature coming from
>the CA.  So you submit this hash function to the SHA-3 competition,
>provide a reference implementation and hope that it ends up in relying
>parties' software.  If this plan works out, suddenly you have become a
>high-profile CA yourself -- even though in this particular example
>none of the cryptographic algorithms involved would have to be
>insecure in itself.

Even if there were any "high-profile ECDSA or DSA root certificates", 
they would contain the signature algorithm, which includes the hash 
used, ecdsa-with-SHA1 or id-dsa-with-sha1, and that is covered by the 
signature itself. This is no different than RSA.

--Paul Hoffman, Director
--VPN Consortium


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> Hmm, I see the potential for a nasty catch-22 here: Any server
> that's stupid enough to send a list of 150-200 CAs in its request
> probably isn't going to know about, or honour, the "Don't send 
> me a huge long list of junk" extension from the client :-).

Do not call the poor server stupid - it is just doing what it has been
configured to do :-). The same server  -- if (by default) supporting such
an (obviously remaining hypothetical :-) extension -- with the same
(maybe careless) configuration settings would not send the long list.

Regards,
Dieter



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On Thu, Nov 22, 2007 at 12:53:33PM +0100, Bodo Moeller wrote:

> If your are ambitious about security, then to avoid hash algorithm
> substitution attacks of any kind, generally you'd want to limit the
> use of any given key beforehand if at all possible.  I don't agree
> that long-lived certificates are a severe obstacle to this.  If you
> want algorithm flexibility for everyday use, then you can introduce an
> intermediate CA whose certificate is updated sufficiently often,

The idea to "introduce an intermediate CA" seems to assume that either
your CA will issue you new certificates as needed (and I'm sure they
would be happy to do so, at $X00 per cert), or they will issue you a
CA cert that allows you to generate new certificates when you want to
(unlikely), or you form your own root CA (with all the many problems
that entails). Am I missing something about this approach?

-Jack


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On Fri, Nov 23, 2007 at 07:20:46AM -0800, Paul Hoffman wrote:
> At 12:53 PM +0100 11/22/07, Bodo Moeller wrote:
>>On Wed, Nov 21, 2007 at 11:26:53AM -0600, max pritikin wrote:

>>> Placing usage instructions in the certificate does not enforce the 
>>> verifying parties behavior any more than protocol handshakes would.  

>> It does provide authenticated usage information to the verifying
>> parties, though.

> Um, so? It is "authenticated" to be from a party that is not the 
> signer. In most situations, my CA doesn't have the slightest idea 
> what I am doing, or want to be doing, with my public key.

Only if you haven't told the CA what you want to do, by using
ExtensionReq and the like.

Of course, if you can't trust a CA to achieve a sufficiently close
approximation of what you want it do to, then that CA is pretty much
worthless.  If a CA starts to put other people's keys in certificates
naming you as the subject, say, that's pretty bad; if it does not
follow your requests regarding relevant certificate options, then
that's pretty bad too.


>> Consider the following scenario.  The SHA-3 competition is now open.
>> So one interesting business idea is to take the signature from any
>> certificate signed by some high-profile ECDSA or DSA root certificate
>> that is far away from expiring, and then to engineer a new hash
>> algorithm that appears sound and secure, except that it happens to
>> have a particularly interesting pre-image for the hash value from said
>> non-root certificate's signature: namely, a preimage that would
>> provide you with a certificate of your own with generous
>> basicConstraints, simply by reusing the previous signature coming from
>> the CA.  So you submit this hash function to the SHA-3 competition,
>> provide a reference implementation and hope that it ends up in relying
>> parties' software.  If this plan works out, suddenly you have become a
>> high-profile CA yourself -- even though in this particular example
>> none of the cryptographic algorithms involved would have to be
>> insecure in itself.

> Even if there were any "high-profile ECDSA or DSA root certificates", 
> they would contain the signature algorithm, which includes the hash 
> used, ecdsa-with-SHA1 or id-dsa-with-sha1, and that is covered by the 
> signature itself. This is no different than RSA.

Actually, it is different from RSA signatures.  PKCS #1 v1.5
RSA signatures do contain the hash used in unhashed form
(i.e. as a literal part of what you get when computing x^e mod n,
where x is the signature in question and e, n are the components
of the public key).  DSA and ECDSA signatures in a certificate, in
contrast, involve the algorithm identifer determining the hash
function only *as part of the hashed input*.  The literal
algorithm identifier does not affect the signature verification
calculation beyond providing part of the input to the hash function.

Bodo



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  Hi,

  I have a brief slot on the agenda in Vancouver to discuss an I-D
that proposes new ciphersuites for authenticated encryption using
the SIV mode. I missed the cutoff for -00 versions but the I-D can
be found here:

   http://www.lounge.org/draft-harkins-tls-rsa-aes-siv-00.txt

If the WG is willing I'd like to make this a working group document.

  Please take a look and I look forward to seeing everyone in Vancouver,

  Dan.





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From: Stefan Santesson <stefans@microsoft.com>
To: Eric Rescorla <ekr@networkresonance.com>
Date: Mon, 26 Nov 2007 12:27:23 +0000
Subject: RE: [TLS] DSA/SHA-1, and OIDs
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Eric,

Help me to understand the real security threat here.

So you are concerned that someone can select a totally different hash algor=
ithm than intended (H2), instead of using the intended hash algorithm (H1) =
where H1(M) =3DX and H2(M2) =3D X.
For this to work, the relying party needs to both implement and approve the=
 use of H2 within its environment, or it would never believe that M2 matche=
s X (assuming that H1(M2) <> X).

This is very different from any hash threats I've looked into. How likely i=
s it, within the set of hash algorithms the relying party has agreed to use=
 (as they are considered good enough), that 2 different hash algorithms pro=
duces the same output hash (with the same length) for 2 different meaningfu=
l messages?

What am I missing here?

Stefan Santesson
Senior Program Manager
Windows Security, Standards

> -----Original Message-----
> From: Eric Rescorla [mailto:ekr@networkresonance.com]
> Sent: den 21 november 2007 15:58

> We're talking about two different kinds of downgrade here.
> The S/MIME anti-downgrade issue is about signature stripping
> when multiple signatures are applied. The downgrade issue
> I'm concerned about is straight-line forgery: Alice always
> signs with digest algorithm H1: she then generates a signature
> over some message M where H1(M) =3D X. The attacker compromises H2
> and forms M' st. H2(M2) =3D X. He can then craft a new message
> apparently signed by Alice. There's no act that Alice can take
> involving H1 and her signature algorithm that can prevent this:
> it has to be in information available to a verifier who has only
> the cert and a candidate signature.
> -Ekr


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From: Bodo Moeller <bmoeller@acm.org>
To: Dan Harkins <dharkins@lounge.org>
Subject: Re: [TLS] ciphersuites for AEAD using SIV
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On Sun, Nov 25, 2007 at 11:12:15AM -0800, Dan Harkins wrote:

>   I have a brief slot on the agenda in Vancouver to discuss an I-D
> that proposes new ciphersuites for authenticated encryption using
> the SIV mode. I missed the cutoff for -00 versions but the I-D can
> be found here:
> 
>    http://www.lounge.org/draft-harkins-tls-rsa-aes-siv-00.txt

This has an essential normative reference to a second document
"draft-harkins-siv-aes-01", which I cannot locate: neither this nor
any other "draft-harkins-siv-aes-##.txt" draft is listed at
http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/ , and there seems to be nothing
at the obvious URLs of the form http://www.lounge.org/draft-harkins-....txt
either.

Where can we find the specification?

Bodo



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Subject: [TLS] ECDHE_PSK Ciphersuites for TLS
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Dear all,

Please don't hesitate to read and submit your comments on the document 
"ECDHE_PSK Ciphersuites for TLS". I have a very brief slot on the agenda 
in Vancouver to discuss it.

Best regards,
-- 
Mohamad Badra
CNRS - LIMOS Laboratory



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From tls-bounces@lists.ietf.org Mon Nov 26 10:06:55 2007
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Date: Mon, 26 Nov 2007 07:01:53 -0800
From: Eric Rescorla <ekr@networkresonance.com>
To: Stefan Santesson <stefans@microsoft.com>
Subject: Re: [TLS] DSA/SHA-1, and OIDs
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At Mon, 26 Nov 2007 12:27:23 +0000,
Stefan Santesson wrote:
> 
> Eric,
> 
> Help me to understand the real security threat here.
> 
> So you are concerned that someone can select a totally different
> hash algorithm than intended (H2), instead of using the intended
> hash algorithm (H1) where H1(M) =X and H2(M2) = X.  For this to
> work, the relying party needs to both implement and approve the use
> of H2 within its environment, or it would never believe that M2
> matches X (assuming that H1(M2) <> X).
> 
> This is very different from any hash threats I've looked into.

Really? It's pretty commonly discussed in the signature literature.
See: http://www.rsa.com/rsalabs/node.asp?id=2020
Also, it's the explicit reason why the OID is included in the
PKCS1 RSA signature.

> likely is it, within the set of hash algorithms the relying party
> has agreed to use (as they are considered good enough), that 2
> different hash algorithms produces the same output hash (with the
> same length) for 2 different meaningful messages?

The likelihood is pretty much that an attacker has a working
preimage attack on one accepted algorithm. The difficulty is
this: say we have an expensive preimage attack on SHA-1--expensive
enough that people don't delete it immediately, which I would say
is pretty consistent with people's models so far of how aggressive
they are about aging out algorithms. I note that TLS 1.1. still has
DES-CBC.

I get my first DSA certificate which we'll say is signed by SHA-256.
I never sign with SHA-1. Without some indicator in the certificate,
people can go around impersonating me as long as they can break
SHA-1 and there's nothing I can do about it. That seems not so
OK.

-Ekr


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From tls-bounces@lists.ietf.org Mon Nov 26 11:02:32 2007
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Date: Mon, 26 Nov 2007 08:02:18 -0800 (PST)
Subject: Re: [TLS] ciphersuites for AEAD using SIV
From: "Dan Harkins" <dharkins@lounge.org>
To: "Bodo Moeller" <bmoeller@acm.org>
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  Hi Bodo,

  My apologies. It's draft-dharkins-siv-aes-01.txt. I fat-fingered
my -00 draft by adding the d and now I'm stuck with it. Since
draft-harkins-tls-rsa-aes-siv-00.txt has not officially been
submitted I'll update it immediately.

  Thanks for spotting this!

  regards,

  Dan.

On Mon, November 26, 2007 6:20 am, Bodo Moeller wrote:
> On Sun, Nov 25, 2007 at 11:12:15AM -0800, Dan Harkins wrote:
>
>>   I have a brief slot on the agenda in Vancouver to discuss an I-D
>> that proposes new ciphersuites for authenticated encryption using
>> the SIV mode. I missed the cutoff for -00 versions but the I-D can
>> be found here:
>>
>>    http://www.lounge.org/draft-harkins-tls-rsa-aes-siv-00.txt
>
> This has an essential normative reference to a second document
> "draft-harkins-siv-aes-01", which I cannot locate: neither this nor
> any other "draft-harkins-siv-aes-##.txt" draft is listed at
> http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/ , and there seems to be nothing
> at the obvious URLs of the form
> http://www.lounge.org/draft-harkins-....txt
> either.
>
> Where can we find the specification?
>
> Bodo
>
>




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-----Original Message-----
> From: Manger, James H [mailto:James.H.Manger@team.telstra.com]
>
> Key usage (1), key purpose (2) and signature/encryption/transport
> algorithm (3) are really three points on a continuum
> for giving the certificate holder control over where the
> key->name binding (which is the core of their certificate) will be
used.
> There is no theoretical reason to support controls 1 & 2, but not 3.

It is not really a continuum.  Key usage constrains the use
of a key to support confidentiality or integrity, which are
qualitatively different services, not just different thresholds
along a single dimension.  Confidentiality requires some
sort of relationship between sender and recipient (the sender
must know the public key of each recipient, and the sender
and recipients must share a common algorithm).  Integrity is
a broadcast mechanism where the sender may know nothing about
the universe of potential recipients - a data object is signed,
and some recipients will accept the signature algorithm while
others will not.  All recipients have access to the same data
but they make individual, potentially different, decisions
on what to do with it.


>From: Eric Rescorla
>
> 	My claim is that for security reasons it's necessary for DSA
> 	certs to indicate the hash algorithm(s) that may be used with
> 	the public key contained in the cert. This prevents hash
> 	algorithm substitution in signatures formed with that key
>	(or rather the private key that corresponds to that key). Do
> 	you agree with this?

I do not agree.  Assume that a recipient accepts weak hash algorithms
for signatures, and that an attacker wishes to attack a signed object.
If a cert contains the proposed constraint, then the attacker can
just create a new cert without the constraint signed with the weak
algorithm.  The only way a certificate constraint would be useful
is if the relying party believed that algorithm X is not broken
(is acceptable) with respect to data signatures but is broken
(is not acceptable) wrt certificate signatures.  Why would any
rational RP believe that?

(Before saying that covering a certificate algorithm ID with a
weak signature prevents that algid from being modified, perform a
thought experiment assuming the recipient accepts a hypothetical
DSA-with-CRC32 signature algorithm.  If it is possible to compute
preimages, why would it not be possible to compute a preimage
containing the DSA-with-CRC32 algid?  Extending to MD5 and SHA1
is just a matter of required and available resources.)




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From tls-bounces@lists.ietf.org Mon Nov 26 13:41:06 2007
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From: Eric Rescorla <ekr@networkresonance.com>
To: "Kemp, David P." <DPKemp@missi.ncsc.mil>
Subject: Re: [TLS] DSA/SHA-1, and OIDs
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At Mon, 26 Nov 2007 13:36:45 -0500,
Kemp, David P. wrote:
> 
> >From: Eric Rescorla
> >
> > 	My claim is that for security reasons it's necessary for DSA
> > 	certs to indicate the hash algorithm(s) that may be used with
> > 	the public key contained in the cert. This prevents hash
> > 	algorithm substitution in signatures formed with that key
> >	(or rather the private key that corresponds to that key). Do
> > 	you agree with this?
> 
> I do not agree.  Assume that a recipient accepts weak hash algorithms
> for signatures, and that an attacker wishes to attack a signed object.
> If a cert contains the proposed constraint, then the attacker can
> just create a new cert without the constraint signed with the weak
> algorithm. The only way a certificate constraint would be useful
> is if the relying party believed that algorithm X is not broken
> (is acceptable) with respect to data signatures but is broken
> (is not acceptable) wrt certificate signatures.  Why would any
> rational RP believe that?

You seem to be making the implicit assumption that the RP
trusts a CA who signs certificates with a weak digest.
Why need that be the case?

-Ekr


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-----Original Message-----
> From: Eric Rescorla [mailto:ekr@networkresonance.com]=20
>=20
> You seem to be making the implicit assumption that the RP
> trusts a CA who signs certificates with a weak digest.
> Why need that be the case?

It doesn't need to be the case.  However, if an RP has
an opinion about what is "weak", my assumption is that
the RP would trust neither a CA who signs certificates
with weak signatures nor another party who signs data with
weak signatures.


> It's pretty commonly discussed in the signature literature.
> See: http://www.rsa.com/rsalabs/node.asp?id=3D2020
> Also, it's the explicit reason why the OID is included in
> the PKCS1 RSA signature.

Thanks for the pointer - very interesting.

Fundamentally, I disagree with Kaliski's premise:
  "Signer accepts the risk from its own choices [of acceptable
   algorithms], but needs some way to mitigate the risk due
   to the verifier's choices."

The premise is that the signer *has* some risk (faces some
negative consequences) as a result of a verifier choosing to
accept a weak signature.  If a signer signs an electronic
bank check, a forger receives the check, weakens the signature,
and increases the amount, and a bank accepts the forged
signature, my assumption is that the signer is not liable
because the bank accepted an algorithm that is against generally
accepted business practices.

If Paypal accepted certificates for user authentication over
TLS instead of passwords, I'd expect them to advertise "safe
because we use SHA-256" the same way they say "safe because
we use 128 bit SSL" today.  If community standards regarded
MD5 signatures to be the risk equivalent of 40 bit encryption,
I (as a signer) wouldn't expect to be held responsible if
Paypal accepted a forged MD5 signature as coming from me.

(This whole discussion has something of an angels-on-pinheads
flavor, given that even "weak" SHA-1 signatures are much
stronger than the typical user-selected password.  But I'll
suspend disbelief and assume that signatures are being used
in the first place.  Note that most of my email is signed, but
I turn off signatures for mail to IETF security-area WG
lists.  How Lewis Carroll is that?)

What is a scenario in which "Signer needs to mitigate risk
due to verifier accepting a weak signature"?


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--NextPart

A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts 
directories.
This draft is a work item of the Transport Layer Security Working Group of the IETF.

	Title		: The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2
	Author(s)	: T. Dierks, E. Rescorla
	Filename	: draft-ietf-tls-rfc4346-bis-07.txt
	Pages		: 99
	Date		: 2007-11-26
	
This document specifies Version 1.2 of the Transport Layer Security
   (TLS) protocol. The TLS protocol provides communications security
   over the Internet. The protocol allows client/server applications to
   communicate in a way that is designed to prevent eavesdropping,
   tampering, or message forgery.

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This message starts a WG last call on draft-ietf-tls-rfc4346-bis-07,
prior to sending it to the IESG for publication as Proposed Standard.

Please send your comments to the WG mailing list by Wednesday=20
December 19th. Comments along the lines "I've read it and it looks=20
OK" are helpful and encouraged.=20

The last call period is longer than usual to accommodate for=20
the IETF meeting, but if you manage to do some reading on your=20
flight to Vancouver, your comments can be discussed face-to-face=20
there.

Best regards,
Pasi


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From: Stefan Santesson <stefans@microsoft.com>
To: Eric Rescorla <ekr@networkresonance.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Nov 2007 04:11:07 +0000
Subject: RE: [TLS] DSA/SHA-1, and OIDs
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Eric,

> Really? It's pretty commonly discussed in the signature literature.
> See: http://www.rsa.com/rsalabs/node.asp?id=3D2020

Yeah, really :)

Maybe I should be more clear. AFAIK In order to substitute a message in thi=
s way you would need to successfully do a preimage attack on the week hash =
algorithm. A marginal attack with bit flipping is not enough, is has to be =
a complete break so you can create a meaningful message substantially diffe=
rent from the original message and make that match a given signed hash valu=
e by including some nonce in a syntactically legal manner.

Nothing in the article I could find in my quick read tells me how to do tha=
t on any generally accepted hash algorithm, and as far as I know we should =
be pretty safe.
We start to move away from hash algorithms as soon as they show cracks agai=
nst collision resistance. We should definitely have abandoned them before t=
hey are completely broken.

Or what have I missed?

Stefan Santesson
Senior Program Manager
Windows Security, Standards


> -----Original Message-----
> From: Eric Rescorla [mailto:ekr@networkresonance.com]
> Sent: den 26 november 2007 16:02
> To: Stefan Santesson
> Cc: Eric Rescorla; ietf-pkix@imc.org; tls@ietf.org
> Subject: Re: [TLS] DSA/SHA-1, and OIDs
>
> At Mon, 26 Nov 2007 12:27:23 +0000,
> Stefan Santesson wrote:
> >
> > Eric,
> >
> > Help me to understand the real security threat here.
> >
> > So you are concerned that someone can select a totally different
> > hash algorithm than intended (H2), instead of using the intended
> > hash algorithm (H1) where H1(M) =3DX and H2(M2) =3D X.  For this to
> > work, the relying party needs to both implement and approve the use
> > of H2 within its environment, or it would never believe that M2
> > matches X (assuming that H1(M2) <> X).
> >
> > This is very different from any hash threats I've looked into.
>
> Really? It's pretty commonly discussed in the signature literature.
> See: http://www.rsa.com/rsalabs/node.asp?id=3D2020
> Also, it's the explicit reason why the OID is included in the
> PKCS1 RSA signature.
>
> > likely is it, within the set of hash algorithms the relying party
> > has agreed to use (as they are considered good enough), that 2
> > different hash algorithms produces the same output hash (with the
> > same length) for 2 different meaningful messages?
>
> The likelihood is pretty much that an attacker has a working
> preimage attack on one accepted algorithm. The difficulty is
> this: say we have an expensive preimage attack on SHA-1--expensive
> enough that people don't delete it immediately, which I would say
> is pretty consistent with people's models so far of how aggressive
> they are about aging out algorithms. I note that TLS 1.1. still has
> DES-CBC.
>
> I get my first DSA certificate which we'll say is signed by SHA-256.
> I never sign with SHA-1. Without some indicator in the certificate,
> people can go around impersonating me as long as they can break
> SHA-1 and there's nothing I can do about it. That seems not so
> OK.
>
> -Ekr


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Date: Fri, 30 Nov 2007 12:07:33 +0100
From: Johannes Merkle <johannes.merkle@secunet.com>
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To: Eric Rescorla <ekr@networkresonance.com>
Subject: Re: [TLS] DSA/SHA-1, and OIDs
References: <20071112191115.543C833C2B@delta.rtfm.com>	<20071119164754.8147233C2B@delta.rtfm.com>	<6215401E01247448A306C54F499111F2037FFFC9@WSMSG2103V.srv.dir.telstra.com>	<9F11911AED01D24BAA1C2355723C3D3223B387DF@EA-EXMSG-C332.europe.corp.microsoft.com>	<20071120173336.B3C8133C21@delta.rtfm.com>	<9F11911AED01D24BAA1C2355723C3D3223B38B6E@EA-EXMSG-C332.europe.corp.microsoft.com>	<20071121145750.3114833C2B@delta.rtfm.com>	<9F11911AED01D24BAA1C2355723C3D32032E20B33B@EA-EXMSG-C332.europe.corp.microsoft.com>
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Eric,

> 
> I get my first DSA certificate which we'll say is signed by SHA-256.
> I never sign with SHA-1. Without some indicator in the certificate,
> people can go around impersonating me as long as they can break
> SHA-1 and there's nothing I can do about it. That seems not so
> OK.

To me, this seems to be just one example of a general problem. If
certain services accept / deploy weak identification and
authentification methods, anybody can impersonate you there. This is
the case with ebay accounts and could also happen with CAs deploying
poor identification methods. Services / RP accepting MD4 based
signatures are just another example.

Of course, the hash function downgrade attack abuses a real
signature and at first sight, it may seem logical to call for
measures in the PKI to prevent that. But I can also understand PKIX
being reluctant about including extensions / attributes in
certificates (and hence, adding complexity and potential problems)
to counter an attack which are leveraged by third parties applying
poor security, and which can still occur on a different level.

Johannes Merkle



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