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From: Michael D'Errico <mike-list@pobox.com>
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Cc: pkix@ietf.org, TLS Mailing List <tls@ietf.org>
Subject: Re: [TLS] [pkix] Proposing CAA as PKIX Working Group Item
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Paul Hoffman wrote:
> 
> I support the PKIX WG adopting as a work item (wording taken from the CAA draft's text) "DNS Resource Records that allow a DNS domain name holder to specify the certificate signing certificate(s) authorized to issue certificates for that domain".

I haven't read the draft, but from the quote it appears that
this could improve the weakest part of TLS (as it is used
today in browsers) where any of the hundreds of preinstalled
root CAs is trusted to issue a certificate to any possible
domain name.

[CC'ed to the TLS working group]

Mike


From ynir@checkpoint.com  Wed Jun  1 21:10:59 2011
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From: Yoav Nir <ynir@checkpoint.com>
To: "Michael D'Errico" <mike-list@pobox.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Jun 2011 07:10:52 +0300
Thread-Topic: [TLS] [pkix] Proposing CAA as PKIX Working Group Item
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Cc: "pkix@ietf.org" <pkix@ietf.org>, Paul Hoffman <paul.hoffman@vpnc.org>, TLS Mailing List <tls@ietf.org>
Subject: Re: [TLS] [pkix] Proposing CAA as PKIX Working Group Item
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On Jun 2, 2011, at 3:12 AM, Michael D'Errico wrote:

> Paul Hoffman wrote:
>>=20
>> I support the PKIX WG adopting as a work item (wording taken from the CA=
A draft's text) "DNS Resource Records that allow a DNS domain name holder t=
o specify the certificate signing certificate(s) authorized to issue certif=
icates for that domain".
>=20
> I haven't read the draft, but from the quote it appears that
> this could improve the weakest part of TLS (as it is used
> today in browsers) where any of the hundreds of preinstalled
> root CAs is trusted to issue a certificate to any possible
> domain name.

I'm not opposed to this draft, but I don't think it solves this problem. Th=
e issue is not even the dozens of pre-installed root CAs, but that those ro=
ot CAs can have many many affiliates, whether they're sub-CAs or registrati=
on authorities.=20

The two famous attacks of the last two years have not been about Verisign o=
r Comodo. The "MD5 sub-CA" was issued by RapidSSL, which is part of the "Ve=
risign trust network" but not Verisign itself. In the recent case it was a =
small Italian RA. In both cases the problem was an affiliate with not quite=
 best practices that caused the mis-issue.

CAA works if all root CAs and affiliates follow it. That's hundreds or thou=
sands of entities. Any one of them that fails to comply might ignore the CA=
A record.

PHB says that having the CAA record may aid in assigning blame, and thus pe=
rhaps at some point, liability. Remains to be seen, but at least in the sho=
rt term, CAA is not a panacea.

That's why I believe that the DANE record that is aimed at relying parties =
is a necessary complement to this work. I know I've said the opposite on th=
e DANE list, but I've changed my mind since then.

Yoav=

From hallam@gmail.com  Thu Jun  2 06:46:03 2011
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From: Phillip Hallam-Baker <hallam@gmail.com>
To: Yoav Nir <ynir@checkpoint.com>
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Cc: "pkix@ietf.org" <pkix@ietf.org>, Paul Hoffman <paul.hoffman@vpnc.org>, TLS Mailing List <tls@ietf.org>
Subject: Re: [TLS] [pkix] Proposing CAA as PKIX Working Group Item
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That is not quite right.

First off, measurement of the failure rate of CAs is rather difficult
because we only actually know the failure rate for CAs that self-report. It
is not zero but it is close enough to being zero that people can work
themselves up into a lather about it.

At the end of the day buffer over-run exploits will still trump any
deficiencies in the CA infrastructure. But those don't have people running
round suggesting urgent remedies because they are too common to bear notice.
CAs and RAs are definitely not the weakest link in the chain here. Anyone
claiming that is either grandstanding or has failed to pay attention.


But more importantly, an RA does not have issuing power by definition. Only
a CA can issue certificates because that is the definition of a CA. The
intention of CAA is that it be enforced by the CA so that an RA cannot issue
a non compliant cert either.

One area where I could see a possible use case for extending CAA would be to
enable better RA management controls. For example the vast majority of the
'RAs' identified in the EFF study are actually intermediate roots assigned
to RAs at educational institutions. Such RAs only have general issuing
powers in a minority of circumstances.

We had some discussion of this after my SAAG presentation.

Here is the issue: some of these controls will be technical and some will be
policy. Some of these controls will be the type of thing IETF likes to work
on and some will not. That is why we have CABForum.

And then another question that naturally comes up is how much of this we
should do in phase 1 and whether we should attempt to do everything at once
or to do the lowest of the low hanging fruit first, gain some experience and
then add in features to support additional use cases.


The final point made is that some CAs may not want to support CAA. I can't
see why this would be so unless either:

1) The technology is deficient (something PKIX might fix).
2) They really want to be able to issue fraudulent certificates.
3) They resist change for the sake of it.
4) It is not yet an IETF standard

Now I have no idea which of the above might apply if any. But the only way
to find out is going to be to deploy.

This is still a worthwhile exercise if the only effect is to identify CAs
that wish to issue fraudulent certificates. The IETF does not have the power
to police such CAs but others do.


On Thu, Jun 2, 2011 at 12:10 AM, Yoav Nir <ynir@checkpoint.com> wrote:

>
> On Jun 2, 2011, at 3:12 AM, Michael D'Errico wrote:
>
> > Paul Hoffman wrote:
> >>
> >> I support the PKIX WG adopting as a work item (wording taken from the
> CAA draft's text) "DNS Resource Records that allow a DNS domain name holder
> to specify the certificate signing certificate(s) authorized to issue
> certificates for that domain".
> >
> > I haven't read the draft, but from the quote it appears that
> > this could improve the weakest part of TLS (as it is used
> > today in browsers) where any of the hundreds of preinstalled
> > root CAs is trusted to issue a certificate to any possible
> > domain name.
>
> I'm not opposed to this draft, but I don't think it solves this problem.
> The issue is not even the dozens of pre-installed root CAs, but that those
> root CAs can have many many affiliates, whether they're sub-CAs or
> registration authorities.
>
> The two famous attacks of the last two years have not been about Verisign
> or Comodo. The "MD5 sub-CA" was issued by RapidSSL, which is part of the
> "Verisign trust network" but not Verisign itself. In the recent case it was
> a small Italian RA. In both cases the problem was an affiliate with not
> quite best practices that caused the mis-issue.
>
> CAA works if all root CAs and affiliates follow it. That's hundreds or
> thousands of entities. Any one of them that fails to comply might ignore the
> CAA record.
>
> PHB says that having the CAA record may aid in assigning blame, and thus
> perhaps at some point, liability. Remains to be seen, but at least in the
> short term, CAA is not a panacea.
>
> That's why I believe that the DANE record that is aimed at relying parties
> is a necessary complement to this work. I know I've said the opposite on the
> DANE list, but I've changed my mind since then.
>
> Yoav
> _______________________________________________
> TLS mailing list
> TLS@ietf.org
> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/tls
>



-- 
Website: http://hallambaker.com/

--0016e68fcec467efc004a4badb85
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That is not quite right.<div><br></div><div>First off, measurement of the f=
ailure rate of CAs is rather difficult because we only actually know the fa=
ilure rate for CAs that self-report. It is not zero but it is close enough =
to being zero that people can work themselves up into a lather about it.=A0=
</div>
<div><br></div><div>At the end of the day buffer over-run exploits will sti=
ll trump any deficiencies in the CA infrastructure. But those don&#39;t hav=
e people running round suggesting urgent remedies because they are too comm=
on to bear notice. CAs and RAs are definitely not the weakest link in the c=
hain here. Anyone claiming that is either grandstanding or has failed to pa=
y attention.</div>
<div><br></div><div><br></div><div>But more importantly, an RA does not hav=
e issuing power by definition. Only a CA can issue certificates because tha=
t is the definition of a CA. The intention of CAA is that it be enforced by=
 the CA so that an RA cannot issue a non compliant cert either.</div>
<div><br></div><div>One area where I could see a possible use case for exte=
nding CAA would be to enable better RA management controls. For example the=
 vast majority of the &#39;RAs&#39; identified in the EFF study are actuall=
y intermediate roots assigned to RAs at educational institutions. Such RAs =
only have general issuing powers in a minority of circumstances.</div>
<div><br></div><div>We had some discussion of this after my SAAG presentati=
on.</div><div><br></div><div>Here is the issue: some of these controls will=
 be technical and some will be policy. Some of these controls will be the t=
ype of thing IETF likes to work on and some will not. That is why we have C=
ABForum.</div>
<div><br></div><div>And then another question that naturally comes up is ho=
w much of this we should do in phase 1 and whether we should attempt to do =
everything at once or to do the lowest of the low hanging fruit first, gain=
 some experience and then add in features to support additional use cases.<=
/div>
<div><br></div><div><br></div><div>The final point made is that some CAs ma=
y not want to support CAA. I can&#39;t see why this would be so unless eith=
er:</div><div><br></div><div>1) The technology is deficient (something PKIX=
 might fix).</div>
<div>2) They really want to be able to issue fraudulent certificates.</div>=
<div>3) They resist change for the sake of it.</div><div>4) It is not yet a=
n IETF standard</div><div><br></div><div>Now I have no idea which of the ab=
ove might apply if any. But the only way to find out is going to be to depl=
oy.=A0</div>
<div><br></div><div>This is still a worthwhile exercise if the only effect =
is to identify CAs that wish to issue fraudulent certificates. The IETF doe=
s not have the power to police such CAs but others do.</div><div><br></div>
<div><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote">On Thu, Jun 2, 2011 at 12:10 AM, Yoav N=
ir <span dir=3D"ltr">&lt;<a href=3D"mailto:ynir@checkpoint.com">ynir@checkp=
oint.com</a>&gt;</span> wrote:<br><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=
=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex;">
<div><div></div><div class=3D"h5"><br>
On Jun 2, 2011, at 3:12 AM, Michael D&#39;Errico wrote:<br>
<br>
&gt; Paul Hoffman wrote:<br>
&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt; I support the PKIX WG adopting as a work item (wording taken from =
the CAA draft&#39;s text) &quot;DNS Resource Records that allow a DNS domai=
n name holder to specify the certificate signing certificate(s) authorized =
to issue certificates for that domain&quot;.<br>

&gt;<br>
&gt; I haven&#39;t read the draft, but from the quote it appears that<br>
&gt; this could improve the weakest part of TLS (as it is used<br>
&gt; today in browsers) where any of the hundreds of preinstalled<br>
&gt; root CAs is trusted to issue a certificate to any possible<br>
&gt; domain name.<br>
<br>
</div></div>I&#39;m not opposed to this draft, but I don&#39;t think it sol=
ves this problem. The issue is not even the dozens of pre-installed root CA=
s, but that those root CAs can have many many affiliates, whether they&#39;=
re sub-CAs or registration authorities.<br>

<br>
The two famous attacks of the last two years have not been about Verisign o=
r Comodo. The &quot;MD5 sub-CA&quot; was issued by RapidSSL, which is part =
of the &quot;Verisign trust network&quot; but not Verisign itself. In the r=
ecent case it was a small Italian RA. In both cases the problem was an affi=
liate with not quite best practices that caused the mis-issue.<br>

<br>
CAA works if all root CAs and affiliates follow it. That&#39;s hundreds or =
thousands of entities. Any one of them that fails to comply might ignore th=
e CAA record.<br>
<br>
PHB says that having the CAA record may aid in assigning blame, and thus pe=
rhaps at some point, liability. Remains to be seen, but at least in the sho=
rt term, CAA is not a panacea.<br>
<br>
That&#39;s why I believe that the DANE record that is aimed at relying part=
ies is a necessary complement to this work. I know I&#39;ve said the opposi=
te on the DANE list, but I&#39;ve changed my mind since then.<br>
<br>
Yoav<br>
_______________________________________________<br>
TLS mailing list<br>
<a href=3D"mailto:TLS@ietf.org">TLS@ietf.org</a><br>
<a href=3D"https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/tls" target=3D"_blank">htt=
ps://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/tls</a><br>
</blockquote></div><br><br clear=3D"all"><br>-- <br>Website: <a href=3D"htt=
p://hallambaker.com/">http://hallambaker.com/</a><br><br>
</div>

--0016e68fcec467efc004a4badb85--

From ynir@checkpoint.com  Thu Jun  2 08:40:16 2011
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To: Phillip Hallam-Baker <hallam@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Jun 2011 18:37:36 +0300
Thread-Topic: [TLS] [pkix] Proposing CAA as PKIX Working Group Item
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Subject: Re: [TLS] [pkix] Proposing CAA as PKIX Working Group Item
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On Jun 2, 2011, at 4:45 PM, Phillip Hallam-Baker wrote:

>=20
> The final point made is that some CAs may not want to support CAA. I can'=
t see why this would be so unless either:
>=20
> 1) The technology is deficient (something PKIX might fix).
> 2) They really want to be able to issue fraudulent certificates.
> 3) They resist change for the sake of it.
> 4) It is not yet an IETF standard
>=20
> Now I have no idea which of the above might apply if any. But the only wa=
y to find out is going to be to deploy.=20

I can offer a couple of others
 5) They're too lazy to care
 6) It's cheaper to not do anything than to do something

In late 2008, when some researchers got RapidSSL to sign a certificate requ=
est that collided with their rogue sub-CA certificate, several things came =
to light:
 - They were using MD5 10 years after RFC 2459 recommended not to
 - They were a ridiculously small company, with the only full-time employee=
. An accountant
 - They were doing a bunch of other "industry worst practices" - every fiel=
d in the certificate was predictable

The root problem is that the RapidSSLs of the world issue certificates that=
 are considered by browsers to be just as valid as any DV certificate issue=
d by responsible CAs. So getting a certificate that validates is as easy as=
 getting a rogue certificate from the worst CA or sub-CA. And with so many =
to choose from, I'm sure it will be possible to find one that didn't implem=
ent CAA correctly.

It's still worthwhile, IMO. Because maybe that particular CA that implement=
ed CAA wrong is not using MD5, or maybe they have some other security mecha=
nism done right. It may very well help thwart the next researcher or hacker=
. I just don't think it's the ultimate solution to the "weakest link" probl=
em.

Yoav


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On 06/02/2011 08:45 AM, Phillip Hallam-Baker wrote:
>
> At the end of the day buffer over-run exploits will still trump any
> deficiencies in the CA infrastructure. But those don't have people
> running round suggesting urgent remedies because they are too common to
> bear notice. CAs and RAs are definitely not the weakest link in the
> chain here. Anyone claiming that is either grandstanding or has failed
> to pay attention.

Well that depends entirely on the chain in question doesn't it?

Not everything that uses TLS or certificates is an unpatched web browser 
with Adobe plugins operated by an ignorant user for the purpose of 
securing nothing particularly important.

Over time it becomes increasingly difficult for _any_ distributed 
application to run over ports other than TCP 443 due to the growth of 
egress filtering. So stuff is bundled in with web traffic that may, in 
fact, be implemented for high security requirements.

Perhaps a solution is to implement your own application-specific trust 
root that doesn't rely on the current profusion of CAs. But as an 
application developer I can attest to the fact that it's difficult to 
use standard platform TLS libraries without also trusting everything in 
the system root store, too. Some sites will insist on using their own 
in-house CAs too, which is fine, but it's further pressure on everything 
else to integrate/be vulnerable with the browser trust model.

The net security world has changed dramatically over the last couple of 
years. We have to move past this 
broken-browser-as-least-common-denominator mentality.

- Marsh

From hallam@gmail.com  Thu Jun  2 09:31:20 2011
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On Thu, Jun 2, 2011 at 12:07 PM, Marsh Ray <marsh@extendedsubset.com> wrote:

> On 06/02/2011 08:45 AM, Phillip Hallam-Baker wrote:
>
>>
>> At the end of the day buffer over-run exploits will still trump any
>> deficiencies in the CA infrastructure. But those don't have people
>> running round suggesting urgent remedies because they are too common to
>> bear notice. CAs and RAs are definitely not the weakest link in the
>> chain here. Anyone claiming that is either grandstanding or has failed
>> to pay attention.
>>
>
> Well that depends entirely on the chain in question doesn't it?
>
> Not everything that uses TLS or certificates is an unpatched web browser
> with Adobe plugins operated by an ignorant user for the purpose of securing
> nothing particularly important.
>

I hear you.

But lets be realistic here, we are currently actually doing worse for non
browser security.

The weakest link in the TLS protocol is actually the end user who is for
some bizarre reason expected to be looking for padlock icons and green bars
and know when to look for which one.

This is even more problematic when applying TLS to Web services as there
isn't even a user to make the decision and no real idea of what should do
that instead.


CAA is not going to solve every problem associated with trust on the
Internet and CA infrastructure. Nor is TLS and nor is strict security. But I
do think that a combination of those three ideas can make a major step
forward.

That is why CAA is designed to be arbitrarily extensible with a tag-value
format even though there are only two property tags currently defined. I
really like the work that Paypal and Jeff Hodges have been doing and would
like to have a way to eventually bring CAA into alignment there.


But for the moment we have to avoid 'crossing the streams' as Stephen F. put
it to me.

Lets work on the part of the problem that we can while the Web Security folk
work on understanding the complexities of what strict security involves.




> Perhaps a solution is to implement your own application-specific trust root
> that doesn't rely on the current profusion of CAs. But as an application
> developer I can attest to the fact that it's difficult to use standard
> platform TLS libraries without also trusting everything in the system root
> store, too. Some sites will insist on using their own in-house CAs too,
> which is fine, but it's further pressure on everything else to integrate/be
> vulnerable with the browser trust model.
>

Yes and that may well end up motivating a mechanism to allow for protocol
specific path properties so that enterprises can have separate CAs
authorized for separate protocols.

Web Services security is a big part of what I am interested in supporting
here. We went into the Web Services world with certain interests promoting
UDDI as the central directory to make it all work. So now we have a protocol
stack predicated on the existence of a directory with no directory to work
with.


I have some ideas there, but again, that would be crossing the streams at
this point. I think the way to get traction there will be to propose a Web
Service application with some pretty severe security requirements and make
that the test application for a framework designed to 'do it right'.


-- 
Website: http://hallambaker.com/

--0016368e1f855969d804a4bd2a38
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<br><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote">On Thu, Jun 2, 2011 at 12:07 PM, Marsh R=
ay <span dir=3D"ltr">&lt;<a href=3D"mailto:marsh@extendedsubset.com">marsh@=
extendedsubset.com</a>&gt;</span> wrote:<br><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quot=
e" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex;"=
>
<div class=3D"im">On 06/02/2011 08:45 AM, Phillip Hallam-Baker wrote:<br>
<blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1p=
x #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
<br>
At the end of the day buffer over-run exploits will still trump any<br>
deficiencies in the CA infrastructure. But those don&#39;t have people<br>
running round suggesting urgent remedies because they are too common to<br>
bear notice. CAs and RAs are definitely not the weakest link in the<br>
chain here. Anyone claiming that is either grandstanding or has failed<br>
to pay attention.<br>
</blockquote>
<br></div>
Well that depends entirely on the chain in question doesn&#39;t it?<br>
<br>
Not everything that uses TLS or certificates is an unpatched web browser wi=
th Adobe plugins operated by an ignorant user for the purpose of securing n=
othing particularly important.<br></blockquote><div><br></div><div>I hear y=
ou.</div>
<div><br></div><div>But lets be realistic here, we are currently actually d=
oing worse for non browser security.=A0</div><div><br></div><div>The weakes=
t link in the TLS protocol is actually the end user who is for some bizarre=
 reason expected to be looking for padlock icons and green bars and know wh=
en to look for which one.</div>
<div><br></div><div>This is even more problematic when applying TLS to Web =
services as there isn&#39;t even a user to make the decision and no real id=
ea of what should do that instead.</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>
CAA is not going to solve every problem associated with trust on the Intern=
et and CA infrastructure. Nor is TLS and nor is strict security. But I do t=
hink that a combination of those three ideas can make a major step forward.=
</div>
<div><br></div><div>That is why CAA is designed to be arbitrarily extensibl=
e with a tag-value format even though there are only two property tags curr=
ently defined. I really like the work that Paypal and Jeff Hodges have been=
 doing and would like to have a way to eventually bring CAA into alignment =
there.</div>
<div><br></div><div><br></div><div>But for the moment we have to avoid &#39=
;crossing the streams&#39; as Stephen F. put it to me.=A0</div><div><br></d=
iv><div>Lets work on the part of the problem that we can while the Web Secu=
rity folk work on understanding the complexities of what strict security in=
volves.</div>
<div><br></div><div><br></div><div>=A0</div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quot=
e" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex;"=
>
Perhaps a solution is to implement your own application-specific trust root=
 that doesn&#39;t rely on the current profusion of CAs. But as an applicati=
on developer I can attest to the fact that it&#39;s difficult to use standa=
rd platform TLS libraries without also trusting everything in the system ro=
ot store, too. Some sites will insist on using their own in-house CAs too, =
which is fine, but it&#39;s further pressure on everything else to integrat=
e/be vulnerable with the browser trust model.<br>
</blockquote><div><br></div><div>Yes and that may well end up motivating a =
mechanism to allow for protocol specific path properties so that enterprise=
s can have separate CAs authorized for separate protocols.=A0</div><div><br=
>
</div><div>Web Services security is a big part of what I am interested in s=
upporting here. We went into the Web Services world with certain interests =
promoting UDDI as the central directory to make it all work. So now we have=
 a protocol stack predicated on the existence of a directory with no direct=
ory to work with.</div>
<div><br></div><div><br></div><div>I have some ideas there, but again, that=
 would be crossing the streams at this point. I think the way to get tracti=
on there will be to propose a Web Service application with some pretty seve=
re security requirements and make that the test application for a framework=
 designed to &#39;do it right&#39;.=A0</div>
</div><br><div><br>-- <br>Website: <a href=3D"http://hallambaker.com/">http=
://hallambaker.com/</a><br><br>
</div>

--0016368e1f855969d804a4bd2a38--

From pgut001@login01.cs.auckland.ac.nz  Thu Jun  2 19:55:38 2011
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From: Peter Gutmann <pgut001@cs.auckland.ac.nz>
To: hallam@gmail.com, ynir@checkpoint.com
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Yoav Nir <ynir@checkpoint.com> writes:

>In late 2008, when some researchers got RapidSSL to sign a certificate
>request that collided with their rogue sub-CA certificate, several things
>came to light:
> - They were a ridiculously small company, with the only full-time employee.
>An accountant

I wasn't aware of this one, do you have any pointers to info on this?  I guess 
a Webtrust audit doesn't check whether you have more than a single employee :-).

Peter.

From marsh@extendedsubset.com  Thu Jun  2 20:54:08 2011
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On 06/02/2011 09:55 PM, Peter Gutmann wrote:
> Yoav Nir<ynir@checkpoint.com>  writes:
>
>> In late 2008, when some researchers got RapidSSL to sign a certificate
>> request that collided with their rogue sub-CA certificate, several things
>> came to light:
>> - They were a ridiculously small company, with the only full-time employee.
>> An accountant
>
> I wasn't aware of this one, do you have any pointers to info on this?  I guess
> a Webtrust audit doesn't check whether you have more than a single employee :-).

I think he's referring to Stevens, Sotirov, et al. 2008
http://www.win.tue.nl/hashclash/rogue-ca/
which I'm sure you heard about.

I hadn't heard the part about the single employee though.

- Marsh

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From: Peter Gutmann <pgut001@cs.auckland.ac.nz>
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Marsh Ray <marsh@extendedsubset.com> writes:

>I hadn't heard the part about the single employee though.

That's the bit I hadn't heard before.  Sounds a bit minimal for a commercial
CA.  Perhaps the OP confused it with Honest Achmed.

Peter.

From n.mavrogiannopoulos@gmail.com  Fri Jun  3 00:27:14 2011
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Date: Fri, 03 Jun 2011 09:27:09 +0200
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Subject: [TLS] tls with DSA and ECDSA
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Hello,
 I've submitted:
http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-mavrogiannopoulos-tls-dss-00

The purpose is to define choices for the hash algorithm to be used for
the TLS handshake and eventually make the hash algorithm selection for
the DSS signature standard deterministic. That is because DSS as a
standard allows the usage of any SHAx hash function truncated or not.

For example given 256-bit curve, I could use SHA-256, or SHA-384
truncated to 256 bits, or SHA-512 truncated to 256 bits, to sign. This
document tries to restrict the choices to promote interoperability.

This is in line with rfc5480 that does the same thing for PKIX ECDSA
certificates.

regards,
Nikos


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Subject: Re: [TLS] tls with DSA and ECDSA
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On Fri, Jun 3, 2011 at 3:27 AM, Nikos Mavrogiannopoulos <nmav@gnutls.org> w=
rote:
> Hello,
> =C2=A0I've submitted:
> http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-mavrogiannopoulos-tls-dss-00

Looks good to me.


AGL

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Subject: Re: [TLS] Final (hopefully) issues with DTLS 1.2
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On 05/30/2011 05:38 PM, Eric Rescorla wrote:

> The effect of this restriction is to require the client to send the
> same ClientHello
> (except with the cookie that he sent initially). This maps to the TLS semantics
> where there is only a single ClientHello message sent which is processed
> immediately. IMO this makes analysis easier since it makes DTLS behave
> more like TLS.
> There's no need for the server to do any negotiation at this point,
> it should simply generate a HelloVerifyRequest with the highest matching
> version (regardless of cipher suite considerations) and then process the
> ClientHello de novo [after checking for matching parameters.] Yes, this leaves
> open the possibility that the handshake will eventually negotiate to some yet
> lower TLS version, but that's what happens in one round trip with TLS. I
> would be happy to add a note to the effect that a yet lower version might
> be negotiated. Though note that it's arguable that RFC 5246 S 7.4.1.3
> prohibits conditioning version on ciphersuite even for TLS "This field
> will contain the lower of that suggested by the client
> in the client hello and the highest supported by the server.  For this
> version of the specification, the version is 3.3.  (See
> Appendix E for details about backward compatibility.)"

My implementation of this HelloVerifyRequest was made without using or
allocating server state. That means it doesn't even know which (DTLS)
protocols are enabled or not. It could even be implemented in a
totally different subsystem (a firewall) in front of the server. Thus it
might not know information the server knows. For me this packet
should be as simple as possible. Using a fixed DTLS version would
satisfy this goal. I see no benefit from doing the DTLS version number
negotiation at this "stateless" point.

regards,
Nikos

From ekr@rtfm.com  Fri Jun  3 13:09:41 2011
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On Fri, Jun 3, 2011 at 12:30 PM, Nikos Mavrogiannopoulos
<nmav@gnutls.org> wrote:
> On 05/30/2011 05:38 PM, Eric Rescorla wrote:
>
>> The effect of this restriction is to require the client to send the
>> same ClientHello
>> (except with the cookie that he sent initially). This maps to the TLS se=
mantics
>> where there is only a single ClientHello message sent which is processed
>> immediately. IMO this makes analysis easier since it makes DTLS behave
>> more like TLS.
>> There's no need for the server to do any negotiation at this point,
>> it should simply generate a HelloVerifyRequest with the highest matching
>> version (regardless of cipher suite considerations) and then process the
>> ClientHello de novo [after checking for matching parameters.] Yes, this =
leaves
>> open the possibility that the handshake will eventually negotiate to som=
e yet
>> lower TLS version, but that's what happens in one round trip with TLS. I
>> would be happy to add a note to the effect that a yet lower version migh=
t
>> be negotiated. Though note that it's arguable that RFC 5246 S 7.4.1.3
>> prohibits conditioning version on ciphersuite even for TLS "This field
>> will contain the lower of that suggested by the client
>> in the client hello and the highest supported by the server. =A0For this
>> version of the specification, the version is 3.3. =A0(See
>> Appendix E for details about backward compatibility.)"
>
> My implementation of this HelloVerifyRequest was made without using or
> allocating server state. That means it doesn't even know which (DTLS)
> protocols are enabled or not. It could even be implemented in a
> totally different subsystem (a firewall) in front of the server. Thus it
> might not know information the server knows. For me this packet
> should be as simple as possible. Using a fixed DTLS version would
> satisfy this goal. I see no benefit from doing the DTLS version number
> negotiation at this "stateless" point.

I don't see a problem with the server echoing the client's version number
here. Does anyone disagree with making an explicit exemption in the spec
for that?

-Ekr

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On 06/03/2011 10:09 PM, Eric Rescorla wrote:

>> My implementation of this HelloVerifyRequest was made without using or
>> allocating server state. That means it doesn't even know which (DTLS)
>> protocols are enabled or not. It could even be implemented in a
>> totally different subsystem (a firewall) in front of the server. Thus it
>> might not know information the server knows. For me this packet
>> should be as simple as possible. Using a fixed DTLS version would
>> satisfy this goal. I see no benefit from doing the DTLS version number
>> negotiation at this "stateless" point.
> I don't see a problem with the server echoing the client's version number
> here. Does anyone disagree with making an explicit exemption in the spec
> for that?

By reflecting the version back you lose the ability to use a different
format later on (under another version number). It might be better to
just fix it to a protocol number, e.g. DTLS 1.0, and if the format
changes then some other number is used.

regards,
Nikos

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On Jun 3, 2011, at 5:55 AM, Peter Gutmann wrote:

> Yoav Nir <ynir@checkpoint.com> writes:
>=20
>> In late 2008, when some researchers got RapidSSL to sign a certificate
>> request that collided with their rogue sub-CA certificate, several thing=
s
>> came to light:
>> - They were a ridiculously small company, with the only full-time employ=
ee.
>> An accountant
>=20
> I wasn't aware of this one, do you have any pointers to info on this?  I =
guess=20
> a Webtrust audit doesn't check whether you have more than a single employ=
ee :-).
>=20
> Peter.

I'm not sure where I've read it. Probably some blog entry about the inciden=
t. Not Bruce Schneier's because his entries are still online.=20

Anyway, checking the data for now, Business Week has this:
http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/people.asp?privca=
pId=3D20888814

It lists two "key executives", VP Marketing and VP Sales and no CEO/Preside=
nt. Click their links, and both have other jobs at Globalsign and other com=
panies.

The key issue is the total lack of in-house expertise. Late in 2008, it was=
n't RapidSSL that switched to MD5. Verisign did it for them:
http://www.thetechherald.com/article.php/200852/2708/VeriSign-replaces-Rapi=
dSSL-certificates


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Yoav Nir <ynir@checkpoint.com> writes:

> Yoav Nir <ynir@checkpoint.com> writes:
> 
>> In late 2008, when some researchers got RapidSSL to sign a certificate
>> request that collided with their rogue sub-CA certificate, several things
>> came to light:
>> - They were a ridiculously small company, with the only full-time employee.
>> An accountant
...
> I'm not sure where I've read it. Probably some blog entry about the incident. Not Bruce Schneier's because his entries are still online. 
> 
> Anyway, checking the data for now, Business Week has this:
> http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/people.asp?privcapId=20888814
> 
> It lists two "key executives", VP Marketing and VP Sales and no CEO/President. Click their links, and both have other jobs at Globalsign and other companies.
> 
> The key issue is the total lack of in-house expertise. Late in 2008, it wasn't RapidSSL that switched to MD5. Verisign did it for them:
> http://www.thetechherald.com/article.php/200852/2708/VeriSign-replaces-RapidSSL-certificates

RapidSSL is owned by GeoTrust which at the time was owned by VeriSign
(thus the press release), and now by Symantec.  It wouldn't surprise
me if RapidSSL itself has no employees at all.  I don't think Business
Week's data is reliable in this case.

From koichi.sugimoto@globalsign.com  Mon Jun  6 18:32:02 2011
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Date: Tue, 7 Jun 2011 10:31:59 +0900
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From: koichi sugimoto <koichi.sugimoto@globalsign.co.jp>
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Subject: Re: [TLS] [pkix]  Proposing CAA as PKIX Working Group Item
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Dear Sirs,

I've heard the fact was as follows:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Paul Tourret and Steve Waite were independent agents assigned the
responsibility of sales and marketing for the RapidSSL brand, acting under
a company called Certification Services Ltd (CSL). Verisign served
termination notice to CSL immediately after the announcement of the
GeoTrust acquisition. CSL then later changed its name to GlobalSign
Limited following successful acquisition of GlobalSign NV. RapidSSL.com
was, and always had been, an SSL brand owned in full by GeoTrust Inc.
GeoTrust elected to represent the brand as a business unit and as
mentioned above, Paul Tourret and Steve Waite were assigned as "agents" to
promote the brand.  All root Certificates and infrastructure was
maintained and operated alongside the GeoTrust branded roots and in
infrastructure operated by GeoTrust Inc.  In 2006 VeriSign acquired
GeoTrust and all its assets, including the RapidSSL brand and root
Certificates.  Paul and Steve ceased their relationship with GeoTrust (now
owned by VeriSign) in late 2006.  At the time of the rogue issuance of
RapidSSL root Certificates, ownership and infrastructure of maintenance
had been under VeriSign's control for over 2 years.  To be clear, VeriSign
did not switch away from MD5 on behalf of RapidSSL, RapidSSL is just a
product brand (not a company) owned in full by VeriSign.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------=
---------------

Regards,
Koichi Sugimoto.


2011/6/5 Yoav Nir <ynir@checkpoint.com>:
>
> On Jun 3, 2011, at 5:55 AM, Peter Gutmann wrote:
>
>> Yoav Nir <ynir@checkpoint.com> writes:
>>
>>> In late 2008, when some researchers got RapidSSL to sign a certificate
>>> request that collided with their rogue sub-CA certificate, several thin=
gs
>>> came to light:
>>> - They were a ridiculously small company, with the only full-time emplo=
yee.
>>> An accountant
>>
>> I wasn't aware of this one, do you have any pointers to info on this? =
=A0I guess
>> a Webtrust audit doesn't check whether you have more than a single emplo=
yee :-).
>>
>> Peter.
>
> I'm not sure where I've read it. Probably some blog entry about the incid=
ent. Not Bruce Schneier's because his entries are still online.
>
> Anyway, checking the data for now, Business Week has this:
> http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/people.asp?priv=
capId=3D20888814
>
> It lists two "key executives", VP Marketing and VP Sales and no CEO/Presi=
dent. Click their links, and both have other jobs at Globalsign and other c=
ompanies.
>
> The key issue is the total lack of in-house expertise. Late in 2008, it w=
asn't RapidSSL that switched to MD5. Verisign did it for them:
> http://www.thetechherald.com/article.php/200852/2708/VeriSign-replaces-Ra=
pidSSL-certificates
>
> _______________________________________________
> pkix mailing list
> pkix@ietf.org
> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/pkix
>

From pgut001@login01.cs.auckland.ac.nz  Tue Jun  7 23:56:34 2011
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From: Peter Gutmann <pgut001@cs.auckland.ac.nz>
To: mike-list@pobox.com, ynir@checkpoint.com
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Subject: Re: [TLS] [pkix] Proposing CAA as PKIX Working Group Item
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Yoav Nir <ynir@checkpoint.com> writes:

>CAA works if all root CAs and affiliates follow it. That's hundreds or
>thousands of entities. Any one of them that fails to comply might ignore the
>CAA record.

That was my problem with it, any CA (and/or RA) that's already diligent about 
cert issuance doesn't need CAA, and any one that isn't won't use it anyway, so 
it doesn't address any existing problem.

Peter.

From ynir@checkpoint.com  Wed Jun  8 00:31:03 2011
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On Jun 7, 2011, at 4:31 AM, koichi sugimoto wrote:

> Dear Sirs,
>=20
> I've heard the fact was as follows:
>=20
> -------------------------------------------------------------------------
> Paul Tourret and Steve Waite were independent agents assigned the
> responsibility of sales and marketing for the RapidSSL brand, acting unde=
r
> a company called Certification Services Ltd (CSL). Verisign served
> termination notice to CSL immediately after the announcement of the
> GeoTrust acquisition. CSL then later changed its name to GlobalSign
> Limited following successful acquisition of GlobalSign NV. RapidSSL.com
> was, and always had been, an SSL brand owned in full by GeoTrust Inc.
> GeoTrust elected to represent the brand as a business unit and as
> mentioned above, Paul Tourret and Steve Waite were assigned as "agents" t=
o
> promote the brand.  All root Certificates and infrastructure was
> maintained and operated alongside the GeoTrust branded roots and in
> infrastructure operated by GeoTrust Inc.  In 2006 VeriSign acquired
> GeoTrust and all its assets, including the RapidSSL brand and root
> Certificates.  Paul and Steve ceased their relationship with GeoTrust (no=
w
> owned by VeriSign) in late 2006.  At the time of the rogue issuance of
> RapidSSL root Certificates, ownership and infrastructure of maintenance
> had been under VeriSign's control for over 2 years.  To be clear, VeriSig=
n
> did not switch away from MD5 on behalf of RapidSSL, RapidSSL is just a
> product brand (not a company) owned in full by VeriSign.
> -------------------------------------------------------------------------=
-----------------

Thanks for this.

The point remains, that the customers see only the RapidSSL brand, no sign =
of Verisign on the homepage. And obviously they were running with a very di=
fferent web application than other Verisign affiliates. Even as just a prod=
uct brand, some people were assigned to handle the website and the CA, and =
despite being owned by Verisign, those people apparently weren't doing a ve=
ry good job.

Yoav


From ynir@checkpoint.com  Wed Jun  8 00:32:57 2011
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To: Peter Gutmann <pgut001@cs.auckland.ac.nz>
Date: Wed, 8 Jun 2011 10:32:48 +0300
Thread-Topic: [TLS] [pkix] Proposing CAA as PKIX Working Group Item
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Subject: Re: [TLS] [pkix] Proposing CAA as PKIX Working Group Item
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On Jun 8, 2011, at 9:56 AM, Peter Gutmann wrote:

> Yoav Nir <ynir@checkpoint.com> writes:
>=20
>> CAA works if all root CAs and affiliates follow it. That's hundreds or
>> thousands of entities. Any one of them that fails to comply might ignore=
 the
>> CAA record.
>=20
> That was my problem with it, any CA (and/or RA) that's already diligent a=
bout=20
> cert issuance doesn't need CAA, and any one that isn't won't use it anywa=
y, so=20
> it doesn't address any existing problem.
>=20
> Peter.

It would have prevented what has become known as "Comodo-gate". The attacke=
r subverted an RA. If the CA was doing the CAA checking, the attacker would=
 be foiled. If checking the CAA is delegated to the RA, it would not help, =
but the draft specifically talks about certification authorities.


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From: Peter Gutmann <pgut001@cs.auckland.ac.nz>
To: pgut001@cs.auckland.ac.nz, ynir@checkpoint.com
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Subject: Re: [TLS] [pkix] Proposing CAA as PKIX Working Group Item
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Yoav Nir <ynir@checkpoint.com> writes:

>It would have prevented what has become known as "Comodo-gate". The attacker
>subverted an RA. If the CA was doing the CAA checking, the attacker would be
>foiled.

Uh, re-read my original text:

> That was my problem with it, any CA (and/or RA) that's already diligent about
> cert issuance doesn't need CAA, and any one that isn't won't use it anyway, so
> it doesn't address any existing problem.

What makes you class Comodo as a diligent CA?

(Not wanting to re-open the Comodo bashing again, but I'd use "Comodogate" as
a prime example of why CAA won't do much good).

Peter.

From ynir@checkpoint.com  Wed Jun  8 01:38:10 2011
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To: Peter Gutmann <pgut001@cs.auckland.ac.nz>
Date: Wed, 8 Jun 2011 11:37:44 +0300
Thread-Topic: [TLS] [pkix] Proposing CAA as PKIX Working Group Item
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On Jun 8, 2011, at 10:46 AM, Peter Gutmann wrote:

> Yoav Nir <ynir@checkpoint.com> writes:
>=20
>> It would have prevented what has become known as "Comodo-gate". The atta=
cker
>> subverted an RA. If the CA was doing the CAA checking, the attacker woul=
d be
>> foiled.
>=20
> Uh, re-read my original text:
>=20
>> That was my problem with it, any CA (and/or RA) that's already diligent =
about
>> cert issuance doesn't need CAA, and any one that isn't won't use it anyw=
ay, so
>> it doesn't address any existing problem.
>=20
> What makes you class Comodo as a diligent CA?

What did Comodo fail to do?

The RA is handing contact with the customer, so it's their job to make sure=
 that the customer is in fact the owner of the domain name in the certifica=
te request.

Without CAA, there's nothing left for Comodo to check.

Yoav=

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From: Peter Gutmann <pgut001@cs.auckland.ac.nz>
To: pgut001@cs.auckland.ac.nz, ynir@checkpoint.com
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Subject: Re: [TLS] [pkix] Proposing CAA as PKIX Working Group Item
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Yoav Nir <ynir@checkpoint.com> writes:

>What did Comodo fail to do?

Hmm, this could get back into the Comodo-bashing flamewar, so I'd prefer not
to continue this one... see endless earlier threads on this.

Peter.

From n.mavrogiannopoulos@gmail.com  Wed Jun  8 02:20:30 2011
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Subject: [TLS] more TLS extensions
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Hello,
 I've submitted the following draft:
http://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-mavrogiannopoulos-tls-more-extensions/

It adds two TLS extensions, to solve two issues of the TLS protocols, that
I believe they should be fixed. These are the:
* Short finished message signature fixed to 12 bytes.
* TLS version negotiation (fallback protocol is implicit).

described previously in [0]. In the document I give more detailed
description and rationale of the problems. Please consider
them to be included as WG items.

regards,
Nikos

[0]. http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/tls/current/msg07633.html

From hallam@gmail.com  Wed Jun  8 05:56:13 2011
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From: Phillip Hallam-Baker <hallam@gmail.com>
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Subject: Re: [TLS] [pkix]  Proposing CAA as PKIX Working Group Item
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First off, I think that people need to stop using the -gate suffix. Just
because a competitor decided that they would attempt to apply it does not
mean it is justified. That is an old game and a rather silly one in our
industry. The relevant cautionary text here being John 8:7.

What differentiates companies in our industry is not whether they are
breached, it is whether they give prompt, voluntary notice of breaches that
occur or not. The market leaders in the CA industry have a track record of
having done so.


As for CAA being a response to the Iranian attack, Ben, Rob and I developed
it a year earlier.

The point of proposals like CAA is not whether they are 'necessary' or not,
it is whether they mitigate risk. I have never seen a security control
involving a human element that is guaranteed to be operated with 100%
accuracy every time. So whenever there are humans involved I like to have
strength in depth.

There would be no problem here if browsers actually implemented revocation
checking either. But we have had that in PKIX specs for 15 years and it
still isn't deployed in hard fail mode. Which is rather sad when you
consider that about 70% of the complexity of PKI comes from the need for
revocation.

--0016e68deca85fc31c04a532dcf1
Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

First off, I think that people need to stop using the -gate suffix. Just be=
cause a competitor decided that they would attempt to apply it does not mea=
n it is justified. That is an old game and a rather silly one in our indust=
ry. The relevant cautionary text here being John 8:7.
<div><br></div><div>What differentiates companies in our industry is not wh=
ether they are breached, it is whether they give prompt, voluntary notice o=
f breaches that occur or not. The market leaders in the CA industry have a =
track record of having done so.</div>
<div><br></div><div><br></div><div>As for CAA being a response to the Irani=
an attack, Ben, Rob and I developed it a year earlier.</div><div><br></div>=
<div>The point of proposals like CAA is not whether they are &#39;necessary=
&#39; or not, it is whether they mitigate risk. I have never seen a securit=
y control involving a human element that is guaranteed to be operated with =
100% accuracy every time. So whenever there are humans involved I like to h=
ave strength in depth.=A0</div>
<div><br></div><div>There would be no problem here if browsers actually imp=
lemented revocation checking either. But we have had that in PKIX specs for=
 15 years and it still isn&#39;t deployed in hard fail mode. Which is rathe=
r sad when you consider that about 70% of the complexity of PKI comes from =
the need for revocation.</div>

--0016e68deca85fc31c04a532dcf1--

From hallam@gmail.com  Wed Jun  8 05:57:33 2011
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From: Phillip Hallam-Baker <hallam@gmail.com>
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Subject: Re: [TLS] [pkix]  Proposing CAA as PKIX Working Group Item
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--0016368e1f85c3b3ab04a532de03
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sorry, that should have been, the previous year. CAA was developed in the
fall of 2010.

On Wed, Jun 8, 2011 at 8:56 AM, Phillip Hallam-Baker <hallam@gmail.com>wrote:

> First off, I think that people need to stop using the -gate suffix. Just
> because a competitor decided that they would attempt to apply it does not
> mean it is justified. That is an old game and a rather silly one in our
> industry. The relevant cautionary text here being John 8:7.
>
> What differentiates companies in our industry is not whether they are
> breached, it is whether they give prompt, voluntary notice of breaches that
> occur or not. The market leaders in the CA industry have a track record of
> having done so.
>
>
> As for CAA being a response to the Iranian attack, Ben, Rob and I developed
> it a year earlier.
>
> The point of proposals like CAA is not whether they are 'necessary' or not,
> it is whether they mitigate risk. I have never seen a security control
> involving a human element that is guaranteed to be operated with 100%
> accuracy every time. So whenever there are humans involved I like to have
> strength in depth.
>
> There would be no problem here if browsers actually implemented revocation
> checking either. But we have had that in PKIX specs for 15 years and it
> still isn't deployed in hard fail mode. Which is rather sad when you
> consider that about 70% of the complexity of PKI comes from the need for
> revocation.
>



-- 
Website: http://hallambaker.com/

--0016368e1f85c3b3ab04a532de03
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sorry, that should have been, the previous year. CAA was developed in the f=
all of 2010.<br><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote">On Wed, Jun 8, 2011 at 8:56 =
AM, Phillip Hallam-Baker <span dir=3D"ltr">&lt;<a href=3D"mailto:hallam@gma=
il.com">hallam@gmail.com</a>&gt;</span> wrote:<br>
<blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1p=
x #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex;">First off, I think that people need to stop=
 using the -gate suffix. Just because a competitor decided that they would =
attempt to apply it does not mean it is justified. That is an old game and =
a rather silly one in our industry. The relevant cautionary text here being=
 John 8:7.
<div><br></div><div>What differentiates companies in our industry is not wh=
ether they are breached, it is whether they give prompt, voluntary notice o=
f breaches that occur or not. The market leaders in the CA industry have a =
track record of having done so.</div>

<div><br></div><div><br></div><div>As for CAA being a response to the Irani=
an attack, Ben, Rob and I developed it a year earlier.</div><div><br></div>=
<div>The point of proposals like CAA is not whether they are &#39;necessary=
&#39; or not, it is whether they mitigate risk. I have never seen a securit=
y control involving a human element that is guaranteed to be operated with =
100% accuracy every time. So whenever there are humans involved I like to h=
ave strength in depth.=A0</div>

<div><br></div><div>There would be no problem here if browsers actually imp=
lemented revocation checking either. But we have had that in PKIX specs for=
 15 years and it still isn&#39;t deployed in hard fail mode. Which is rathe=
r sad when you consider that about 70% of the complexity of PKI comes from =
the need for revocation.</div>

</blockquote></div><br><br clear=3D"all"><br>-- <br>Website: <a href=3D"htt=
p://hallambaker.com/">http://hallambaker.com/</a><br><br>

--0016368e1f85c3b3ab04a532de03--

From marsh@extendedsubset.com  Wed Jun  8 09:58:34 2011
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Subject: Re: [TLS] [pkix] Proposing CAA as PKIX Working Group Item
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On 06/08/2011 03:37 AM, Yoav Nir wrote:
>
> What did Comodo fail to do?

If this question is seriously being asked by one as knowledgeable as 
Yoav :-), it suggests to me that the problem is being way over-thinked. 
So forgive me, I'm just going to re-state this bluntly:

The entire value proposition of PKI is based on the trusted root CAs 
refusing to issue fraudulent certs and in this case Comodo, a trusted 
root, failed to refuse to issue certain fraudulent certs.

> The RA is handing contact with the customer, so it's their job to
> make sure that the customer is in fact the owner of the domain name
> in the certificate request.

These legal agreements and auditing procedures only amount to one thing: 
after the victim has been (possibly irreparably) harmed by the issuance 
of a fraudulent certificate, then some legal entity is in a technical 
violation of contract with some other legal entity.

In this case, I've heard of no serious repurcussions other than the loss 
of image to the CA and the RAs. Certainly significant for Comodo, but 
most of the press coverage doesn't even mention the names of the hacked RAs.

Is the CA suing any hacked RA for breach of contract? Are they even 
terminating their agreements?

Are browser vendors removing any root CAs or blacklisting any sub-CAs 
due to this?

What are the costs paid for this debacle as perceived by others with the 
authority to cause the immediate issuance of certs?  Most importantly, 
will these costs always be perceived higher than the immediate gain of a 
corrupt transaction? This is not to suggest any corruption in this case 
of course, but it is surely not going unnoticed for the future that the 
CA, the RAs, and the individuals involved all demonstrated effective 
deniability.

This seems like a good test case to either support or refute the 
arguments of those who claim that policies, auditing, and legal 
agreements between CAs/RAs/subCAs are an effective way to produce strong 
security.

- Marsh

From mrex@sap.com  Wed Jun  8 19:44:25 2011
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Peter Gutmann wrote:
> 
> Yoav Nir <ynir@checkpoint.com> writes:
> > 
> > CAA works if all root CAs and affiliates follow it. That's hundreds or
> > thousands of entities. Any one of them that fails to comply might ignore
> > the CAA record.
> 
> That was my problem with it, any CA (and/or RA) that's already diligent
> about cert issuance doesn't need CAA, and any one that isn't won't use
> it anyway, so it doesn't address any existing problem.

You're looking at CAA from the wrong angle.

CAA is _not_ for the RP, i.e. not for _you_ (and me, and most others ...)
It is only another means for a CA to detect attempts to subvert one of
its RAs, so it's primary purpose is CYA for large commercial CAs.

So a Server admin that has a CAA published is not really using it to
_protect_ clients.  It may reduce the likelyhood to get certs
mis-issued, though, and is therefore well in the ballpark of
what businesses are doing to protect against fraud (not protecting
against it, just make it remain under a certain fraud loss threshold).


-Martin

From ynir@checkpoint.com  Wed Jun  8 23:02:39 2011
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From: Yoav Nir <ynir@checkpoint.com>
To: Marsh Ray <marsh@extendedsubset.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Jun 2011 09:02:24 +0300
Thread-Topic: [TLS] [pkix] Proposing CAA as PKIX Working Group Item
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Subject: Re: [TLS] [pkix] Proposing CAA as PKIX Working Group Item
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On Jun 8, 2011, at 7:58 PM, Marsh Ray wrote:

> On 06/08/2011 03:37 AM, Yoav Nir wrote:
>>=20
>> What did Comodo fail to do?
>=20
> If this question is seriously being asked by one as knowledgeable as=20
> Yoav :-), it suggests to me that the problem is being way over-thinked.=20
> So forgive me, I'm just going to re-state this bluntly:
>=20
> The entire value proposition of PKI is based on the trusted root CAs=20
> refusing to issue fraudulent certs and in this case Comodo, a trusted=20
> root, failed to refuse to issue certain fraudulent certs.

Similarly, the value proposition of the DMV is to not issue a driver's lice=
nse with the name "Marsh Ray" to people who are not Marsh Ray. These days y=
ou don't even have to know how to drive.

There is an established "best practice" for how the DMV ascertains who you =
are: they examine birth certificates, they check street address, etc.

Suppose I go to some RA or CA, and ask for a certificate for www.yoavnir.co=
m, what are they going to do to check?

Obviously, they can check the whois database. This has:

> Registrant:
>    Yoav Nir
>=20
>    Registered through: GoDaddy.com, Inc. (http://www.godaddy.com)
>    Domain Name: YOAVNIR.COM
>=20
>    Domain servers in listed order:
>       NS1.GISIGHT.CO.IL
>       NS2.GISIGHT.CO.IL
>=20
>=20
>    For complete domain details go to:
>    http://who.godaddy.com/whoischeck.aspx?Domain=3DYOAVNIR.COM


So far, so good. The registrant name is indeed "Yoav Nir". But we're probab=
ly doing this through web or email, so how can they know that I'm actually =
the same "Yoav Nir"?  Or a "Yoav Nir" at all?  We can check through the lin=
k to godaddy (I've removed some of the information):

> Registrant:
> Yoav Nir
> Amir 1 N/A N/A Kibbutz Amir N/A,12140 Fax. +4.46954329=20
>=20
> Registered through: GoDaddy.com, Inc. (http://www.godaddy.com)
> Domain Name: YOAVNIR.COM
> Created on: 14-Sep-08
> Expires on: 14-Sep-12
> Last Updated on: 25-Jun-10
>=20
> Administrative Contact:
> Nir, Yoav yoavnir@amir.org.il
> Amir 1 N/A N/A Kibbutz Amir N/A,12140 Fax. +4.46954329=20
> Tel. +972.46954329
>=20
> Technical Contact:
> Ltd., Interspace domreg@interspace.net
> 19 Yad Harutzim St. Netanya null,42505 Tel. +972.732224444=20

This gives some new information. We have an administrative contact: "yoavni=
r@amir.org.il" and a technical contact: "domreg@interspace.net"

I have never actually bought an SSL certificate, so I don't know, but I'll =
have to assume that part of the automated process involves email to one of =
these addresses. There are also phone numbers, but I can't imagine a DV cer=
tificate that costs $10-$40 involving an international phone call by a huma=
n.

That's where I would fail. I don't control these email addresses, and the s=
ite belongs to another Yoav Nir who's in a totally different line of busine=
ss.

This is the simple check that a diligent CA can do. But this is as long as =
the CA is a single entity.=20

I don't know of any best practices document that says anything about the di=
vision of responsibility between the CA and RA. Is it OK to have only the R=
A perform the whois check?  Sure, but then what is the added value of the C=
A?  The reason I like CAA is that it gives an extra layer of security for t=
he CA to perform even assuming that the RA has been subverted.

The way things stand now, I don't see what Comodo could have done different=
ly technically. Sure, we can say that they should not have had a business r=
elationship with an RA that was so easily hackable. Similarly, Verisign sho=
uld now have allowed rapidssl to use such bad practices. But at the time of=
 the attack, I don't see what check Comodo could have done.


Others (like Peter Gutmann and Bruce Schneier) have written about this befo=
re. The model for HTTPS security is what's broken, not a particular CA. The=
re are just too many single points of failure. CAA is an attempt to make th=
e existing model somewhat better, by adding another layer of security - a s=
ecurity check that the CA can do after the RA has already approved the tran=
saction. DANE is a more revolutionary solution that aims to replace or supp=
lement the existing model. I think both have value, with CAA having value m=
uch sooner.

Yoav


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From: Sean Turner <turners@ieca.com>
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Subject: Re: [TLS] Final (hopefully) issues with DTLS 1.2
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Does anybody else have thoughts about this?  I'd really like to be able 
to put this draft to bed.

spt

On 5/23/11 9:19 AM, Eric Rescorla wrote:
> Following up on Prague, here is the new text for the 2MSL and the
> record sequence number issues:
>
>
>
> MSL:
> 4.1.
>     Note that because DTLS records may be reordered, a record from epoch
>     1 may be received after epoch 2 has begun. In general,
>     implementations SHOULD discard packets from earlier epochs, but if
>     packet loss causes noticeable problems MAY choose to retain keying
>     material from previous epochs for up to the default MSL specified for
>     TCP [TCP] to allow for packet reordering. (Note: the intention here
>     is that implementors use the current guidance from the IETF for MSL,
>     not that they attempt to interrogate the MSL the system TCP stack is
>     using.)  Until the handshake has completed, implementations MUST
>     accept packets from the old epoch.
>
>     ...
>
> 4.2.4.
>     In addition, for at least twice the default MSL defined for [TCP],
>     when in the FINISHED state, the node which transmits the last flight
>     (the server in an ordinary handshake or the client in a resumed
>     handshake) MUST respond to a retransmit of the peer's last flight
>     with a retransmit of the last flight. This avoids deadlock conditions
>
>
>
>
> Record Sequence Number:
>     When responding to a HelloVerifyRequest the client MUST use the same
>     parameter values (version, random, session_id, cipher_suites,
>     compression_method) as it did in the original ClientHello.  The
>     server SHOULD use those values to generate its cookie and verify that
>     they are correct upon cookie receipt.  The server MUST use the same
>     version number in the HelloVerifyRequest that it would use when
>     sending a ServerHello.  Upon receipt of the ServerHello, the client
>     MUST verify that the server version values match. In order to avoid
>     sequence number duplication in case of multiple HelloVerifyRequests,
>     the server MUST use the record sequence number in the ClientHello as
>     the record sequence number in the HelloVerifyRequest.
>
> ...
>
>     When the second ClientHello is received, the server can verify that
>     the Cookie is valid and that the client can receive packets at the
>     given IP address.  In order to avoid sequence number duplication in
>     case of multiple cookie exchanges, the server SHOULD use the record
>     sequence number in the ClientHello as the record sequence number in
>     its initial ServerHello. Subsequent ServerHellos will only be sent
>     after the server has created state and MUST increment normally.
>
> I believe this matches what I said in Prague, but any objections to
> this in concept or the way I've written it up.
>
>
> Finally, I've been rethinking the issue of the interaction of the
> ChangeCipherSpec and the handshake sequence numbers. In Prague I
> suggested not changing this and just putting a note in the spec that
> one had to be careful, but at this point I am thinking it might be
> better to simple suck up the change and put a message sequence number
> in the CCS. This removes the need to consult the handshake state
> machine in order to deal with reordering, though not in order to
> determine whether the CCS is at the appropriate place in the handshake
> (in order to detect misbehaving or malicious behavior early).  The
> downside for this is that it's a difference from TLS, but it seems
> like fairly easy code--though I admit I haven't tried to code it up. I
> don't think either way represents a security issue, but doing it this
> way means that we won't need to be as careful in the future about
> having the state machine be completely deterministic prior to the CCS,
> which seems like the Right Thing. Comments?
>
> -Ekr
> _______________________________________________
> TLS mailing list
> TLS@ietf.org
> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/tls
>

From jsalowey@cisco.com  Tue Jun 14 09:40:54 2011
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Subject: Re: [TLS] Final (hopefully) issues with DTLS 1.2
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The open issue is with respect to the version number that Nikos raised.  =
Eric is working on text along the lines of Nikos' recommendation of =
fixing the version number.

Joe=20
On Jun 9, 2011, at 6:29 AM, Sean Turner wrote:

> Does anybody else have thoughts about this?  I'd really like to be =
able to put this draft to bed.
>=20
> spt
>=20
> On 5/23/11 9:19 AM, Eric Rescorla wrote:
>> Following up on Prague, here is the new text for the 2MSL and the
>> record sequence number issues:
>>=20
>>=20
>>=20
>> MSL:
>> 4.1.
>>    Note that because DTLS records may be reordered, a record from =
epoch
>>    1 may be received after epoch 2 has begun. In general,
>>    implementations SHOULD discard packets from earlier epochs, but if
>>    packet loss causes noticeable problems MAY choose to retain keying
>>    material from previous epochs for up to the default MSL specified =
for
>>    TCP [TCP] to allow for packet reordering. (Note: the intention =
here
>>    is that implementors use the current guidance from the IETF for =
MSL,
>>    not that they attempt to interrogate the MSL the system TCP stack =
is
>>    using.)  Until the handshake has completed, implementations MUST
>>    accept packets from the old epoch.
>>=20
>>    ...
>>=20
>> 4.2.4.
>>    In addition, for at least twice the default MSL defined for [TCP],
>>    when in the FINISHED state, the node which transmits the last =
flight
>>    (the server in an ordinary handshake or the client in a resumed
>>    handshake) MUST respond to a retransmit of the peer's last flight
>>    with a retransmit of the last flight. This avoids deadlock =
conditions
>>=20
>>=20
>>=20
>>=20
>> Record Sequence Number:
>>    When responding to a HelloVerifyRequest the client MUST use the =
same
>>    parameter values (version, random, session_id, cipher_suites,
>>    compression_method) as it did in the original ClientHello.  The
>>    server SHOULD use those values to generate its cookie and verify =
that
>>    they are correct upon cookie receipt.  The server MUST use the =
same
>>    version number in the HelloVerifyRequest that it would use when
>>    sending a ServerHello.  Upon receipt of the ServerHello, the =
client
>>    MUST verify that the server version values match. In order to =
avoid
>>    sequence number duplication in case of multiple =
HelloVerifyRequests,
>>    the server MUST use the record sequence number in the ClientHello =
as
>>    the record sequence number in the HelloVerifyRequest.
>>=20
>> ...
>>=20
>>    When the second ClientHello is received, the server can verify =
that
>>    the Cookie is valid and that the client can receive packets at the
>>    given IP address.  In order to avoid sequence number duplication =
in
>>    case of multiple cookie exchanges, the server SHOULD use the =
record
>>    sequence number in the ClientHello as the record sequence number =
in
>>    its initial ServerHello. Subsequent ServerHellos will only be sent
>>    after the server has created state and MUST increment normally.
>>=20
>> I believe this matches what I said in Prague, but any objections to
>> this in concept or the way I've written it up.
>>=20
>>=20
>> Finally, I've been rethinking the issue of the interaction of the
>> ChangeCipherSpec and the handshake sequence numbers. In Prague I
>> suggested not changing this and just putting a note in the spec that
>> one had to be careful, but at this point I am thinking it might be
>> better to simple suck up the change and put a message sequence number
>> in the CCS. This removes the need to consult the handshake state
>> machine in order to deal with reordering, though not in order to
>> determine whether the CCS is at the appropriate place in the =
handshake
>> (in order to detect misbehaving or malicious behavior early).  The
>> downside for this is that it's a difference from TLS, but it seems
>> like fairly easy code--though I admit I haven't tried to code it up. =
I
>> don't think either way represents a security issue, but doing it this
>> way means that we won't need to be as careful in the future about
>> having the state machine be completely deterministic prior to the =
CCS,
>> which seems like the Right Thing. Comments?
>>=20
>> -Ekr
>> _______________________________________________
>> TLS mailing list
>> TLS@ietf.org
>> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/tls
>>=20
> _______________________________________________
> TLS mailing list
> TLS@ietf.org
> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/tls


From labon58@gmail.com  Wed Jun 15 00:49:39 2011
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From: "Byoung-Jin Han" <labon58@gmail.com>
To: <ekr@networkresonance.com>, <jsalowey@cisco.com>, <ekr@rtfm.com>
Date: Wed, 15 Jun 2011 16:49:28 +0900
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Subject: [TLS] FW: New Version Notification for draft-bjhan-tls-seed-00.txt
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Dear All,

This is Byoung-Jin Han from KISA(Korea Internet & Security Agency), =
Korea.
I was submitted  "draft-bjhan-tls-seed" vision "00".
http://www.ietf.org/id/draft-bjhan-tls-seed-00.txt

This I-D describes the use of the SEED cipher suites to TLS.=20
Please review the new I-D.
Any comments would be appreciated.

Thank you.

Best Regards,
Byoung-Jin Han.


-----Original Message-----
From: internet-drafts@ietf.org [mailto:internet-drafts@ietf.org]=20
Sent: Wednesday, June 15, 2011 4:41 PM
To: labon58@gmail.com
Cc: dhshin@kisa.or.kr; hcjung@kisa.or.kr; yjwon@kisa.or.kr; =
labon58@gmail.com
Subject: New Version Notification for draft-bjhan-tls-seed-00.txt

A new version of I-D, draft-bjhan-tls-seed-00.txt has been successfully =
submitted by Byoungjin Han and posted to the IETF repository.

Filename:	 draft-bjhan-tls-seed
Revision:	 00
Title:		 Addition of SEED Cipher Suites to Transport Layer Security =
(TLS)
Creation date:	 2011-06-15
WG ID:		 Individual Submission
Number of pages: 9

Abstract:
   This document proposes the addition of new cipher suites to the
   Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol to support the SEED
   encryption algorithm as a block cipher algorithm.


                                                                         =
        =20


The IETF Secretariat


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Cc: pkix <pkix@ietf.org>, paul.hoffman@vpnc.org, tls@ietf.org
Subject: Re: [TLS] [pkix]  Proposing CAA as PKIX Working Group Item
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        This check seems to be primarily useful when the CA gives high 
(arguably too high) levels of trust to multiple RA's, and the CA is more 
carefully operated than some and perhaps all of its RA's.  Is that 
situation unique to Comodo, or are they the extreme case of a common 
arrangement when there are independent RA's?  This is a reasonable 
suggestion if there are other CA's half as vulnerable as Comodo.

                Tom Gindin
P.S. - The opinions above are mine, and not necessarily those of my 
employer



From:   Phillip Hallam-Baker <hallam@gmail.com>
To:     Peter Gutmann <pgut001@cs.auckland.ac.nz>
Cc:     pkix@ietf.org, paul.hoffman@vpnc.org, tls@ietf.org
Date:   06/08/2011 08:58 AM
Subject:        Re: [pkix] [TLS] Proposing CAA as PKIX Working Group Item
Sent by:        pkix-bounces@ietf.org



sorry, that should have been, the previous year. CAA was developed in the 
fall of 2010.

On Wed, Jun 8, 2011 at 8:56 AM, Phillip Hallam-Baker <hallam@gmail.com> 
wrote:
First off, I think that people need to stop using the -gate suffix. Just 
because a competitor decided that they would attempt to apply it does not 
mean it is justified. That is an old game and a rather silly one in our 
industry. The relevant cautionary text here being John 8:7. 

What differentiates companies in our industry is not whether they are 
breached, it is whether they give prompt, voluntary notice of breaches 
that occur or not. The market leaders in the CA industry have a track 
record of having done so.


As for CAA being a response to the Iranian attack, Ben, Rob and I 
developed it a year earlier.

The point of proposals like CAA is not whether they are 'necessary' or 
not, it is whether they mitigate risk. I have never seen a security 
control involving a human element that is guaranteed to be operated with 
100% accuracy every time. So whenever there are humans involved I like to 
have strength in depth. 

There would be no problem here if browsers actually implemented revocation 
checking either. But we have had that in PKIX specs for 15 years and it 
still isn't deployed in hard fail mode. Which is rather sad when you 
consider that about 70% of the complexity of PKI comes from the need for 
revocation.



-- 
Website: http://hallambaker.com/
_______________________________________________
pkix mailing list
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https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/pkix



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On Mon, 4 Oct 2010, Phillip Hallam-Baker wrote:

> 2) Sanction CAs that issue unauthorized certificates

What would you say a valid sanction would be for a CA that issues a bad
certificate for 10 major websites like Mozilla and Yahoo?

What should the sanction be for a CA whose reseller's subCAs issues such
bad certificates?

What would the sanctions be for non-FQDN EV certs issued?

What would the current total sanction be for Comodo, a player who has
someone as honourable as you working for them based on last year's events
plus EV violations detected via the SSL observatory data?

How could an external party review the set of unknown serials revoked by
Comodo to determine the kind/amount of sanction?

Would Comodo's "licencse" have been revoked, or would the sanctions have
been limited by money? If so, would the money be in absolute value or
percantage of profit/turnover?

What would or could Comodo have done differently if such a sanction had
been applied?




There is really only one sanction everyone can determine by themselves
to apply to any CA, the decision to trust them more or less then
themselves. If the latter, DNSSEC with DANE is an excellent choice. Feel
free to interpret DANE as each TLS owner's "sanction".

Paul
