
From nobody Thu Oct  1 04:51:23 2015
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To: Stephen Kent <kent@bbn.com>, trans@ietf.org
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From: Rob Stradling <rob.stradling@comodo.com>
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Subject: Re: [Trans] Usage of Private Information Retrieval (PIR) in CT?
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On 29/09/15 21:50, Stephen Kent wrote:
<snip>
>> Ripping out the TLS client/server comms from 6962-bis in the hope that
>> somebody will specify this in some future doc doesn't seem like a good
>> idea to me.
>
> it's being done in the arch doc now.

Steve,

Unless or until the chairs say otherwise, it's still being done in
6962-bis too!

http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/trans/charters
"Work items:
  - Publish an update to RFC 6962 as a standards-track mechanism to
  apply verifiable logs to HTTP over TLS."

6962-bis is the "update to RFC 6962", right?  So "apply verifiable logs
to HTTP over TLS" makes the TLS client/server comms in scope for
6962-bis, right?

Maybe your arch doc will be adopted.  Maybe the scope of 6962-bis will
be changed.  But neither of these things has happened _yet_, and at this
point it seems premature to assume that they will definitely both happen.

> If the WG decides that we should have
> separate specs for each elements (which I support) then we can extract text
> from the arch doc and put it into those separate specs, making the arch doc
> shorter and more consistently high level.
>>
>>>>> It is relevant to CAs, but I believe that CA requirements, other than
>>>>> how to interact with the log, should not be part of 6962-bis.
>>>> Are there any specific "CA requirements" currently in 6962-bis that you
>>>> think should be removed from 6962-bis?  I can't find any that would
>>>> fall outside of "how to interact with the log".
>>> right now, no.
> I did think of a few of examples from your discussion of redacted certs.
> Text in
> 3.2.2 tells a CA how to create a name-redacted pre-cert. This seems
> irrelevant to log
> processing of pre-certs, since it doesn't appear to be a constraint
> enforced by a log.
> Text in 3.2.3 seems to be a set of directions to a CA, and maybe checks
> to be performed by
> a TLS client, but not constraints checked by a log.  These are examples
> of text that
> was included in 6962-bis because it needed to be somewhere, but it does
> not fit the
> notion of log/client interface description.
> 
> Steve

-- 
Rob Stradling
Senior Research & Development Scientist
COMODO - Creating Trust Online


From nobody Fri Oct  2 11:11:26 2015
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From: Stephen Kent <kent@bbn.com>
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Subject: [Trans] architecture document
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We have an initial draft of the CT architecture document, as discussed 
at the meeting
in Prague. It will be posted later today.

The intro for this doc was extracted from the threat/attack model, as 
discussed
in Prague.

There are diagrams that try to capture the interactions between the log 
and the
various system elements, and between the (non-log) elements.

For the log, the doc describes its role and points to 6962-bis as the 
definitive
characterization of its operation.

For the other elements (Monitor, Auditor, CA, Subject, and browser) the 
doc includes
proposed requirements for each. I'd prefer to move these to separate 
docs, one
per element, and keep only a top level description for each, analogous 
to the
way that the log is treated here. To that end, Karen and David, who have 
worked
with me on this doc, are volunteering to prepare separate docs for the 
other elements,
using the text in this doc as a starting point.

We extracted the algs for some log-based checks from 6962-bis, and made 
them normative
appendices in this doc. The authors of 6962-bit are acknowledged as the 
source of
these algs. David added a normative appendix to describe how a browser
matches an SCT to a cert, when the SCT is not embedded in the cert.

More text is needed to better define browser behavior wrt processing 
SCTs, but that
can be added in the next rev, when we have separate docs, as noted above.

Steve


From nobody Fri Oct  2 15:14:10 2015
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Date: Fri, 02 Oct 2015 14:14:02 -0800
From: Melinda Shore <melinda.shore@gmail.com>
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Subject: [Trans] Preliminary agenda posted
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The preliminary agenda for IETF 94 has been posted.  It is
not final, and is subject to change, but for the time being
we're scheduled to meet on Monday afternoon from 13:00 to
15:00.  Also meeting at the same time are httpbis, stir,
anima, idr, pals, mile, and tsvwg.  I believe we've avoided
any critical conflicts, but if you're a key contributor
(document editor, basically) to trans and we're up against
another working group for which you're a key contributor,
please let us know ASAP.  Because of the large number of
working groups we don't have much flexibility, so please only
let us know if you're critical to trans and another group
meeting at the same time.

https://datatracker.ietf.org/meeting/94/agenda.html

Melinda


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From: Tom Ritter <tom@ritter.vg>
Date: Sun, 4 Oct 2015 11:37:45 -0500
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Cc: Katriel Cohn-Gordon <me@katriel.co.uk>, "trans@ietf.org" <trans@ietf.org>, Bryan Ford <brynosaurus@gmail.com>
Subject: Re: [Trans] Long-term: scalable collective signing (of certs, log-heads, and/or SCTs)
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On 30 September 2015 at 09:01, Eran Messeri <eranm@google.com> wrote:
>  improvements - just like Tom Ritter created a Chromium patch to require CT
> (which he unfortunately didn't submit for proper review), others can present

I had a discussion with the people in charge of that area of Chrome
about a similar topic, and re-notified them when I made my blog post.
They had previously indicated they were eschewing additional
complexity for now and didn't reply about suggesting integrating the
require-CT idea. If there is a chance at actually landing the code, I
will go back and clean it up, but if it's going to sit out for 4
releases and then need to be mostly-redone I'll wait a bit longer.
Let's take this offline with the appropriate people.




Going back to Bryan's idea, I'd like to understand a little bit more
about the crypto and its constraints. I apologize for not thoroughly
reading the paper but I hope you'll humor me ...

So it's an N-of-M scheme producing a single signature. I gather than M
needs to be decided upon in the beginning, on set-up, and all the
shares need to be created by a single entity and then provided to the
independent entities?  Is this understanding correct?

That's unfortunate, as it still represents a single point of trust.
It's less, to be sure, and I don't think it's insurmountable for the
'normal' person's notion of trust, but I'm less sure about the legal
"This organization is going to have some sort of agreement with some
other organizations and lawyers have read it" notion of trust. If you
expect to give a key share to, say, ICANN and to CNNIC you need to be
able to say you're pretty darn independent. Is there any way to let
people generate their own key shares and then assemble them into a
public key?

Fixing M in the beginning seems to be an engineering problem more than
a trust one. You're committing yourself to this many shares, and as
time goes on and organizations stop signing, M will stay the same but
the potential number of signers will decrease, and trust will
gradually erode as well. If I understand that the key shares are part
of a Merkle Tree, it seems it might be possible to grow M and add key
shares? This would change the public key of course, but I'm assume we
can handle the rotation.

Also, the slides mention "1-of-k" but I assume it's truly N-of-M and
not 1-of-M correct? Because we should assume at least 1 if not a few
orgs will have their key share compromised and we need to set N high
enough that the average security of the group of organizations is high
enough that compromising N orgs would be difficult.

I think I communicated this before, but I'm supportive of the idea,
I'm just skeptical about the practicality of it. Not from a math or
engineering aspect, but from a humans-interfacing-with-humans aspect.
But if there's code that runs, clear instructions to follow, and a
test network to join - I have a spare box I would set to participating
=)

-tom


From nobody Sun Oct  4 21:48:45 2015
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Hi, all:

We're starting to plan our session at IETF 94.  As always,
the highest priority will be our deliverables, and trying to
work through open problems to move those along.  Second
priority will be discussion of any documents we feel are
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group adoption.  Please let us know if you'll be asking for
time on the agenda.  But, as always, if you've got new
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likelihood of getting some time during the meeting is to
start a lively discussion on the mailing list.

Thanks,

Melinda


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To: Ben Laurie <benl@google.com>, Rob Stradling <rob.stradling@comodo.com>, trans@ietf.org
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Subject: Re: [Trans] [trans] #105 (rfc6962-bis): Shrink LogID
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Ben,
>
> ...
>
> This is true even if you use hashes, surely? For example, an old key 
> (from a log no longer known to someone) could be reused. Or a key for 
> a log that was never used publicly. Or the same key could be used for 
> two logs accepted by different clients. And so on.

I would expect a Monitor to keep track of the public key for each log 
operator
that it watches, (but that should be stated explicitly). Thus re-use of 
an old key
by that log operator, for a new log instance, would be detected easily 
if the log
ID were derived from the public key. The most common case, if the re-use 
is accidental,
is probably starting a new log instance but not remembering to change 
the key. That would
be obvious/impossible if the ID were derived from the key.

However, I agree that a log re-using a key from some other log would not be
detected by this approach.

Steve


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A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories.
 This draft is a work item of the Public Notary Transparency  Working Group of the IETF.

        Title           : Attack Model for Certificate Transparency
        Author          : Stephen Kent
	Filename        : draft-ietf-trans-threat-analysis-02.txt
	Pages           : 22
	Date            : 2015-07-06

Abstract:
   This document describes an attack model for the Web PKI context in
   which security mechanisms to detect mis-issuance of web site
   certificates will be developed. The model provides an analysis of
   detection and remediation mechanisms for both syntactic and semantic
   mis-issuance. The model introduces an outline of attacks to organize
   the discussion. The model also describes the roles played by the
   elements of the Certificate Transparency (CT) system, to establish a
   context for the model.


The IETF datatracker status page for this draft is:
https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-trans-threat-analysis/

There's also a htmlized version available at:
https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-trans-threat-analysis-02

A diff from the previous version is available at:
https://www.ietf.org/rfcdiff?url2=draft-ietf-trans-threat-analysis-02


Please note that it may take a couple of minutes from the time of submission
until the htmlized version and diff are available at tools.ietf.org.

Internet-Drafts are also available by anonymous FTP at:
ftp://ftp.ietf.org/internet-drafts/


From nobody Tue Oct  6 07:01:51 2015
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Subject: [Trans] new version of threat/attack model
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We revised this doc and posted a new version this morning.

There are a number of minor wording changes, but the major
change is the inclusion of some text discussing threat, i.e.,
adversaries, motivations and perceived capabilities. This text was
added in response to a comment at the meeting in Prague.

Please review this new version of the doc (vs. the old one) and
post comments.

Thanks,

Steve


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From: Stephen Kent <kent@bbn.com>
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Subject: Re: [Trans] Long-term: scalable collective signing (of certs, log-heads, and/or SCTs)
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This is a multi-part message in MIME format.
--------------030802010503070700060202
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8; format=flowed
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Katriel,

> ​Note that ARPKI <http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2660298> (among 
> other academic CT variants) similarly has no need for gossip; roughly, 
> monitors sign that they have seen a cert and then clients just verify 
> the signatures. Multisignatures sound like an elegant way to achieve 
> that; are they more efficient than /n/ individual signatures for 
> smallish cothorities e.g. size <10?
Note that CT does not require all Monitors to be third parties; 
self-Monitoring is a viable
option and avoids the problem of detecting a misbehaving (3rd party) 
Monitor. In that
context, having multiple Monitors sign something about a cert may not 
work out well.

The Audit function notifies Monitors (and browser vendors, indirectly?) 
about log
misbehavior, not clients. I say this because clients (browsers) get log 
metadata
from browser vendors, and thus most will not need to consume data from 
Auditors.
Monitors need audit info to decide whether the logs they are watching 
are misbehaving,
and browser vendors need to know the same, to properly manage the log 
metadata
distributed to users of their products.
> I've never quite understood why CT mandates gossip instead of having 
> monitors sign that they have seen an STH. Perhaps this is a good 
> opportunity to clarify that point?
Monitors watch logs for entries of interest to the Subjects that serve. 
(This is true
even for self-Monitors.) So, it's not clear on whose behalf a Monitor 
would sign info
about an STH.

Steve

--------------030802010503070700060202
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

<html>
  <head>
    <meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">
  </head>
  <body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000">
    Katriel,<br>
    <br>
    <blockquote
cite="mid:CABEqWMBwhe=JH1jftAa33xxWP4UCih64WHjYHMQ+MYK6ARiVsw@mail.gmail.com"
      type="cite">
      <div dir="ltr">
        <div class="gmail_default"
          style="font-family:georgia,serif;display:inline">​Note that <a
            moz-do-not-send="true"
            href="http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2660298">ARPKI</a>
          (among other academic CT variants) similarly has no need for
          gossip; roughly, monitors sign that they have seen a cert and
          then clients just verify the signatures. Multisignatures sound
          like an elegant way to achieve that; are they more efficient
          than <i>n</i> individual signatures for smallish cothorities
          e.g. size &lt;10?<br>
        </div>
      </div>
    </blockquote>
    Note that CT does not require all Monitors to be third parties;
    self-Monitoring is a viable<br>
    option and avoids the problem of detecting a misbehaving (3rd party)
    Monitor. In that<br>
    context, having multiple Monitors sign something about a cert may
    not work out well.<br>
    <br>
    The Audit function notifies Monitors (and browser vendors,
    indirectly?) about log <br>
    misbehavior, not clients. I say this because clients (browsers) get
    log metadata <br>
    from browser vendors, and thus most will not need to consume data
    from Auditors. <br>
    Monitors need audit info to decide whether the logs they are
    watching are misbehaving, <br>
    and browser vendors need to know the same, to properly manage the
    log metadata <br>
    distributed to users of their products.<br>
    <blockquote
cite="mid:CABEqWMBwhe=JH1jftAa33xxWP4UCih64WHjYHMQ+MYK6ARiVsw@mail.gmail.com"
      type="cite">
      <div dir="ltr">
        <div class="gmail_default"
          style="font-family:georgia,serif;display:inline">I've never
          quite understood why CT mandates gossip instead of having
          monitors sign that they have seen an STH. Perhaps this is a
          good opportunity to clarify that point?<br>
        </div>
      </div>
    </blockquote>
    Monitors watch logs for entries of interest to the Subjects that
    serve. (This is true<br>
    even for self-Monitors.) So, it's not clear on whose behalf a
    Monitor would sign info<br>
    about an STH.<br>
    <br>
    Steve<br>
  </body>
</html>

--------------030802010503070700060202--


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References: <17C96998-E1FB-4B25-8DC4-EF177D13FCF3@gmail.com> <CALzYgEe2WKMwx2LMNaC86QLC81ANLo2MB_Of1PjbwCUK17GcEQ@mail.gmail.com> <CABEqWMBwhe=JH1jftAa33xxWP4UCih64WHjYHMQ+MYK6ARiVsw@mail.gmail.com> <CALzYgEdLsBbc6fTgLMz0_z04RKv1Rp4xcSLf=nOAkHivDgQQvg@mail.gmail.com>
From: Stephen Kent <kent@bbn.com>
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Subject: Re: [Trans] Long-term: scalable collective signing (of certs, log-heads, and/or SCTs)
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This is a multi-part message in MIME format.
--------------050006000909040009030500
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Eran,
>
>
> On Wed, Sep 30, 2015 at 2:35 PM, Katriel Cohn-Gordon <me@katriel.co.uk 
> <mailto:me@katriel.co.uk>> wrote:
>
>     ​ Note that ARPKI <http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2660298>
>     (among other academic CT variants) similarly has no need for
>     gossip; roughly, monitors sign that they have seen a cert and then
>     clients just verify the signatures. Multisignatures sound like an
>     elegant way to achieve that; are they more efficient than /n/
>     individual signatures for smallish cothorities e.g. size <10?
>
>     I've never quite understood why CT mandates gossip instead of
>     having monitors sign that they have seen an STH. Perhaps this is a
>     good opportunity to clarify that point?
>
> My understanding is that this is mainly a key management / audit 
> issue: Logs can be checked for compliance with RFC6962, after which 
> their keys can be distributed to clients. When adding monitors to the 
> system, we'd have to cope with:
> * Monitoring the monitors for behaving correctly - the biggest issue 
> being defining what monitors do. Ideally monitors would notify domain 
> owners of newly-issued certificates for their domains, but how can 
> that behaviour be verified?
I've proposed what I believe Monitor behavior should be in several 
messages, and it is now
codified in the arch doc.
> * ARPKI (as far as I understand) assumes independence between log 
> operators and monitors - something that is difficult to audit and, in 
> practice, hard to demand as parties motivated to participate in CT are 
> parties with a stake - CAs and browser vendors.
I'd add Subjects here too.

Steve

--------------050006000909040009030500
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<html>
  <head>
    <meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">
  </head>
  <body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000">
    Eran,<br>
    <blockquote
cite="mid:CALzYgEdLsBbc6fTgLMz0_z04RKv1Rp4xcSLf=nOAkHivDgQQvg@mail.gmail.com"
      type="cite">
      <div dir="ltr"><br>
        <div class="gmail_extra"><br>
          <div class="gmail_quote">On Wed, Sep 30, 2015 at 2:35 PM,
            Katriel Cohn-Gordon <span dir="ltr">&lt;<a
                moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:me@katriel.co.uk"
                target="_blank"><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:me@katriel.co.uk">me@katriel.co.uk</a></a>&gt;</span> wrote:<br>
            <blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px
0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex">
              <div dir="ltr">
                <div style="font-family:georgia,serif;display:inline">​
                  Note that <a moz-do-not-send="true"
                    href="http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2660298"
                    target="_blank">ARPKI</a> (among other academic CT
                  variants) similarly has no need for gossip; roughly,
                  monitors sign that they have seen a cert and then
                  clients just verify the signatures. Multisignatures
                  sound like an elegant way to achieve that; are they
                  more efficient than <i>n</i> individual signatures
                  for smallish cothorities e.g. size &lt;10?<br>
                  <br>
                </div>
                <div style="font-family:georgia,serif;display:inline">I've
                  never quite understood why CT mandates gossip instead
                  of having monitors sign that they have seen an STH.
                  Perhaps this is a good opportunity to clarify that
                  point?<br>
                </div>
              </div>
            </blockquote>
            <div>My understanding is that this is mainly a key
              management / audit issue: Logs can be checked for
              compliance with RFC6962, after which their keys can be
              distributed to clients. When adding monitors to the
              system, we'd have to cope with:</div>
            <div>* Monitoring the monitors for behaving correctly - the
              biggest issue being defining what monitors do. Ideally
              monitors would notify domain owners of newly-issued
              certificates for their domains, but how can that behaviour
              be verified?</div>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
    </blockquote>
    I've proposed what I believe Monitor behavior should be in several
    messages, and it is now<br>
    codified in the arch doc.<br>
    <blockquote
cite="mid:CALzYgEdLsBbc6fTgLMz0_z04RKv1Rp4xcSLf=nOAkHivDgQQvg@mail.gmail.com"
      type="cite">
      <div dir="ltr">
        <div class="gmail_extra">
          <div class="gmail_quote">
            <div>* ARPKI (as far as I understand) assumes independence
              between log operators and monitors - something that is
              difficult to audit and, in practice, hard to demand as
              parties motivated to participate in CT are parties with a
              stake - CAs and browser vendors.</div>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
    </blockquote>
    I'd add Subjects here too.<br>
    <br>
    Steve<br>
  </body>
</html>

--------------050006000909040009030500--


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It seems that the attack model I-D osted this Am is not the new one!

We'll try to fix that RSN!

Sorry,

Steve


From nobody Tue Oct  6 12:34:53 2015
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Subject: [Trans] I-D Action: draft-ietf-trans-threat-analysis-03.txt
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A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories.
 This draft is a work item of the Public Notary Transparency  Working Group of the IETF.

        Title           : Attack Model and Threat for Certificate Transparency
        Author          : Stephen Kent
	Filename        : draft-ietf-trans-threat-analysis-03.txt
	Pages           : 24
	Date            : 2015-10-06

Abstract:
   This document describes an attack model and discusses threats for the
   Web PKI context in which security mechanisms to detect mis-issuance
   of web site certificates are being developed. The model provides an
   analysis of detection and remediation mechanisms for both syntactic
   and semantic mis-issuance. The model introduces an outline of attacks
   to organize the discussion. The model also describes the roles played
   by the elements of the Certificate Transparency (CT) system, to
   establish a context for the model.


The IETF datatracker status page for this draft is:
https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-trans-threat-analysis/

There's also a htmlized version available at:
https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-trans-threat-analysis-03

A diff from the previous version is available at:
https://www.ietf.org/rfcdiff?url2=draft-ietf-trans-threat-analysis-03


Please note that it may take a couple of minutes from the time of submission
until the htmlized version and diff are available at tools.ietf.org.

Internet-Drafts are also available by anonymous FTP at:
ftp://ftp.ietf.org/internet-drafts/


From nobody Tue Oct  6 12:36:11 2015
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Subject: [Trans] really posted the update this time
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the -03 version of the threat/attack model (now available) is the 
properly updated version.

sorry for the confusion,

Steve


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Subject: Re: [Trans] [trans] #105 (rfc6962-bis): Shrink LogID
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On 05/10/15 19:34, Stephen Kent wrote:
> Ben,
>>
>> ...
>>
>> This is true even if you use hashes, surely? For example, an old key
>> (from a log no longer known to someone) could be reused. Or a key for
>> a log that was never used publicly. Or the same key could be used for
>> two logs accepted by different clients. And so on.
>
> I would expect a Monitor to keep track of the public key for each log
> operator that it watches, (but that should be stated explicitly).

Yes.

> Thus  re-use of an old key by that log operator, for a new log instance,
> wouldbe detected easily if the log ID were derived from the public key.

That seems like a non sequitur to me.

Since a monitor has a copy of every log's public key, it can compare 
these public keys to ensure that each one is used by only 1 log.

Or, since it knows each public_key, the monitor could calculate 
HASH(public_key) all by itself and then check the uniqueness of each.

It makes no difference whether LogID is defined as HASH(public_key), an 
OID, or something else.

> The most common case, if the re-use is accidental,
> is probably starting a new log instance but not remembering to change
> the key. That would
> be obvious/impossible if the ID were derived from the key.
>
> However, I agree that a log re-using a key from some other log would not be
> detected by this approach.
>
> Steve
>

-- 
Rob Stradling
Senior Research & Development Scientist
COMODO - Creating Trust Online


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Subject: [Trans] Fwd: trans - Requested session has been scheduled for IETF 94
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The schedule's been finalized, and we're still scheduled
for Monday at 1pm.

Melinda


-------- Forwarded Message --------
Subject: trans - Requested session has been scheduled for IETF 94
Date: Fri, 09 Oct 2015 18:28:48 -0700
From: IETF Secretariat <agenda@ietf.org>
To: melinda.shore@gmail.com
CC: trans-ads@ietf.org, melinda.shore@gmail.com, paul@nohats.ca

Dear Melinda Shore,

The session(s) that you have requested have been scheduled.
Below is the scheduled session information followed by
the original request.

trans Session 1 (2:00:00)
    Monday, Afternoon Session I 1300-1500
    Room Name: Rooms 411/412 size: 120
    ---------------------------------------------



Request Information:


---------------------------------------------------------
Working Group Name: Public Notary Transparency
Area Name: Security Area
Session Requester: Melinda Shore

Number of Sessions: 1
Length of Session(s):  2 Hours
Number of Attendees: 40
Conflicts to Avoid:
 First Priority: tls dane sidr
 Second Priority: dnsop acme



Special Requests:
  Due to Ben Laurie&#39;s availability prefer earlier in the week
---------------------------------------------------------




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Subject: [Trans] Remote presentation at IETF 94
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Hi, all:

We need to give Meetecho advance warning of any remote
presenters at IETF 94.  If you are planning on presenting
from a remote location, please let us know.  (Also, plan
on being available for testing a few minutes before the
session starts).

Thanks,

Melinda


From nobody Tue Oct 13 03:08:41 2015
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Subject: [Trans] I-D Action: draft-ietf-trans-rfc6962-bis-09.txt
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A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories.
 This draft is a work item of the Public Notary Transparency  Working Group of the IETF.

        Title           : Certificate Transparency
        Authors         : Ben Laurie
                          Adam Langley
                          Emilia Kasper
                          Eran Messeri
                          Rob Stradling
	Filename        : draft-ietf-trans-rfc6962-bis-09.txt
	Pages           : 43
	Date            : 2015-10-13

Abstract:
   This document describes a protocol for publicly logging the existence
   of Transport Layer Security (TLS) certificates as they are issued or
   observed, in a manner that allows anyone to audit certification
   authority (CA) activity and notice the issuance of suspect
   certificates as well as to audit the certificate logs themselves.
   The intent is that eventually clients would refuse to honor
   certificates that do not appear in a log, effectively forcing CAs to
   add all issued certificates to the logs.

   Logs are network services that implement the protocol operations for
   submissions and queries that are defined in this document.


The IETF datatracker status page for this draft is:
https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-trans-rfc6962-bis/

There's also a htmlized version available at:
https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-trans-rfc6962-bis-09

A diff from the previous version is available at:
https://www.ietf.org/rfcdiff?url2=draft-ietf-trans-rfc6962-bis-09


Please note that it may take a couple of minutes from the time of submission
until the htmlized version and diff are available at tools.ietf.org.

Internet-Drafts are also available by anonymous FTP at:
ftp://ftp.ietf.org/internet-drafts/


From nobody Tue Oct 13 06:52:10 2015
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From: Stephen Kent <kent@bbn.com>
To: Rob Stradling <rob.stradling@comodo.com>, Ben Laurie <benl@google.com>, trans@ietf.org
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Subject: Re: [Trans] [trans] #105 (rfc6962-bis): Shrink LogID
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This is a multi-part message in MIME format.
--------------050407040208030402090506
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Rob,
>
>> Thus  re-use of an old key by that log operator, for a new log instance,
>> wouldbe detected easily if the log ID were derived from the public key.
>
> That seems like a non sequitur to me.
>
> Since a monitor has a copy of every log's public key, 

a Monitor has a copy of every public key for every log that _it 
watches_, and perhaps
only since it began watching the log.
> it can compare these public keys to ensure that each one is used by 
> only 1 log.
only for the logs it watches.
> Or, since it knows each public_key, the monitor could calculate 
> HASH(public_key) all by itself and then check the uniqueness of each.
>
> It makes no difference whether LogID is defined as HASH(public_key), 
> an OID, or something else.
I expect that the most common way that a "new" log would fail to switch 
to a new
key pair is by reusing the same pair it had been using most recently, 
i.e., an error, not
a malicious action. if so then using a key hash as an ID should make it 
very obvious
when this sort of error occurs.

Anyway, I don't think we need to continue to debate this. If you and other
developers are happy with the OID approach, so be it.

Steve

--------------050407040208030402090506
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<html>
  <head>
    <meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">
  </head>
  <body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000">
    Rob,<br>
    <blockquote cite="mid:56167955.3050903@comodo.com" type="cite"><br>
      <blockquote type="cite">Thus  re-use of an old key by that log
        operator, for a new log instance, <br>
        wouldbe detected easily if the log ID were derived from the
        public key. <br>
      </blockquote>
      <br>
      That seems like a non sequitur to me. <br>
      <br>
      Since a monitor has a copy of every log's public key, </blockquote>
    <br>
    a Monitor has a copy of every public key for every log that <u>it
      watches</u>, and perhaps<br>
    only since it began watching the log. <br>
    <blockquote cite="mid:56167955.3050903@comodo.com" type="cite">it
      can compare these public keys to ensure that each one is used by
      only 1 log. <br>
    </blockquote>
    only for the logs it watches.<br>
    <blockquote cite="mid:56167955.3050903@comodo.com" type="cite"> Or,
      since it knows each public_key, the monitor could calculate
      HASH(public_key) all by itself and then check the uniqueness of
      each. <br>
      <br>
      It makes no difference whether LogID is defined as
      HASH(public_key), an OID, or something else. <br>
    </blockquote>
    I expect that the most common way that a "new" log would fail to
    switch to a new <br>
    key pair is by reusing the same pair it had been using most
    recently, i.e., an error, not<br>
    a malicious action. if so then using a key hash as an ID should make
    it very obvious<br>
    when this sort of error occurs.<br>
    <br>
    Anyway, I don't think we need to continue to debate this. If you and
    other<br>
    developers are happy with the OID approach, so be it. <br>
    <br>
    Steve<br>
  </body>
</html>

--------------050407040208030402090506--


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#109: log shutdown timeline and behavior

 6962-bis currently describes the "Final STH" element of the log's
 metadata.  However, there is no overall description of what the log
 shutdown process should look like from the log operator's point of view.

 6962-bis should include an example timeline of a responsible log shutdown
 as implementation guidance for operators.  Some questions worth answering
 include:

  * how long after shutdown should a responsible log continue publishing?
  * should advance notice of an impending shutdown be given? if so,
     * how long in advance?
     * Is there a mechanism for such notice?
  * for a shutdown log that is still operating, how should it respond to
 requests for new SCTs?  the existing error codes don't seem to indicate an
 option for "this log is shut down and no longer accepting new requests"

 See also #101 for how CT gossip needs to interact with a log that has
 shutdown.

-- 
-------------------------+-------------------------------------------------
 Reporter:               |      Owner:  draft-ietf-trans-
  dkg@fifthhorseman.net  |  rfc6962-bis@tools.ietf.org
     Type:  defect       |     Status:  new
 Priority:  major        |  Milestone:
Component:  rfc6962-bis  |    Version:
 Severity:  -            |   Keywords:
-------------------------+-------------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/trans/trac/ticket/109>
trans <http://tools.ietf.org/trans/>


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#107: Struct-ify STH

Changes (by melinda.shore@gmail.com):

 * status:  assigned => closed
 * resolution:   => fixed


-- 
-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------
 Reporter:                           |       Owner:
  rob.stradling@comodo.com           |  rob.stradling@comodo.com
     Type:  enhancement              |      Status:  closed
 Priority:  major                    |   Milestone:  review
Component:  rfc6962-bis              |     Version:
 Severity:  -                        |  Resolution:  fixed
 Keywords:                           |
-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/trans/trac/ticket/107#comment:3>
trans <http://tools.ietf.org/trans/>


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#98: Update gossip-ct for 6962bis


Comment (by linus@nordu.net):

 Addressed in upcoming -01 (commit ca35e2f in https://github.com/ln5/draft-
 ietf-trans-gossip).

-- 
-------------------------+-------------------------------------------------
 Reporter:               |       Owner:  draft-ietf-trans-threat-
  linus@nordu.net        |  analysis@tools.ietf.org
     Type:  defect       |      Status:  new
 Priority:  major        |   Milestone:
Component:  gossip       |     Version:
 Severity:  -            |  Resolution:
 Keywords:               |
-------------------------+-------------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/trans/trac/ticket/98#comment:2>
trans <http://tools.ietf.org/trans/>


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#98: Update gossip-ct for 6962bis

Changes (by linus@nordu.net):

 * status:  new => closed
 * resolution:   => fixed


-- 
-------------------------+-------------------------------------------------
 Reporter:               |       Owner:  draft-ietf-trans-threat-
  linus@nordu.net        |  analysis@tools.ietf.org
     Type:  defect       |      Status:  closed
 Priority:  major        |   Milestone:
Component:  gossip       |     Version:
 Severity:  -            |  Resolution:  fixed
 Keywords:               |
-------------------------+-------------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/trans/trac/ticket/98#comment:3>
trans <http://tools.ietf.org/trans/>


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#100: Review in light of blocking

Changes (by linus@nordu.net):

 * status:  new => closed
 * resolution:   => fixed


Comment:

 Sections "Censorship/Blocking considerations" and "Blocking
 Recommendations" added to upcoming -01 (commit 2f98976 in
 https://github.com/ln5/draft-ietf-trans-gossip).

-- 
-------------------------+-------------------------------------------------
 Reporter:               |       Owner:  draft-ietf-trans-threat-
  tom@ritter.vg          |  analysis@tools.ietf.org
     Type:  defect       |      Status:  closed
 Priority:  major        |   Milestone:
Component:  gossip       |     Version:
 Severity:  -            |  Resolution:  fixed
 Keywords:               |
-------------------------+-------------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/trans/trac/ticket/100#comment:1>
trans <http://tools.ietf.org/trans/>


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#109: log shutdown timeline and behavior

Changes (by linus@nordu.net):

 * cc: linus@nordu.net (added)


-- 
-------------------------+-------------------------------------------------
 Reporter:               |       Owner:  draft-ietf-trans-
  dkg@fifthhorseman.net  |  rfc6962-bis@tools.ietf.org
     Type:  defect       |      Status:  new
 Priority:  major        |   Milestone:
Component:  rfc6962-bis  |     Version:
 Severity:  -            |  Resolution:
 Keywords:               |
-------------------------+-------------------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/trans/trac/ticket/109#comment:1>
trans <http://tools.ietf.org/trans/>


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Subject: [Trans] [trans] #110 (rfc6962-bis): Reorganize requirements into appropriate sections
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#110: Reorganize requirements into appropriate sections

 The "Log Format and Operation" section should describe just that.
 Requirements for other parties (Submitters, CAs, TLS servers and TLS
 clients) should be moved into more appropriate sections.

-- 
-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------
 Reporter:                           |      Owner:
  rob.stradling@comodo.com           |  rob.stradling@comodo.com
     Type:  defect                   |     Status:  new
 Priority:  major                    |  Milestone:
Component:  rfc6962-bis              |    Version:
 Severity:  -                        |   Keywords:
-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/trans/trac/ticket/110>
trans <http://tools.ietf.org/trans/>


From nobody Mon Oct 19 04:31:38 2015
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From: Rob Stradling <rob.stradling@comodo.com>
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Subject: Re: [Trans] Certificate Transparency Newsletter - August 2015
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On 17/08/15 18:24, 'Adam Eijdenberg' via certificate-transparency wrote:
> (posted to certificate-transparency@googlegroups.com, trans@ietf.org
> and ct-policy@chromium.org)
<snip>
> Lookahead:
> - We're very interested in exploring how we make it viable for a
>    site-owner to be able to opt-in to requiring CT, ahead of any general
>    browser-enforced deadlines.  We would welcome participation in helping
>    define what this might look like in a manner that would work well for
>    both browsers and site-owners.

Adam,

RFC 7633: "X.509v3 Transport Layer Security (TLS) Feature Extension"

This newly standardized certificate extension could be used to signal 
that the TLS server MUST send the CT TLS extension.

I realize that this may not suit many early adopters, since few deployed 
servers support the CT TLS extension yet.  But I figured it was worth 
mentioning.

-- 
Rob Stradling
Senior Research & Development Scientist
COMODO - Creating Trust Online


From nobody Mon Oct 19 06:30:01 2015
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Subject: Re: [Trans] Certificate Transparency Newsletter - August 2015
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On 19 October 2015 at 06:31, Rob Stradling <rob.stradling@comodo.com> wrote:
> On 17/08/15 18:24, 'Adam Eijdenberg' via certificate-transparency wrote:
>>
>> (posted to certificate-transparency@googlegroups.com, trans@ietf.org
>> and ct-policy@chromium.org)
>
> <snip>
>>
>> Lookahead:
>> - We're very interested in exploring how we make it viable for a
>>    site-owner to be able to opt-in to requiring CT, ahead of any general
>>    browser-enforced deadlines.  We would welcome participation in helping
>>    define what this might look like in a manner that would work well for
>>    both browsers and site-owners.
>
>
> Adam,
>
> RFC 7633: "X.509v3 Transport Layer Security (TLS) Feature Extension"
>
> This newly standardized certificate extension could be used to signal that
> the TLS server MUST send the CT TLS extension.
>
> I realize that this may not suit many early adopters, since few deployed
> servers support the CT TLS extension yet.  But I figured it was worth
> mentioning.

It could... but that seems awfully limited.  Requiring CT is a lot
easier than requiring one of the specific forms. If you change
infrastructure, and lose the ability to include a TLS Extension, you
can at least staple OCSP or get them embedded in a cert.

-tom


From nobody Mon Oct 19 07:06:03 2015
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Subject: Re: [Trans] [ct-policy] Re: Certificate Transparency Newsletter - August 2015
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On 19/10/15 14:29, Tom Ritter wrote:
> On 19 October 2015 at 06:31, Rob Stradling wrote:
>> On 17/08/15 18:24, 'Adam Eijdenberg' via certificate-transparency wrote:
>>>
>>> (posted to certificate-transparency@googlegroups.com, trans@ietf.org
>>> and ct-policy@chromium.org)
>>
>> <snip>
>>>
>>> Lookahead:
>>> - We're very interested in exploring how we make it viable for a
>>>     site-owner to be able to opt-in to requiring CT, ahead of any general
>>>     browser-enforced deadlines.  We would welcome participation in helping
>>>     define what this might look like in a manner that would work well for
>>>     both browsers and site-owners.
>>
>>
>> Adam,
>>
>> RFC 7633: "X.509v3 Transport Layer Security (TLS) Feature Extension"
>>
>> This newly standardized certificate extension could be used to signal that
>> the TLS server MUST send the CT TLS extension.
>>
>> I realize that this may not suit many early adopters, since few deployed
>> servers support the CT TLS extension yet.  But I figured it was worth
>> mentioning.
>
> It could... but that seems awfully limited.  Requiring CT is a lot
> easier than requiring one of the specific forms. If you change
> infrastructure, and lose the ability to include a TLS Extension, you
> can at least staple OCSP or get them embedded in a cert.

That's true.

Perhaps 6962-bis should prohibit or recommend against using TLS Feature 
for the CT TLS extension then.  Or...

Actually, I can't find any explicit requirement in RFC7633 that says 
words to the effect of "The TLS server MUST send TLS extension X".  The 
actual requirements are expressed more vaguely than that.  e.g.
   "A server offering an end-entity certificate with a TLS feature
    extension MUST satisfy a client request for the specified feature"
   "If these features are requested by the client in its ClientHello
    message, then the server MUST return a ServerHello message that
    satisfies this request."

So, perhaps 6962-bis could specify that, if a TLS client sends the CT 
TLS extension and the TLS server's cert contains the TLS Feature cert 
extension with the CT TLS extension identifier, then the TLS server MUST 
"satisfy the request" by sending SCTs via any of the three supported 
mechanisms (CT TLS extension, cert extension, stapled OCSP response 
extension).

-- 
Rob Stradling
Senior Research & Development Scientist
COMODO - Creating Trust Online


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From: Tom Ritter <tom@ritter.vg>
Date: Mon, 19 Oct 2015 11:29:35 -0500
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Subject: Re: [Trans] [ct-policy] Re: Certificate Transparency Newsletter - August 2015
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On 19 October 2015 at 09:05, Rob Stradling <rob.stradling@comodo.com> wrote:
> Perhaps 6962-bis should prohibit or recommend against using TLS Feature for
> the CT TLS extension then.  Or...
>
> Actually, I can't find any explicit requirement in RFC7633 that says words
> to the effect of "The TLS server MUST send TLS extension X".  The actual
> requirements are expressed more vaguely than that.  e.g.
>   "A server offering an end-entity certificate with a TLS feature
>    extension MUST satisfy a client request for the specified feature"
>   "If these features are requested by the client in its ClientHello
>    message, then the server MUST return a ServerHello message that
>    satisfies this request."
>
> So, perhaps 6962-bis could specify that, if a TLS client sends the CT TLS
> extension and the TLS server's cert contains the TLS Feature cert extension
> with the CT TLS extension identifier, then the TLS server MUST "satisfy the
> request" by sending SCTs via any of the three supported mechanisms (CT TLS
> extension, cert extension, stapled OCSP response extension).

So... you could. But it wouldn't solve the generic problem of letting
a site owner dictate that CT should always be enabled for their
domain.  The reason I'm critical of 7633 is that it only applies to a
single certificate[0].  If I want to 'enforce' CT for a single
certificate, via a x509 extension... I could just put the CT x509
extension in the certificate.

I'm opposed to the idea of a x509 extension seen on one certificate,
once, applying a policy for the entire domain. For one thing it's
weird, and for another thing it has no way to indicate how long the
policy should apply for. (And it couldn't work for wildcard certs.)

[0] Now technically where 7633 really comes into play and is very
useful is when it's included in intermediates or (my pounding heart be
still) - root certs.  In *that* case it would work great for requiring
CT... but not for site owners, for certificate authorities.  A CA is
assured that all the certs it issues will be publicly logged, and it
can use this as a check against misissuance.  I think that's great...
but it still doesn't help site owners. =)

-tom


From nobody Mon Oct 19 15:53:48 2015
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A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories.
 This draft is a work item of the Public Notary Transparency  Working Group of the IETF.

        Title           : Gossiping in CT
        Authors         : Linus Nordberg
                          Daniel Kahn Gillmor
                          Tom Ritter
	Filename        : draft-ietf-trans-gossip-01.txt
	Pages           : 26
	Date            : 2015-10-19

Abstract:
   The logs in Certificate Transparency are untrusted in the sense that
   the users of the system don't have to trust that they behave
   correctly since the behaviour of a log can be verified to be correct.

   This document tries to solve the problem with logs presenting a
   "split view" of their operations.  It describes three gossiping
   mechanisms for Certificate Transparency: SCT Feedback, STH
   Pollination and Trusted Auditor Relationship.


The IETF datatracker status page for this draft is:
https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-trans-gossip/

There's also a htmlized version available at:
https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-trans-gossip-01

A diff from the previous version is available at:
https://www.ietf.org/rfcdiff?url2=draft-ietf-trans-gossip-01


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From nobody Mon Oct 19 15:55:19 2015
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A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories.
 This draft is a work item of the Public Notary Transparency  Working Group of the IETF.

        Title           : Certificate Transparency
        Authors         : Ben Laurie
                          Adam Langley
                          Emilia Kasper
                          Eran Messeri
                          Rob Stradling
	Filename        : draft-ietf-trans-rfc6962-bis-10.txt
	Pages           : 43
	Date            : 2015-10-19

Abstract:
   This document describes a protocol for publicly logging the existence
   of Transport Layer Security (TLS) certificates as they are issued or
   observed, in a manner that allows anyone to audit certification
   authority (CA) activity and notice the issuance of suspect
   certificates as well as to audit the certificate logs themselves.
   The intent is that eventually clients would refuse to honor
   certificates that do not appear in a log, effectively forcing CAs to
   add all issued certificates to the logs.

   Logs are network services that implement the protocol operations for
   submissions and queries that are defined in this document.


The IETF datatracker status page for this draft is:
https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-trans-rfc6962-bis/

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https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-trans-rfc6962-bis-10

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https://www.ietf.org/rfcdiff?url2=draft-ietf-trans-rfc6962-bis-10


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until the htmlized version and diff are available at tools.ietf.org.

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From nobody Mon Oct 19 16:26:26 2015
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From: Tom Ritter <tom@ritter.vg>
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Subject: [Trans] Gossip: Unsticking a client caught with potential evidence of log misbehavior
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Hi all,

So as we're working through the Gossip draft we ran into a problem we're
not really sure how to solve. The gist of it is that a client can wind
up in a state where it has a piece of data that it is pretty suspicious
of, and it might be evidence of log misbehavior - but it's also private
data and it has no way to share it with the world.

We have not addressed this in the -01 draft, it's an open question with no
text currently.

Here are some ways that situation can arise (not exhaustive, but the
draft will have an exhaustive list):

A client has a Cert+SCT and wants an inclusion proof. Every time it
sends it up to the log (via an appropriately privacy-preserving
mechanism, such as a DNS proxy), it gets the equivalent of a 500 error,
even through other inclusion proof requests succeed.

A client has an older STH and it wants a consistency proof to a newer
STH that it can pollinate. But it gets an error on every request, even
though other consistency proof requests succeed.

A client knows a log has shut down, and it has the 'final STH'. It has
an older STH and wants to resolve it to the final STH, but again - errors.


We've been working off the assumption that some data would get out to
auditors and the auditors would detect the misbehavior - but here the
client has a piece of data that is privacy-sensitive, so it can't just
broadcast it widely. But it also could be evidence of log misbehavior -
and the fact that it gets other successful responses from the log makes
it even more suspicious.

What should it do?

I've been talking about the possibility of an 'escape valve' where a
client would release private information to an auditor-of-last-resort of
its choosing (well, chosen by the developer of the client probably)
after a sufficiently rigorous attempt to resolve it in a private
manner... but that's not very satisfying. And it's even less satisfying
to wave our hand and leave the criteria for releasing it undefined
(because it ties so much into the algorithm for how to release data in
any circumstance.)

We even talked about UI/UX.  This is such a crazy and rare situation
that there's no hope of explaining it to users.  It's also something
disconnected from any browsing session, so it's not possible to put a
link on an intersitial as Chrome has done. The closest analogy is
bug/crash reporting, either active (Windows/Apple sometimes asks if you
want to submit queued error reports) or general browser opt-in (I
believe Chrome/Firefox have some mechanism where you 'share data with
the company to make the experience better').

-tom


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Date: Mon, 19 Oct 2015 19:28:34 -0800
From: Melinda Shore <melinda.shore@gmail.com>
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Subject: [Trans] Draft agenda posted
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Hi, all:

I've posted a draft agenda for our session in Yokohama.
As always we'll be focused on moving work along and plan
to use our time primarily for discussion.  Please send
any corrections, updates, and so on.

https://www.ietf.org/proceedings/94/agenda/agenda-94-trans

Melinda


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From: Ben Laurie <benl@google.com>
Date: Tue, 20 Oct 2015 08:58:15 +0000
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Subject: Re: [Trans] Gossip: Unsticking a client caught with potential evidence of log misbehavior
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On Tue, 20 Oct 2015 at 00:26 Tom Ritter <tom@ritter.vg> wrote:

> Hi all,
>
> So as we're working through the Gossip draft we ran into a problem we're
> not really sure how to solve. The gist of it is that a client can wind
> up in a state where it has a piece of data that it is pretty suspicious
> of, and it might be evidence of log misbehavior - but it's also private
> data and it has no way to share it with the world.
>
> We have not addressed this in the -01 draft, it's an open question with no
> text currently.
>
> Here are some ways that situation can arise (not exhaustive, but the
> draft will have an exhaustive list):
>
> A client has a Cert+SCT and wants an inclusion proof. Every time it
> sends it up to the log (via an appropriately privacy-preserving
> mechanism, such as a DNS proxy), it gets the equivalent of a 500 error,
> even through other inclusion proof requests succeed.
>
> A client has an older STH and it wants a consistency proof to a newer
> STH that it can pollinate. But it gets an error on every request, even
> though other consistency proof requests succeed.
>
> A client knows a log has shut down, and it has the 'final STH'. It has
> an older STH and wants to resolve it to the final STH, but again - errors.
>
>
> We've been working off the assumption that some data would get out to
> auditors and the auditors would detect the misbehavior - but here the
> client has a piece of data that is privacy-sensitive, so it can't just
> broadcast it widely. But it also could be evidence of log misbehavior -
> and the fact that it gets other successful responses from the log makes
> it even more suspicious.
>
> What should it do?
>
> I've been talking about the possibility of an 'escape valve' where a
> client would release private information to an auditor-of-last-resort of
> its choosing (well, chosen by the developer of the client probably)
> after a sufficiently rigorous attempt to resolve it in a private
> manner... but that's not very satisfying. And it's even less satisfying
> to wave our hand and leave the criteria for releasing it undefined
> (because it ties so much into the algorithm for how to release data in
> any circumstance.)
>
> We even talked about UI/UX.  This is such a crazy and rare situation
> that there's no hope of explaining it to users.  It's also something
> disconnected from any browsing session, so it's not possible to put a
> link on an intersitial as Chrome has done. The closest analogy is
> bug/crash reporting, either active (Windows/Apple sometimes asks if you
> want to submit queued error reports) or general browser opt-in (I
> believe Chrome/Firefox have some mechanism where you 'share data with
> the company to make the experience better').
>

How about reporting it to the alleged origin? Presumably there's no privacy
issue there (the user visited the site already) ... the origin would then
have to do something with that report - I can imagine that browser vendors
would operate public endpoints for them to be forwarded to, for example.

Seems like the same kind of issue as HPKP reporting (see
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7469#section-2.1.4).

--94eb2c0338d43d6eb105228577f3
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

<div dir=3D"ltr"><br><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div dir=3D"ltr">On Tue=
, 20 Oct 2015 at 00:26 Tom Ritter &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:tom@ritter.vg">tom@=
ritter.vg</a>&gt; wrote:<br></div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=
=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">Hi all,<=
br>
<br>
So as we&#39;re working through the Gossip draft we ran into a problem we&#=
39;re<br>
not really sure how to solve. The gist of it is that a client can wind<br>
up in a state where it has a piece of data that it is pretty suspicious<br>
of, and it might be evidence of log misbehavior - but it&#39;s also private=
<br>
data and it has no way to share it with the world.<br>
<br>
We have not addressed this in the -01 draft, it&#39;s an open question with=
 no<br>
text currently.<br>
<br>
Here are some ways that situation can arise (not exhaustive, but the<br>
draft will have an exhaustive list):<br>
<br>
A client has a Cert+SCT and wants an inclusion proof. Every time it<br>
sends it up to the log (via an appropriately privacy-preserving<br>
mechanism, such as a DNS proxy), it gets the equivalent of a 500 error,<br>
even through other inclusion proof requests succeed.<br>
<br>
A client has an older STH and it wants a consistency proof to a newer<br>
STH that it can pollinate. But it gets an error on every request, even<br>
though other consistency proof requests succeed.<br>
<br>
A client knows a log has shut down, and it has the &#39;final STH&#39;. It =
has<br>
an older STH and wants to resolve it to the final STH, but again - errors.<=
br>
<br>
<br>
We&#39;ve been working off the assumption that some data would get out to<b=
r>
auditors and the auditors would detect the misbehavior - but here the<br>
client has a piece of data that is privacy-sensitive, so it can&#39;t just<=
br>
broadcast it widely. But it also could be evidence of log misbehavior -<br>
and the fact that it gets other successful responses from the log makes<br>
it even more suspicious.<br>
<br>
What should it do?<br>
<br>
I&#39;ve been talking about the possibility of an &#39;escape valve&#39; wh=
ere a<br>
client would release private information to an auditor-of-last-resort of<br=
>
its choosing (well, chosen by the developer of the client probably)<br>
after a sufficiently rigorous attempt to resolve it in a private<br>
manner... but that&#39;s not very satisfying. And it&#39;s even less satisf=
ying<br>
to wave our hand and leave the criteria for releasing it undefined<br>
(because it ties so much into the algorithm for how to release data in<br>
any circumstance.)<br>
<br>
We even talked about UI/UX.=C2=A0 This is such a crazy and rare situation<b=
r>
that there&#39;s no hope of explaining it to users.=C2=A0 It&#39;s also som=
ething<br>
disconnected from any browsing session, so it&#39;s not possible to put a<b=
r>
link on an intersitial as Chrome has done. The closest analogy is<br>
bug/crash reporting, either active (Windows/Apple sometimes asks if you<br>
want to submit queued error reports) or general browser opt-in (I<br>
believe Chrome/Firefox have some mechanism where you &#39;share data with<b=
r>
the company to make the experience better&#39;).<br></blockquote><div><br><=
/div><div>How about reporting it to the alleged origin? Presumably there&#3=
9;s no privacy issue there (the user visited the site already) ... the orig=
in would then have to do something with that report - I can imagine that br=
owser vendors would operate public endpoints for them to be forwarded to, f=
or example.</div><div><br></div><div>Seems like the same kind of issue as H=
PKP reporting (see=C2=A0<a href=3D"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7469#sect=
ion-2.1.4">https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7469#section-2.1.4</a>).=C2=A0</d=
iv><div><br></div></div></div>

--94eb2c0338d43d6eb105228577f3--


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Thread-Topic: [Trans] Gossip: Unsticking a client caught with potential evidence of log misbehavior
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Subject: Re: [Trans] Gossip: Unsticking a client caught with potential evidence of log misbehavior
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A couple of thoughts in line...

On 20 Oct 2015, at 09:58, Ben Laurie <benl@google.com> wrote:

>=20
>=20
> On Tue, 20 Oct 2015 at 00:26 Tom Ritter <tom@ritter.vg> wrote:
> Hi all,
>=20
> So as we're working through the Gossip draft we ran into a problem =
we're
> not really sure how to solve. The gist of it is that a client can wind
> up in a state where it has a piece of data that it is pretty =
suspicious
> of, and it might be evidence of log misbehavior - but it's also =
private
> data and it has no way to share it with the world.
>=20
> We have not addressed this in the -01 draft, it's an open question =
with no
> text currently.
>=20
> Here are some ways that situation can arise (not exhaustive, but the
> draft will have an exhaustive list):
>=20
> A client has a Cert+SCT and wants an inclusion proof. Every time it
> sends it up to the log (via an appropriately privacy-preserving
> mechanism, such as a DNS proxy), it gets the equivalent of a 500 =
error,
> even through other inclusion proof requests succeed.
>=20
> A client has an older STH and it wants a consistency proof to a newer
> STH that it can pollinate. But it gets an error on every request, even
> though other consistency proof requests succeed.
>=20
> A client knows a log has shut down, and it has the 'final STH'. It has
> an older STH and wants to resolve it to the final STH, but again - =
errors.
>=20
>=20
> We've been working off the assumption that some data would get out to
> auditors and the auditors would detect the misbehavior - but here the
> client has a piece of data that is privacy-sensitive, so it can't just
> broadcast it widely. But it also could be evidence of log misbehavior =
-
> and the fact that it gets other successful responses from the log =
makes
> it even more suspicious.
>=20
> What should it do?
>=20
> I've been talking about the possibility of an 'escape valve' where a
> client would release private information to an auditor-of-last-resort =
of
> its choosing (well, chosen by the developer of the client probably)
> after a sufficiently rigorous attempt to resolve it in a private
> manner... but that's not very satisfying. And it's even less =
satisfying
> to wave our hand and leave the criteria for releasing it undefined
> (because it ties so much into the algorithm for how to release data in
> any circumstance.)
>=20
> We even talked about UI/UX.  This is such a crazy and rare situation
> that there's no hope of explaining it to users.  It's also something
> disconnected from any browsing session, so it's not possible to put a
> link on an intersitial as Chrome has done. The closest analogy is
> bug/crash reporting, either active (Windows/Apple sometimes asks if =
you
> want to submit queued error reports) or general browser opt-in (I
> believe Chrome/Firefox have some mechanism where you 'share data with
> the company to make the experience better').
>=20
> How about reporting it to the alleged origin? Presumably there's no =
privacy issue there (the user visited the site already) ... the origin =
would then have to do something with that report - I can imagine that =
browser vendors would operate public endpoints for them to be forwarded =
to, for example.

This seems like an appropriate and privacy-preserving first step. The =
question then would be how to act on the various possible responses from =
the origin.

For instance, if the origin appears to take no action, and the symptom =
persists, that might be a suitable trigger for the =93escape valve=94 =
Tom describes - i.e. reporting to a pre-specified auditor.

I think we need to bear in mind that the ultimate goal here is better =
behaviour through transparency. If it=92s not appropriate, under these =
circumstances, to forfeit some degree of origin privacy by invoking at =
least one auditor, then I think we need to consider how to mitigate the =
risk that the origin is a bad actor.

>=20
> Seems like the same kind of issue as HPKP reporting (see =
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7469#section-2.1.4).
>=20
> _______________________________________________
> Trans mailing list
> Trans@ietf.org
> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/trans


--Apple-Mail=_6900F7FB-C053-4234-8B37-34816088C5EC
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html;
	charset=windows-1252

<html><head><meta http-equiv=3D"Content-Type" content=3D"text/html =
charset=3Dwindows-1252"></head><body style=3D"word-wrap: break-word; =
-webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;">A =
couple of thoughts in line...<br>
<br><div><div>On 20 Oct 2015, at 09:58, Ben Laurie &lt;<a =
href=3D"mailto:benl@google.com">benl@google.com</a>&gt; wrote:</div><br =
class=3D"Apple-interchange-newline"><blockquote type=3D"cite"><meta =
http-equiv=3D"Content-Type" content=3D"text/html; charset=3Dutf-8"><div =
dir=3D"ltr"><br><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div dir=3D"ltr">On Tue, =
20 Oct 2015 at 00:26 Tom Ritter &lt;<a =
href=3D"mailto:tom@ritter.vg">tom@ritter.vg</a>&gt; =
wrote:<br></div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 =
.8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">Hi all,<br>
<br>
So as we're working through the Gossip draft we ran into a problem =
we're<br>
not really sure how to solve. The gist of it is that a client can =
wind<br>
up in a state where it has a piece of data that it is pretty =
suspicious<br>
of, and it might be evidence of log misbehavior - but it's also =
private<br>
data and it has no way to share it with the world.<br>
<br>
We have not addressed this in the -01 draft, it's an open question with =
no<br>
text currently.<br>
<br>
Here are some ways that situation can arise (not exhaustive, but the<br>
draft will have an exhaustive list):<br>
<br>
A client has a Cert+SCT and wants an inclusion proof. Every time it<br>
sends it up to the log (via an appropriately privacy-preserving<br>
mechanism, such as a DNS proxy), it gets the equivalent of a 500 =
error,<br>
even through other inclusion proof requests succeed.<br>
<br>
A client has an older STH and it wants a consistency proof to a =
newer<br>
STH that it can pollinate. But it gets an error on every request, =
even<br>
though other consistency proof requests succeed.<br>
<br>
A client knows a log has shut down, and it has the 'final STH'. It =
has<br>
an older STH and wants to resolve it to the final STH, but again - =
errors.<br>
<br>
<br>
We've been working off the assumption that some data would get out =
to<br>
auditors and the auditors would detect the misbehavior - but here =
the<br>
client has a piece of data that is privacy-sensitive, so it can't =
just<br>
broadcast it widely. But it also could be evidence of log misbehavior =
-<br>
and the fact that it gets other successful responses from the log =
makes<br>
it even more suspicious.<br>
<br>
What should it do?<br>
<br>
I've been talking about the possibility of an 'escape valve' where a<br>
client would release private information to an auditor-of-last-resort =
of<br>
its choosing (well, chosen by the developer of the client probably)<br>
after a sufficiently rigorous attempt to resolve it in a private<br>
manner... but that's not very satisfying. And it's even less =
satisfying<br>
to wave our hand and leave the criteria for releasing it undefined<br>
(because it ties so much into the algorithm for how to release data =
in<br>
any circumstance.)<br>
<br>
We even talked about UI/UX.&nbsp; This is such a crazy and rare =
situation<br>
that there's no hope of explaining it to users.&nbsp; It's also =
something<br>
disconnected from any browsing session, so it's not possible to put =
a<br>
link on an intersitial as Chrome has done. The closest analogy is<br>
bug/crash reporting, either active (Windows/Apple sometimes asks if =
you<br>
want to submit queued error reports) or general browser opt-in (I<br>
believe Chrome/Firefox have some mechanism where you 'share data =
with<br>
the company to make the experience =
better').<br></blockquote><div><br></div><div>How about reporting it to =
the alleged origin? Presumably there's no privacy issue there (the user =
visited the site already) ... the origin would then have to do something =
with that report - I can imagine that browser vendors would operate =
public endpoints for them to be forwarded to, for =
example.</div></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>This seems =
like an appropriate and privacy-preserving first step. The question then =
would be how to act on the various possible responses from the =
origin.</div><div><br></div><div>For instance, if the origin appears to =
take no action, and the symptom persists, that might be a suitable =
trigger for the =93escape valve=94 Tom describes - i.e. reporting to a =
pre-specified auditor.</div><div><br></div><div>I think we need to bear =
in mind that the ultimate goal here is better behaviour through =
transparency. If it=92s not appropriate, under these circumstances, to =
forfeit some degree of origin privacy by invoking at least one auditor, =
then I think we need to consider how to mitigate the risk that the =
origin is a bad actor.</div><br><blockquote type=3D"cite"><div =
dir=3D"ltr"><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div><br></div><div>Seems like =
the same kind of issue as HPKP reporting (see&nbsp;<a =
href=3D"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7469#section-2.1.4">https://tools.i=
etf.org/html/rfc7469#section-2.1.4</a>).&nbsp;</div><div><br></div></div><=
/div>
_______________________________________________<br>Trans mailing =
list<br><a =
href=3D"mailto:Trans@ietf.org">Trans@ietf.org</a><br>https://www.ietf.org/=
mailman/listinfo/trans<br></blockquote></div><br></body></html>=

--Apple-Mail=_6900F7FB-C053-4234-8B37-34816088C5EC--

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Subject: Re: [Trans] Gossip: Unsticking a client caught with potential evidence of log misbehavior
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On Tue, Oct 20, 2015 at 1:53 PM, Robin Wilton <wilton@isoc.org> wrote:

> If it=E2=80=99s not appropriate, under these circumstances, to forfeit so=
me degree
> of origin privacy by invoking at least one auditor, then I think we need =
to
> consider how to mitigate the risk that the origin is a bad actor.


=E2=80=8BThe context for this attack is a colluding malicious CA and log se=
rver,
right?=E2=80=8B If so, is CT even intended to handle a colluding website, C=
A and
log server?

(Incidentally, since a log server knows when it is releasing proof of
cheating, I suppose malicious servers would generally opt to error instead
of proving their misbehaviour.)

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<div dir=3D"ltr"><div class=3D"gmail_extra"><div class=3D"gmail_quote">On T=
ue, Oct 20, 2015 at 1:53 PM, Robin Wilton <span dir=3D"ltr">&lt;<a href=3D"=
mailto:wilton@isoc.org" target=3D"_blank">wilton@isoc.org</a>&gt;</span> wr=
ote:<br><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex=
;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">If it=E2=80=99s n=
ot appropriate, under these circumstances, to forfeit some degree of origin=
 privacy by invoking at least one auditor, then I think we need to consider=
 how to mitigate the risk that the origin is a bad actor.</blockquote></div=
><br><div class=3D"gmail_default" style=3D"font-family:georgia,serif">=E2=
=80=8BThe context for this attack is a colluding malicious CA and log serve=
r, right?=E2=80=8B If so, is CT even intended to handle a colluding website=
, CA and log server?<br><br>(Incidentally, since a log server knows when it=
 is releasing proof of cheating, I suppose malicious servers would generall=
y opt to error instead of proving their misbehaviour.)<br></div></div></div=
>

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Cc: Robin Wilton <wilton@isoc.org>, "trans@ietf.org" <trans@ietf.org>
Subject: Re: [Trans] Gossip: Unsticking a client caught with potential evidence of log misbehavior
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+1 for reporting it backed to the alleged origin - the problem Tom
describes is significant as the client would want to hold onto these
suspicious pieces of information until it is confident it has been
reported, but has no way of knowing if the report has been acknowledged by
the 'genuine' origin.

One option is to not prescribe when clients drop such pieces of
information, so clients are free to re-send it multiple times or even
forever, until an out-of-band signal (i.e. a client software update) is
received to indicate to the client that this information has been received
and acted upon.

On Tue, Oct 20, 2015 at 2:22 PM, Katriel Cohn-Gordon <me@katriel.co.uk>
wrote:

> On Tue, Oct 20, 2015 at 1:53 PM, Robin Wilton <wilton@isoc.org> wrote:
>
>> If it=E2=80=99s not appropriate, under these circumstances, to forfeit s=
ome
>> degree of origin privacy by invoking at least one auditor, then I think =
we
>> need to consider how to mitigate the risk that the origin is a bad actor=
.
>
>
> =E2=80=8BThe context for this attack is a colluding malicious CA and log =
server,
> right?=E2=80=8B If so, is CT even intended to handle a colluding website,=
 CA and
> log server?
>
> (Incidentally, since a log server knows when it is releasing proof of
> cheating, I suppose malicious servers would generally opt to error instea=
d
> of proving their misbehaviour.)
>
> _______________________________________________
> Trans mailing list
> Trans@ietf.org
> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/trans
>
>

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<div dir=3D"ltr">+1 for reporting it backed to the alleged origin - the pro=
blem Tom describes is significant as the client would want to hold onto the=
se suspicious pieces of information until it is confident it has been repor=
ted, but has no way of knowing if the report has been acknowledged by the &=
#39;genuine&#39; origin.<div><br></div><div>One option is to not prescribe =
when clients drop such pieces of information, so clients are free to re-sen=
d it multiple times or even forever, until an out-of-band signal (i.e. a cl=
ient software update) is received to indicate to the client that this infor=
mation has been received and acted upon.</div></div><div class=3D"gmail_ext=
ra"><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote">On Tue, Oct 20, 2015 at 2:22 PM, Katriel=
 Cohn-Gordon <span dir=3D"ltr">&lt;<a href=3D"mailto:me@katriel.co.uk" targ=
et=3D"_blank">me@katriel.co.uk</a>&gt;</span> wrote:<br><blockquote class=
=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padd=
ing-left:1ex"><div dir=3D"ltr"><div class=3D"gmail_extra"><span class=3D"">=
<div class=3D"gmail_quote">On Tue, Oct 20, 2015 at 1:53 PM, Robin Wilton <s=
pan dir=3D"ltr">&lt;<a href=3D"mailto:wilton@isoc.org" target=3D"_blank">wi=
lton@isoc.org</a>&gt;</span> wrote:<br><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" st=
yle=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padd=
ing-left:1ex">If it=E2=80=99s not appropriate, under these circumstances, t=
o forfeit some degree of origin privacy by invoking at least one auditor, t=
hen I think we need to consider how to mitigate the risk that the origin is=
 a bad actor.</blockquote></div><br></span><div class=3D"gmail_default" sty=
le=3D"font-family:georgia,serif">=E2=80=8BThe context for this attack is a =
colluding malicious CA and log server, right?=E2=80=8B If so, is CT even in=
tended to handle a colluding website, CA and log server?<br><br>(Incidental=
ly, since a log server knows when it is releasing proof of cheating, I supp=
ose malicious servers would generally opt to error instead of proving their=
 misbehaviour.)<br></div></div></div>
<br>_______________________________________________<br>
Trans mailing list<br>
<a href=3D"mailto:Trans@ietf.org">Trans@ietf.org</a><br>
<a href=3D"https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/trans" rel=3D"noreferrer" =
target=3D"_blank">https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/trans</a><br>
<br></blockquote></div><br></div>

--001a113f9bb06ddd730522897c8a--


From nobody Tue Oct 20 07:42:49 2015
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From: Stephen Kent <kent@bbn.com>
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Subject: Re: [Trans] [trans] #109 (rfc6962-bis): log shutdown timeline and behavior
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I think this is an important topic to address and almost all of it
seems appropriate for a log spec.

The primary consumers of log metadata seem to be browsers (via browser 
vendors),
Monitors, and Auditors. I suggest that their requirements for dealing 
with shutdown
ought to be described in the docs that define each of them, not in a log 
spec.

Steve
> #109: log shutdown timeline and behavior
>
>   6962-bis currently describes the "Final STH" element of the log's
>   metadata.  However, there is no overall description of what the log
>   shutdown process should look like from the log operator's point of view.
>
>   6962-bis should include an example timeline of a responsible log shutdown
>   as implementation guidance for operators.  Some questions worth answering
>   include:
>
>    * how long after shutdown should a responsible log continue publishing?
>    * should advance notice of an impending shutdown be given? if so,
>       * how long in advance?
>       * Is there a mechanism for such notice?
>    * for a shutdown log that is still operating, how should it respond to
>   requests for new SCTs?  the existing error codes don't seem to indicate an
>   option for "this log is shut down and no longer accepting new requests"
>
>   See also #101 for how CT gossip needs to interact with a log that has
>   shutdown.
>


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From: Tom Ritter <tom@ritter.vg>
Date: Tue, 20 Oct 2015 10:22:18 -0500
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Subject: Re: [Trans] Gossip: Unsticking a client caught with potential evidence of log misbehavior
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On 20 October 2015 at 08:46, Eran Messeri <eranm@google.com> wrote:
> +1 for reporting it backed to the alleged origin - the problem Tom describes
> is significant as the client would want to hold onto these suspicious pieces
> of information until it is confident it has been reported, but has no way of
> knowing if the report has been acknowledged by the 'genuine' origin.
>
> One option is to not prescribe when clients drop such pieces of information,
> so clients are free to re-send it multiple times or even forever, until an
> out-of-band signal (i.e. a client software update) is received to indicate
> to the client that this information has been received and acted upon.

So reporting it back to the origin is an appropriate solution for a
subset of situations.  If I have an SCT+certificate I want to resolve
to a STH, but can't, I can report it up to the origin via SCT
Feedback.  We also (or will) have guidelines for submitting it
multiple times, and ensuring that it's reported on a connection that
'looks okay' (we have some notes in 7.1.1)

There are (at least) two cases that aren't covered by "report it to
the origin". (Maybe more, but I can only think of two right now.)

- The origin doesn't implement SCT Feedback.
- The data I have is an older STH, which is not tied to any specific origin.

-tom


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From: Eran Messeri <eranm@google.com>
To: Tom Ritter <tom@ritter.vg>
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Subject: Re: [Trans] Gossip: Unsticking a client caught with potential evidence of log misbehavior
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--001a114037aa3988e805228af87e
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On Tue, Oct 20, 2015 at 4:22 PM, Tom Ritter <tom@ritter.vg> wrote:

> On 20 October 2015 at 08:46, Eran Messeri <eranm@google.com> wrote:
> > +1 for reporting it backed to the alleged origin - the problem Tom
> describes
> > is significant as the client would want to hold onto these suspicious
> pieces
> > of information until it is confident it has been reported, but has no
> way of
> > knowing if the report has been acknowledged by the 'genuine' origin.
> >
> > One option is to not prescribe when clients drop such pieces of
> information,
> > so clients are free to re-send it multiple times or even forever, until
> an
> > out-of-band signal (i.e. a client software update) is received to
> indicate
> > to the client that this information has been received and acted upon.
>
> So reporting it back to the origin is an appropriate solution for a
> subset of situations.  If I have an SCT+certificate I want to resolve
> to a STH, but can't, I can report it up to the origin via SCT
> Feedback.  We also (or will) have guidelines for submitting it
> multiple times, and ensuring that it's reported on a connection that
> 'looks okay' (we have some notes in 7.1.1)
>
> There are (at least) two cases that aren't covered by "report it to
> the origin". (Maybe more, but I can only think of two right now.)
>
> - The origin doesn't implement SCT Feedback.
>
 This is a hard one - if a domain operator isn't interested in learning
about attacks against their domain, can anything be done about that?
My suggestion for this case is to make it easy to delegate SCT Feedback -
so domain owners can allow other domains which operate SCT Feedback to
receive SCTs on their behalf. How does that sound?

> - The data I have is an older STH, which is not tied to any specific
> origin.
>
I think this case is less sensitive from a privacy perspective and so could
be gossiped with any servers that do implement SCT Feedback?

>
> -tom
>

--001a114037aa3988e805228af87e
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

<div dir=3D"ltr"><br><div class=3D"gmail_extra"><br><div class=3D"gmail_quo=
te">On Tue, Oct 20, 2015 at 4:22 PM, Tom Ritter <span dir=3D"ltr">&lt;<a hr=
ef=3D"mailto:tom@ritter.vg" target=3D"_blank">tom@ritter.vg</a>&gt;</span> =
wrote:<br><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;bord=
er-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><span class=3D"">On 20 October 201=
5 at 08:46, Eran Messeri &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:eranm@google.com">eranm@goog=
le.com</a>&gt; wrote:<br>
&gt; +1 for reporting it backed to the alleged origin - the problem Tom des=
cribes<br>
&gt; is significant as the client would want to hold onto these suspicious =
pieces<br>
&gt; of information until it is confident it has been reported, but has no =
way of<br>
&gt; knowing if the report has been acknowledged by the &#39;genuine&#39; o=
rigin.<br>
&gt;<br>
&gt; One option is to not prescribe when clients drop such pieces of inform=
ation,<br>
&gt; so clients are free to re-send it multiple times or even forever, unti=
l an<br>
&gt; out-of-band signal (i.e. a client software update) is received to indi=
cate<br>
&gt; to the client that this information has been received and acted upon.<=
br>
<br>
</span>So reporting it back to the origin is an appropriate solution for a<=
br>
subset of situations.=C2=A0 If I have an SCT+certificate I want to resolve<=
br>
to a STH, but can&#39;t, I can report it up to the origin via SCT<br>
Feedback.=C2=A0 We also (or will) have guidelines for submitting it<br>
multiple times, and ensuring that it&#39;s reported on a connection that<br=
>
&#39;looks okay&#39; (we have some notes in 7.1.1)<br>
<br>
There are (at least) two cases that aren&#39;t covered by &quot;report it t=
o<br>
the origin&quot;. (Maybe more, but I can only think of two right now.)<br>
<br>
- The origin doesn&#39;t implement SCT Feedback.<br></blockquote><div>=C2=
=A0This is a hard one - if a domain operator isn&#39;t interested in learni=
ng about attacks against their domain, can anything be done about that?=C2=
=A0</div><div>My suggestion for this case is to make it easy to delegate SC=
T Feedback - so domain owners can allow other domains which operate SCT Fee=
dback to receive SCTs on their behalf. How does that sound?=C2=A0</div><blo=
ckquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #c=
cc solid;padding-left:1ex">
- The data I have is an older STH, which is not tied to any specific origin=
.<br></blockquote><div>I think this case is less sensitive from a privacy p=
erspective and so could be gossiped with any servers that do implement SCT =
Feedback? =C2=A0</div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0=
 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
<span class=3D"HOEnZb"><font color=3D"#888888"><br>
-tom<br>
</font></span></blockquote></div><br></div></div>

--001a114037aa3988e805228af87e--


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From: Ben Laurie <benl@google.com>
Date: Tue, 20 Oct 2015 18:49:53 +0000
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To: Tom Ritter <tom@ritter.vg>, Eran Messeri <eranm@google.com>
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Cc: Katriel Cohn-Gordon <me@katriel.co.uk>, Robin Wilton <wilton@isoc.org>, "trans@ietf.org" <trans@ietf.org>
Subject: Re: [Trans] Gossip: Unsticking a client caught with potential evidence of log misbehavior
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--94eb2c0762e0f3697b05228dbaa9
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On Tue, 20 Oct 2015 at 16:28 Tom Ritter <tom@ritter.vg> wrote:

> On 20 October 2015 at 08:46, Eran Messeri <eranm@google.com> wrote:
> > +1 for reporting it backed to the alleged origin - the problem Tom
> describes
> > is significant as the client would want to hold onto these suspicious
> pieces
> > of information until it is confident it has been reported, but has no
> way of
> > knowing if the report has been acknowledged by the 'genuine' origin.
> >
> > One option is to not prescribe when clients drop such pieces of
> information,
> > so clients are free to re-send it multiple times or even forever, until
> an
> > out-of-band signal (i.e. a client software update) is received to
> indicate
> > to the client that this information has been received and acted upon.
>
> So reporting it back to the origin is an appropriate solution for a
> subset of situations.  If I have an SCT+certificate I want to resolve
> to a STH, but can't, I can report it up to the origin via SCT
> Feedback.  We also (or will) have guidelines for submitting it
> multiple times, and ensuring that it's reported on a connection that
> 'looks okay' (we have some notes in 7.1.1)
>
> There are (at least) two cases that aren't covered by "report it to
> the origin". (Maybe more, but I can only think of two right now.)
>
> - The origin doesn't implement SCT Feedback.
>

If it turns out that feedback is essential and the origin doesn't implement
feedback, in the medium term we can assume it doesn't care about CT.

- The data I have is an older STH, which is not tied to any specific origin.
>

Then why do you care? Can't you freely gossip the STH?


>
> -tom
>
> _______________________________________________
> Trans mailing list
> Trans@ietf.org
> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/trans
>

--94eb2c0762e0f3697b05228dbaa9
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<div dir=3D"ltr"><br><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div dir=3D"ltr">On Tue=
, 20 Oct 2015 at 16:28 Tom Ritter &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:tom@ritter.vg">tom@=
ritter.vg</a>&gt; wrote:<br></div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=
=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">On 20 Oc=
tober 2015 at 08:46, Eran Messeri &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:eranm@google.com" t=
arget=3D"_blank">eranm@google.com</a>&gt; wrote:<br>
&gt; +1 for reporting it backed to the alleged origin - the problem Tom des=
cribes<br>
&gt; is significant as the client would want to hold onto these suspicious =
pieces<br>
&gt; of information until it is confident it has been reported, but has no =
way of<br>
&gt; knowing if the report has been acknowledged by the &#39;genuine&#39; o=
rigin.<br>
&gt;<br>
&gt; One option is to not prescribe when clients drop such pieces of inform=
ation,<br>
&gt; so clients are free to re-send it multiple times or even forever, unti=
l an<br>
&gt; out-of-band signal (i.e. a client software update) is received to indi=
cate<br>
&gt; to the client that this information has been received and acted upon.<=
br>
<br>
So reporting it back to the origin is an appropriate solution for a<br>
subset of situations.=C2=A0 If I have an SCT+certificate I want to resolve<=
br>
to a STH, but can&#39;t, I can report it up to the origin via SCT<br>
Feedback.=C2=A0 We also (or will) have guidelines for submitting it<br>
multiple times, and ensuring that it&#39;s reported on a connection that<br=
>
&#39;looks okay&#39; (we have some notes in 7.1.1)<br>
<br>
There are (at least) two cases that aren&#39;t covered by &quot;report it t=
o<br>
the origin&quot;. (Maybe more, but I can only think of two right now.)<br>
<br>
- The origin doesn&#39;t implement SCT Feedback.<br></blockquote><div><br><=
/div><div>If it turns out that feedback is essential and the origin doesn&#=
39;t implement feedback, in the medium term we can assume it doesn&#39;t ca=
re about CT.=C2=A0</div><div><br></div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" st=
yle=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
- The data I have is an older STH, which is not tied to any specific origin=
.<br></blockquote><div><br></div><div>Then why do you care? Can&#39;t you f=
reely gossip the STH?</div><div>=C2=A0</div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quot=
e" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
<br>
-tom<br>
<br>
_______________________________________________<br>
Trans mailing list<br>
<a href=3D"mailto:Trans@ietf.org" target=3D"_blank">Trans@ietf.org</a><br>
<a href=3D"https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/trans" rel=3D"noreferrer" =
target=3D"_blank">https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/trans</a><br>
</blockquote></div></div>

--94eb2c0762e0f3697b05228dbaa9--


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From: Linus Nordberg <linus@nordu.net>
To: Eran Messeri <eranm@google.com>
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Subject: Re: [Trans] Gossip: Unsticking a client caught with potential evidence of log misbehavior
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Eran Messeri <eranm@google.com> wrote
Tue, 20 Oct 2015 16:32:28 +0100:

| On Tue, Oct 20, 2015 at 4:22 PM, Tom Ritter <tom@ritter.vg> wrote:
| 
| > On 20 October 2015 at 08:46, Eran Messeri <eranm@google.com> wrote:
| > > +1 for reporting it backed to the alleged origin - the problem Tom
| > describes
| > > is significant as the client would want to hold onto these suspicious
| > pieces
| > > of information until it is confident it has been reported, but has no
| > way of
| > > knowing if the report has been acknowledged by the 'genuine' origin.
| > >
| > > One option is to not prescribe when clients drop such pieces of
| > information,
| > > so clients are free to re-send it multiple times or even forever, until
| > an
| > > out-of-band signal (i.e. a client software update) is received to
| > indicate
| > > to the client that this information has been received and acted upon.
| >
| > So reporting it back to the origin is an appropriate solution for a
| > subset of situations.  If I have an SCT+certificate I want to resolve
| > to a STH, but can't, I can report it up to the origin via SCT
| > Feedback.  We also (or will) have guidelines for submitting it
| > multiple times, and ensuring that it's reported on a connection that
| > 'looks okay' (we have some notes in 7.1.1)
| >
| > There are (at least) two cases that aren't covered by "report it to
| > the origin". (Maybe more, but I can only think of two right now.)
| >
| > - The origin doesn't implement SCT Feedback.
| >
|  This is a hard one - if a domain operator isn't interested in learning
| about attacks against their domain, can anything be done about that?
| My suggestion for this case is to make it easy to delegate SCT Feedback -
| so domain owners can allow other domains which operate SCT Feedback to
| receive SCTs on their behalf. How does that sound?

Scary because we want the end user to trust that the same-origin
principle is indeed followed if they're going to play along with SCT
Feedback. Opening up for delegation sounds like bad news wrt this.

Impractical since the browser would have to know which domain that
example.com has delegated its SCT Feedback to.

Susceptible of blocking since it cannot be performed in the same TLS
stream as the ordinary https request.


| > - The data I have is an older STH, which is not tied to any specific
| > origin.
| >
| I think this case is less sensitive from a privacy perspective and so could
| be gossiped with any servers that do implement SCT Feedback?

We have STH Pollination for STH's but only if the STH is fresh, defined
in the draft as no older than 14 days. I think Tom means that "older"
implies "not fresh".


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From: Tom Ritter <tom@ritter.vg>
Date: Wed, 21 Oct 2015 21:16:03 -0500
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To: Linus Nordberg <linus@nordu.net>
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Subject: Re: [Trans] Gossip: Unsticking a client caught with potential evidence of log misbehavior
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On 21 October 2015 at 08:52, Linus Nordberg <linus@nordu.net> wrote:
> | > - The origin doesn't implement SCT Feedback.
> | >
> |  This is a hard one - if a domain operator isn't interested in learning
> | about attacks against their domain, can anything be done about that?
> | My suggestion for this case is to make it easy to delegate SCT Feedback -
> | so domain owners can allow other domains which operate SCT Feedback to
> | receive SCTs on their behalf. How does that sound?
>
> Scary because we want the end user to trust that the same-origin
> principle is indeed followed if they're going to play along with SCT
> Feedback. Opening up for delegation sounds like bad news wrt this.

I am less concerned about this aspect of delegation. A server can
always share data out of band width a third party.  And they can even
delegate it to a third party without us knowing.  So enabling a
mechanism that makes it _easy_ to delegate it does not worry me as
much as it does you =)

> Impractical since the browser would have to know which domain that
> example.com has delegated its SCT Feedback to.

This is an engineering problem I don't see a neat solution to. So
obviously the solution is a new HTTP header! SCT-Feedback:
https://uncle-neds-discount-hanggliding-and-sct-feedback-correlator.website/google.com/
;)

> Susceptible of blocking since it cannot be performed in the same TLS
> stream as the ordinary https request.

But this one does worry me very much.  We mention it down in
https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-trans-gossip-01#section-10.2.1
and I'm hopeful we will get implementations that multiplex gossip
traffic as much as they can so it is much more difficult to block.


> | > - The data I have is an older STH, which is not tied to any specific
> | > origin.
> | >
> | I think this case is less sensitive from a privacy perspective and so could
> | be gossiped with any servers that do implement SCT Feedback?
>
> We have STH Pollination for STH's but only if the STH is fresh, defined
> in the draft as no older than 14 days. I think Tom means that "older"
> implies "not fresh".

Yes.  The risk here is admittedly less than that of a SCT, but I do
still worry about it.
Would it solve the problem if we had an additional one-week grace
period?  Where we say "You resolve older STHs into a fresh STH - but
if you encounter an error trying to resolve a STH that is between 2
and 3 weeks old, you pollinate it anyway?"

What are the implications of that... So a log could refuse to resolve
a consistency proof, and the client would pollinate it. A website
(colluding with the log) could identify that client individually
(because no one else would be pollinating that STH.)  Separately, if
website A receives old-STH, and website B receives it as well, they
can do some pretty reliable cross-origin linkage.  But they can't
actually induce a client to pollinate old-STH without either the log's
help (by refusing to resolve a consistency proof) or without blocking
the consistency proof resolution.

Are there more? That seems like it could be acceptable to me from a
privacy POV... And it seems like it would solve the problem... I can't
think of a way you receive (no-maliciously) an older-then-three-week
STH.

-tom


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Hi Ben, sorry for dropping this thread earlier in August - just to =
finally answer some of the quite reasonable questions and points:

On 10 Aug 2015, at 12:07, Ben Laurie <benl@google.com =
<mailto:benl@google.com>> wrote:
> On Sat, 8 Aug 2015 at 18:25 Bryan Ford <brynosaurus@gmail.com =
<mailto:brynosaurus@gmail.com>> wrote:
> On Aug 6, 2015, at 8:56 AM, Ben Laurie <benl@google.com =
<mailto:benl@google.com>> wrote:
>> On Thu, 6 Aug 2015 at 10:17 Bryan Ford <brynosaurus@gmail.com =
<mailto:brynosaurus@gmail.com>> wrote:
>=20
>>> On Jul 24, 2015, at 1:09 PM, Ben Laurie <benl@google.com =
<mailto:benl@google.com>> wrote:
>>> On Thu, 23 Jul 2015 at 23:27 Bryan Ford <brynosaurus@gmail.com =
<mailto:brynosaurus@gmail.com>> wrote:
>=20
>>> Second, the gossip approach can=E2=80=99t ensure that =
privacy-sensitive Web clients (who can=E2=80=99t or don=E2=80=99t want =
to reveal their whole browsing history to a Trusted Auditor) will ever =
actually be able =E2=80=9Cto detect misbehavior by CT logs=E2=80=9D, if =
for example the misbehaving log=E2=80=99s private key is controlled by a =
MITM attacker between the Web client and the website the client thinks =
he is visiting.
>>>=20
>>> The intent of CT is not to enable clients to detect such behaviour - =
rather, it is to enable the system as a whole to detect it.
>>=20
>> Could you explain how =E2=80=9Cthe system as a whole=E2=80=9D detects =
such misbehavior in the case of the state/ISP-level MITM attacker =
scenario? =20
>>=20
>> The state or ISP must isolate all clients they attack forever to =
avoid detection. In practice, this does not generally seem to be =
possible.
>> =20
>> As I see it, if the client/browser doesn=E2=80=99t opt-out of privacy =
by gossiping his browsing history with a trusted auditor, then the =
client=E2=80=99s *only* connection to the rest of the world, i.e., =
=E2=80=9Cthe=20
>> system as a whole=E2=80=9D, is through the =E2=80=9Cweb server=E2=80=9D=
, which may well be the same kind of MITM attackers that have been known =
to subvert the CA system.  The client never gets to communicate to the =
rest of the system - i.e., the legitimate CT log servers, auditors, or =
monitors - and so the client never gets the opportunity to =E2=80=9Ccompar=
e notes=E2=80=9D with the rest of the system.  And the rest of the =
system (the legitimate log servers, auditors, and monitors) never have =
the opportunity to learn from the client that the client saw a =
MITM-attacked, forged set of CA certs, STHs, and SCTs.
>>=20
>> This is correct, and seems to me to be correct for any system - if =
you can isolate your victim forever, you can show your own view of any =
system.
>=20
>=20
> To reiterate the key point I made in my response to Tom=E2=80=99s =
E-mail, this is not true of the multisignature-based STH signing I =
suggested.  Suppose for each CT log server there are (for example) 100 =
monitor servers widely distributed around the world, run by diverse =
companies, governments, etc.  And suppose that any STH must be =
collectively signed by the log server and at least 51 of its monitor =
servers in order for clients to consider it valid.  Assume the victim =
user/browser is isolated behind a MITM attacker (call it Repressistan) =
who controls all the paths in and out of Repressistan and never lets the =
user physically enter or leave Repressistan.  Thus the user never has =
opportunity to do CT gossip via any path not controlled by the =
Repressistani Firewall.  In CT=E2=80=99s current design, Repressistan =
wins - gaining the ability to silently compromise the user forever - =
simply by Pwning one CA key and one log server key.  (Or maybe two if =
you require two SCTs per cert.) =20
>=20
> In the multisignature approach, Repressistan gains the ability to =
forge a STH for a =E2=80=9Cclient-customized world view" only if =
Repressistan can also compromise more than 50 monitors of a compromised =
log server=E2=80=99s collective signing pool.  Every valid, =
client-verifiable STH signature ensures to the client not only that the =
log server=E2=80=99s key signed the STH but also that at least 51 =
monitor servers also witnessed it (even if those monitors are doing no =
checking at all other than saying =E2=80=9CI saw it=E2=80=9D).  =
Repressistan can no longer forge a valid (above-threshold) STH signature =
without an inconceivably massive collusion or security breach.  =
Repressistan still simply prevent the user from communicating at all, of =
course, but loses the ability either to silently compromise the =
connection or silently evade detection.  And the client need not risk =
its privacy via gossip in any way to receive this protection.
>=20
> Clearly its a numbers game - there's always some threshold at which we =
can claim that the required compromise is inconceivable.
>=20
> We could make the existing scheme equally inconceivable by requiring =
51 SCTs, which would also eliminate the need for gossip, according to =
you.

Yes, it=E2=80=99s a numbers game: the number of co-signers (e.g., SCTs =
in this case) is effectively a type of security parameter, and the =
numeric value of such a security parameter is important.  The security =
difference between 56-bit DES encryption and 128-bit AES encryption has =
just as much to do with the increased key length as with the algorithmic =
changes (though of course key size is a very different kind of security =
parameter; I wouldn=E2=80=99t want to push that analogy far). =20

For the most security-critical parts of Internet infrastructure I =
personally, at least, would be much more comfortable with a =
=E2=80=9Ccertificate co-signing security parameter=E2=80=9D in a =
ballpark of 51 than a security parameter value of 1 or 3. ;)

> The problem I have with this idea is that if we eliminate gossip, then =
we eliminate the possibility of detecting this compromise.

While I=E2=80=99m still unconvinced that gossip is really necessary, =
I=E2=80=99m coming around to feeling that it may be useful and is at =
least not actively harmful on the =E2=80=9Cwell-connected public =
server=E2=80=9D side of the CT ecosystem: namely, among the CAs, log =
servers, witness servers, and monitors. =20

For clients I still think relying on gossip is deeply problematic, as =
further evidenced just recently by the important subtleties that Tom =
Ritter just brought up in the new =E2=80=9CUnsticking a client=E2=80=9D =
thread.  Perhaps they=E2=80=99re resolvable in a reasonably =
privacy-sensitive fashion, but even if so, they illustrate the sheer =
complexity and difficulty of ensuring that clients can somehow walk a =
fine line between =E2=80=9Cgossiping for security=E2=80=9D and =E2=80=9Cno=
t gossiping for privacy=E2=80=9D.

> That said, if you want some kind of consensus signature scheme for =
STHs, there's no reason that couldn't live alongside other mechanisms.
>=20
> I don't buy that it is a replacement for gossip, though.

I=E2=80=99m OK with considering collective signing as a mechanism =
complementary and orthogonal to gossip, and the new draft I just put =
online treats it that way.

> BTW, seems to me you don't need >50% as your threshold - any =
signatures on inconsistent STHs are an indication of badness, so if you =
assume monitors are mostly honest and talk to each other, lower =
thresholds would also work.

Correct.  In fact there doesn=E2=80=99t need to be just one globally =
imposed or agreed-upon threshold.  The log server could have one =
threshold determining the number of co-signers that must be online for =
it to make progress, and that threshold could even be 0 if the log =
server does not ever want to risk its progress being blocked even by a =
massive outage or mass desertion of its co-signers.  (I don=E2=80=99t =
think this would be a good idea in practice, just pointing out that =
it=E2=80=99s one readily feasible policy.  If most of the co-signers are =
unavailable then it perhaps more likely means the log-server itself is =
net-split from the rest of the world, in which case it probably could =
and should hold off on signing further STHs until the net-split is =
repaired.)

Clients could still impose their own (possibly different) threshold =
requirements on the number of co-signers they want to see on an STH =
before they will accept it.  More paranoid clients could demand higher =
thresholds than others, accepting a risk that they might falsely reject =
a legitimate STH that the log server signed when an unusually large =
number of witnesses happened to be offline.

>> Chrome makes no requirement on "CT certs", only on EV certs. But in =
the long run, the intention is to require CT for all certs.
>=20
> But what does =E2=80=9Crequiring CT=E2=80=9D mean in terms of the =
number of SCTs a given cert (EV or non-EV) will be =E2=80=9Crequired=E2=80=
=9D to have?  What do you see as reasonable numbers there, for the near =
term and long term?
>=20
> Chrome's current policy is here: =
http://www.chromium.org/Home/chromium-security/root-ca-policy/EVCTPlanMay2=
015edition.pdf =
<http://www.chromium.org/Home/chromium-security/root-ca-policy/EVCTPlanMay=
2015edition.pdf>.
>=20
> We don't have any plans to change those numbers at present.

Thanks, I hadn=E2=80=99t seen that document before.  So it looks like =
the =E2=80=9Cabsolute minimum=E2=80=9D number of SCTs required is 2, =
which is certainly better than 1 but still (to me anyway) a worryingly =
small number.  Compounding this, I notice that the first three log =
servers on the current list are run by Google (and in particular by one =
particular team at Google :) ), effectively presenting a =E2=80=9Cone-stop=
 shop=E2=80=9D for any adversary who might for whatever reason want to =
acquire the private keys of two CT log servers so as to be able to (for =
example) silently MITM-attack CT-enabled Chrome clients. =20

Note that if I=E2=80=99m an MITM attacker, the =E2=80=9Clifetime of =
certificate=E2=80=9D provisions don=E2=80=99t matter to me at all: I =
would be perfectly happy with just a 1-day certificate, since I can =
produce a new fake one (together with a new fake pair of CT logs) =
tomorrow.

> That aside, I do not disagree with the core idea. I wonder about its =
practicality. For example, currently we require STHs to be produced on a =
regular basis, which is necessary to ensure good behaviour. If we went =
to a multi-signing approach, and an STH was not produced on time, who =
would we blame? What would we do about that, in practice? Seems to me =
everyone involved could point fingers at everyone else. How would you =
address that?

Agreed that this is an important question, hopefully addressed above: =
the log server need not necessarily allow its availability to be =E2=80=9C=
held hostage=E2=80=9D at all, and instead client policy could =
(independently) determine how many missing co-signers the client is =
willing to tolerate.

Also, in the collective signing scheme=E2=80=99s current availability =
design, when any co-signers are missing, the collective signature is =
expanded slightly to include a =E2=80=9Cshame list=E2=80=9D explicitly =
documenting which co-signers went AWOL in that signing round.  That =
shame list is part of what clients use to verify the collective =
signature: without it the collective signature won=E2=80=99t check out. =20=


So if a co-signer is persistently unreliable, that fact is publicly =
documented, and it probably means the log-server should kick them out of =
the witness group at the next reasonable opportunity (e.g., the next =
Chrome release). =20

>  Whereas increasing m, the number of signers per log server, can only =
increase security, assuming the multi-signing protocol/crypto itself =
isn=E2=80=99t broken.=20
>=20
> Aside from my problem above, at least one other obvious issue with =
increasing the number of signers, is you also increase latency (I =
suspect) and decrease reliability.

Yes, you increase latency, but in our experiments we get under 5 secs of =
latency for 8,000 signers; it seems hard to imagine that being a =
difficulty for a latency-tolerant activity like signing STHs that =
happens at periods counted in minutes.

Cheers
Bryan


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<html><head><meta http-equiv=3D"Content-Type" content=3D"text/html =
charset=3Dutf-8"></head><body style=3D"word-wrap: break-word; =
-webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" =
class=3D"">Hi Ben, sorry for dropping this thread earlier in August - =
just to finally answer some of the quite reasonable questions and =
points:<div class=3D""><br class=3D""></div><div class=3D"">On 10 Aug =
2015, at 12:07, Ben Laurie &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:benl@google.com" =
target=3D"_blank" class=3D"">benl@google.com</a>&gt; wrote:<br =
class=3D""><div><blockquote type=3D"cite" class=3D""><div class=3D""><div =
dir=3D"ltr" class=3D""><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div dir=3D"ltr" =
class=3D"">On Sat, 8 Aug 2015 at 18:25 Bryan Ford &lt;<a =
href=3D"mailto:brynosaurus@gmail.com" =
class=3D"">brynosaurus@gmail.com</a>&gt; wrote:<br =
class=3D""></div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 =
.8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div =
style=3D"word-wrap:break-word" class=3D"">On Aug 6, 2015, at 8:56 AM, =
Ben Laurie &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:benl@google.com" target=3D"_blank" =
class=3D"">benl@google.com</a>&gt; wrote:<br class=3D""></div><div =
style=3D"word-wrap:break-word" class=3D""><div class=3D""><blockquote =
type=3D"cite" class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" =
style=3D"font-family:Helvetica;font-size:11px;font-style:normal;font-varia=
nt:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:normal;text=
-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-s=
pacing:0px" class=3D""><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div dir=3D"ltr" =
class=3D"">On Thu, 6 Aug 2015 at 10:17 Bryan Ford &lt;<a =
href=3D"mailto:brynosaurus@gmail.com" target=3D"_blank" =
class=3D"">brynosaurus@gmail.com</a>&gt; wrote:<br =
class=3D""></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div><div =
style=3D"word-wrap:break-word" class=3D""><div class=3D""><blockquote =
type=3D"cite" class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" =
style=3D"font-family:Helvetica;font-size:11px;font-style:normal;font-varia=
nt:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:normal;text=
-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-s=
pacing:0px" class=3D""><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><blockquote =
class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px =
0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left=
-style:solid;padding-left:1ex"><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-word" =
class=3D""><div class=3D""><div class=3D""><blockquote type=3D"cite" =
class=3D""><div class=3D"">On Jul 24, 2015, at 1:09 PM, Ben Laurie =
&lt;<a href=3D"mailto:benl@google.com" target=3D"_blank" =
class=3D"">benl@google.com</a>&gt; wrote:</div><div class=3D""><div =
dir=3D"ltr" =
style=3D"font-family:Helvetica;font-size:11px;font-style:normal;font-varia=
nt:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:normal;text=
-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-s=
pacing:0px" class=3D""><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div dir=3D"ltr" =
class=3D"">On Thu, 23 Jul 2015 at 23:27 Bryan Ford &lt;<a =
href=3D"mailto:brynosaurus@gmail.com" target=3D"_blank" =
class=3D"">brynosaurus@gmail.com</a>&gt; =
wrote:</div></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div></div></blockquote>=
</div></div></blockquote></div></div><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-word" =
class=3D""><div class=3D""><blockquote type=3D"cite" class=3D""><div =
dir=3D"ltr" =
style=3D"font-family:Helvetica;font-size:11px;font-style:normal;font-varia=
nt:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:normal;text=
-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-s=
pacing:0px" class=3D""><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><blockquote =
class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px =
0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left=
-style:solid;padding-left:1ex"><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-word" =
class=3D""><div class=3D""><div class=3D""><blockquote type=3D"cite" =
class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" =
style=3D"font-family:Helvetica;font-size:11px;font-style:normal;font-varia=
nt:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:normal;text=
-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-s=
pacing:0px" class=3D""><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><blockquote =
class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px =
0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left=
-style:solid;padding-left:1ex"><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-word" =
class=3D""><div class=3D""><div class=3D"">Second, the gossip approach =
can=E2=80=99t ensure that privacy-sensitive Web clients (who can=E2=80=99t=
 or don=E2=80=99t want to reveal their whole browsing history to a =
Trusted Auditor) will ever actually be able =E2=80=9Cto detect =
misbehavior by CT logs=E2=80=9D, if for example the misbehaving log=E2=80=99=
s private key is controlled by a MITM attacker between the Web client =
and the website the client thinks he is =
visiting.</div></div></div></blockquote><div class=3D""><br =
class=3D""></div><div class=3D"">The intent of CT is not to enable =
clients to detect such behaviour - rather, it is to enable the system as =
a whole to detect it.</div></div></div></blockquote><div class=3D""><br =
class=3D""></div></div></div></div><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-word" =
class=3D""><div class=3D""><div class=3D""><div class=3D"">Could you =
explain how =E2=80=9Cthe system as a whole=E2=80=9D detects such =
misbehavior in the case of the state/ISP-level MITM attacker scenario? =
&nbsp;</div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class=3D""><br =
class=3D""></div><div class=3D"">The state or ISP must isolate all =
clients they attack forever to avoid detection. In practice, this does =
not generally seem to be possible.</div><div =
class=3D"">&nbsp;</div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" =
style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px =
0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left=
-style:solid;padding-left:1ex"><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-word" =
class=3D""><div class=3D""><div class=3D""><div class=3D"">As I see it, =
if the client/browser doesn=E2=80=99t opt-out of privacy by gossiping =
his browsing history with a trusted auditor, then the client=E2=80=99s =
*only* connection to the rest of the world, i.e., =
=E2=80=9Cthe&nbsp;</div></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote =
class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px =
0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left=
-style:solid;padding-left:1ex"><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-word" =
class=3D""><div class=3D""><div class=3D""><div class=3D"">system as a =
whole=E2=80=9D, is through the =E2=80=9Cweb server=E2=80=9D, which may =
well be the same kind of MITM attackers that have been known to subvert =
the CA system.&nbsp; The client never gets to communicate to the rest of =
the system - i.e., the legitimate CT log servers, auditors, or monitors =
- and so the client never gets the opportunity to =E2=80=9Ccompare =
notes=E2=80=9D with the rest of the system.&nbsp; And the rest of the =
system (the legitimate log servers, auditors, and monitors) never have =
the opportunity to learn from the client that the client saw a =
MITM-attacked, forged set of CA certs, STHs, and =
SCTs.</div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class=3D""><br =
class=3D""></div><div class=3D"">This is correct, and seems to me to be =
correct for any system - if you can isolate your victim forever, you can =
show your own view of any =
system.</div></div></div></blockquote></div></div><div =
style=3D"word-wrap:break-word" class=3D""><div class=3D""><blockquote =
type=3D"cite" class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" =
style=3D"font-family:Helvetica;font-size:11px;font-style:normal;font-varia=
nt:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:normal;text=
-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-s=
pacing:0px" class=3D""><div =
class=3D"gmail_quote"></div></div></blockquote><div class=3D""><br =
class=3D""></div><div class=3D"">To reiterate the key point I made in my =
response to Tom=E2=80=99s E-mail, this is not true of the =
multisignature-based STH signing I suggested.&nbsp; Suppose for each CT =
log server there are (for example) 100 monitor servers widely =
distributed around the world, run by diverse companies, governments, =
etc.&nbsp; And suppose that any STH must be collectively signed by the =
log server and at least 51 of its monitor servers in order for clients =
to consider it valid.&nbsp; Assume the victim user/browser is isolated =
behind a MITM attacker (call it Repressistan) who controls all the paths =
in and out of Repressistan and never lets the user physically enter or =
leave Repressistan.&nbsp; Thus the user never has opportunity to do CT =
gossip via any path not controlled by the Repressistani Firewall.&nbsp; =
In CT=E2=80=99s current design, Repressistan wins - gaining the ability =
to silently compromise the user forever - simply by Pwning one CA key =
and one log server key. &nbsp;(Or maybe two if you require two SCTs per =
cert.) &nbsp;</div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote =
class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc =
solid;padding-left:1ex"><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-word" =
class=3D""><div class=3D""><div class=3D""><br class=3D""></div><div =
class=3D"">In the multisignature approach, Repressistan gains the =
ability to forge a STH for a =E2=80=9Cclient-customized world view" only =
if Repressistan can also compromise more than 50 monitors of a =
compromised log server=E2=80=99s collective signing pool.&nbsp; Every =
valid, client-verifiable STH signature ensures to the client not only =
that the log server=E2=80=99s key signed the STH but also that at least =
51 monitor servers also witnessed it (even if those monitors are doing =
no checking at all other than saying =E2=80=9CI saw it=E2=80=9D).&nbsp; =
Repressistan can no longer forge a valid (above-threshold) STH signature =
without an inconceivably massive collusion or security breach.&nbsp; =
Repressistan still simply prevent the user from communicating at all, of =
course, but loses the ability either to silently compromise the =
connection or silently evade detection.&nbsp; And the client need not =
risk its privacy via gossip in any way to receive this =
protection.</div></div></div></blockquote><div class=3D""><br =
class=3D"">Clearly its a numbers game - there's always some threshold at =
which we can claim that the required compromise is inconceivable.<br =
class=3D""><br class=3D"">We could make the existing scheme equally =
inconceivable by requiring 51 SCTs, which would also eliminate the need =
for gossip, according to you.<br =
class=3D""></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br =
class=3D""></div><div>Yes, it=E2=80=99s a numbers game: the number of =
co-signers (e.g., SCTs in this case) is effectively a type of security =
parameter, and the numeric value of such a security parameter is =
important. &nbsp;The security difference between 56-bit DES encryption =
and 128-bit AES encryption has just as much to do with the increased key =
length as with the algorithmic changes (though of course key size is a =
very different kind of security parameter; I wouldn=E2=80=99t want to =
push that analogy far). &nbsp;</div><div><br class=3D""></div><div>For =
the most security-critical parts of Internet infrastructure I =
personally, at least, would be much more comfortable with a =
=E2=80=9Ccertificate co-signing security parameter=E2=80=9D in a =
ballpark of 51 than a security parameter value of 1 or 3. ;)</div><br =
class=3D""><blockquote type=3D"cite" class=3D""><div class=3D""><div =
dir=3D"ltr" class=3D""><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div class=3D"">The =
problem I have with this idea is that if we eliminate gossip, then we =
eliminate the possibility of detecting this compromise.<br =
class=3D""></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div></div><div><br =
class=3D""></div><div>While I=E2=80=99m still unconvinced that gossip is =
really necessary, I=E2=80=99m coming around to feeling that it may be =
useful and is at least not actively harmful on the =E2=80=9Cwell-connected=
 public server=E2=80=9D side of the CT ecosystem: namely, among the CAs, =
log servers, witness servers, and monitors. &nbsp;</div><div><br =
class=3D""></div><div>For clients I still think relying on gossip is =
deeply problematic, as further evidenced just recently by the important =
subtleties that Tom Ritter just brought up in the new =E2=80=9CUnsticking =
a client=E2=80=9D thread. &nbsp;Perhaps they=E2=80=99re resolvable in a =
reasonably privacy-sensitive fashion, but even if so, they illustrate =
the sheer complexity and difficulty of ensuring that clients can somehow =
walk a fine line between =E2=80=9Cgossiping for security=E2=80=9D and =
=E2=80=9Cnot gossiping for privacy=E2=80=9D.</div><br =
class=3D""><blockquote type=3D"cite" class=3D""><div class=3D""><div =
dir=3D"ltr" class=3D""><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div class=3D"">That =
said, if you want some kind of consensus signature scheme for STHs, =
there's no reason that couldn't live alongside other mechanisms.<br =
class=3D""><br class=3D"">I don't buy that it is a replacement for =
gossip, though.<br =
class=3D""></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br =
class=3D""></div><div>I=E2=80=99m OK with considering collective signing =
as a mechanism complementary and orthogonal to gossip, and the new draft =
I just put online treats it that way.</div><br class=3D""><blockquote =
type=3D"cite" class=3D""><div class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D""><div =
class=3D"gmail_quote"><div class=3D"">BTW, seems to me you don't need =
&gt;50% as your threshold - any signatures on inconsistent STHs are an =
indication of badness, so if you assume monitors are mostly honest and =
talk to each other, lower thresholds would also work.<br =
class=3D""></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br =
class=3D""></div>Correct. &nbsp;In fact there doesn=E2=80=99t need to be =
just one globally imposed or agreed-upon threshold. &nbsp;The log server =
could have one threshold determining the number of co-signers that must =
be online for it to make progress, and that threshold could even be 0 if =
the log server does not ever want to risk its progress being blocked =
even by a massive outage or mass desertion of its co-signers. &nbsp;(I =
don=E2=80=99t think this would be a good idea in practice, just pointing =
out that it=E2=80=99s one readily feasible policy. &nbsp;If most of the =
co-signers are unavailable then it perhaps more likely means the =
log-server itself is net-split from the rest of the world, in which case =
it probably could and should hold off on signing further STHs until the =
net-split is repaired.)</div><div><br class=3D""></div><div>Clients =
could still impose their own (possibly different) threshold requirements =
on the number of co-signers they want to see on an STH before they will =
accept it. &nbsp;More paranoid clients could demand higher thresholds =
than others, accepting a risk that they might falsely reject a =
legitimate STH that the log server signed when an unusually large number =
of witnesses happened to be offline.</div><div><br =
class=3D""></div><div><blockquote type=3D"cite" class=3D""><div =
dir=3D"ltr" class=3D""><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><blockquote =
class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc =
solid;padding-left:1ex"><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-word" =
class=3D""><div class=3D""><blockquote type=3D"cite" class=3D""><div =
dir=3D"ltr" =
style=3D"font-family:Helvetica;font-size:11px;font-style:normal;font-varia=
nt:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:normal;text=
-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-s=
pacing:0px" class=3D""><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div class=3D"">Chrome =
makes no requirement on "CT certs", only on EV certs. But in the long =
run, the intention is to require CT for all =
certs.</div></div></div></blockquote><div class=3D""><br =
class=3D""></div></div></div><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-word" =
class=3D""><div class=3D""><div class=3D"">But what does =E2=80=9Crequirin=
g CT=E2=80=9D mean in terms of the number of SCTs a given cert (EV or =
non-EV) will be =E2=80=9Crequired=E2=80=9D to have?&nbsp; What do you =
see as reasonable numbers there, for the near term and long =
term?</div></div></div></blockquote><div class=3D""><br =
class=3D""></div><div class=3D"">Chrome's current policy is =
here:&nbsp;<a =
href=3D"http://www.chromium.org/Home/chromium-security/root-ca-policy/EVCT=
PlanMay2015edition.pdf" =
class=3D"">http://www.chromium.org/Home/chromium-security/root-ca-policy/E=
VCTPlanMay2015edition.pdf</a>.</div><div class=3D""><br =
class=3D""></div><div class=3D"">We don't have any plans to change those =
numbers at present.</div></div></div></blockquote><div><br =
class=3D""></div><div>Thanks, I hadn=E2=80=99t seen that document =
before. &nbsp;So it looks like the =E2=80=9Cabsolute minimum=E2=80=9D =
number of SCTs required is 2, which is certainly better than 1 but still =
(to me anyway) a worryingly small number. &nbsp;Compounding this, I =
notice that the first three log servers on the current list are run by =
Google (and in particular by one particular team at Google :) ), =
effectively presenting a =E2=80=9Cone-stop shop=E2=80=9D for any =
adversary who might for whatever reason want to acquire the private keys =
of two CT log servers so as to be able to (for example) silently =
MITM-attack CT-enabled Chrome clients. &nbsp;</div><div><br =
class=3D""></div><div>Note that if I=E2=80=99m an MITM attacker, the =
=E2=80=9Clifetime of certificate=E2=80=9D provisions don=E2=80=99t =
matter to me at all: I would be perfectly happy with just a 1-day =
certificate, since I can produce a new fake one (together with a new =
fake pair of CT logs) tomorrow.</div><div><br class=3D""></div><blockquote=
 type=3D"cite" class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D""><div =
class=3D"gmail_quote">That aside, I do not disagree with the core idea. =
I wonder about its practicality. For example, currently we require STHs =
to be produced on a regular basis, which is necessary to ensure good =
behaviour. If we went to a multi-signing approach, and an STH was not =
produced on time, who would we blame? What would we do about that, in =
practice? Seems to me everyone involved could point fingers at everyone =
else. How would you address that?</div></div></blockquote><div><br =
class=3D""></div><div>Agreed that this is an important question, =
hopefully addressed above: the log server need not necessarily allow its =
availability to be =E2=80=9Cheld hostage=E2=80=9D at all, and instead =
client policy could (independently) determine how many missing =
co-signers the client is willing to tolerate.</div><div><br =
class=3D""></div><div>Also, in the collective signing scheme=E2=80=99s =
current availability design, when any co-signers are missing, the =
collective signature is expanded slightly to include a =E2=80=9Cshame =
list=E2=80=9D explicitly documenting which co-signers went AWOL in that =
signing round. &nbsp;That shame list is part of what clients use to =
verify the collective signature: without it the collective signature =
won=E2=80=99t check out. &nbsp;</div><div><br class=3D""></div><div>So =
if a co-signer is persistently unreliable, that fact is publicly =
documented, and it probably means the log-server should kick them out of =
the witness group at the next reasonable opportunity (e.g., the next =
Chrome release). &nbsp;</div><div><br class=3D""></div><blockquote =
type=3D"cite" class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D""><div =
class=3D"gmail_quote"><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 =
0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div =
style=3D"word-wrap:break-word" class=3D""><div class=3D""><div class=3D"">=
 &nbsp;Whereas increasing m, the number of signers per log server, can =
only increase security, assuming the multi-signing protocol/crypto =
itself isn=E2=80=99t broken.&nbsp;</div></div></div></blockquote><div =
class=3D""><br class=3D""></div><div class=3D"">Aside from my problem =
above, at least one other obvious issue with increasing the number of =
signers, is you also increase latency (I suspect) and decrease =
reliability.</div></div></div></blockquote><div><br =
class=3D""></div><div>Yes, you increase latency, but in our experiments =
we get under 5 secs of latency for 8,000 signers; it seems hard to =
imagine that being a difficulty for a latency-tolerant activity like =
signing STHs that happens at periods counted in minutes.</div><div><br =
class=3D""></div><div>Cheers</div><div>Bryan</div></div><br =
class=3D""></div></body></html>=

--Apple-Mail=_942A9D35-8001-4CF0-9966-A7872F4151D3--


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Subject: Re: [Trans] Gossip draft CFA closed
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Hi Tom, finally following up on your E-mail long-ago:

On 13 Aug 2015, at 02:44, Tom Ritter <tom@ritter.vg> wrote:
> I think that even if every log had a 51 of 100 signers threshold
> scheme, we would still want some form of verification that logs are
> operating non-maliciously. While the bar for collusion or compromise
> is higher (at 51 instead of 1), the minimum and average technical
> operating level for the signers of 3 such multi-signer logs will be
> much lower than that of 3 single-signer logs. While each signer can
> act as an auditor _for the data it sees_, there is no guarantee that a
> signer might not be presented with a split-view of the log and never
> be able to catch the other signers acting on the other side of the
> merkle tree.  So I still think verification is needed.  And that
> verification would probably look something like gossip=E2=80=A6.

The intent of my proposal is that the log-server operator (or anyone =
operating a public authority service with a cloud of co-signing =
witnesses) choose witness/co-signing servers from reputable (but =
independent) organisations competent enough to keep their witness =
servers up and available almost all the time.  (Surely there must be 100 =
organisations out there who can keep a server running, especially one =
that=E2=80=99s trivial to replicate=E2=80=A6) =20

Thus, in the intended operating mode I would hope and expect it to be =
rare for even one co-signer to be missing.  If many co-signers are =
missing it should mean either (a) the Internet is in the midst of a =
major connectivity meltdown and might have more urgent problems than =
issuing new certificates or STHs; or (b) the primary signer (e.g., log =
server) itself is disconnected from the rest of the world, in which case =
no one is going to hear about any new STHs it signs promptly anyway =
until it reconnects, so maybe it would actually be better if it just =
waits until it reconnects to the world.

If a co-signing witness is persistently unreliable, it should be kicked =
out of the group at the next opportunity.

> Whenever I've seen someone propose something to the effect of "And a
> different organization will be responsible for the uptime of your
> organization!" it tends not to get traction. So I'm skeptical that a
> multi-signer approach can be practically deployed. But I would love to
> be proven wrong.

Agreed, that=E2=80=99s an important issue, but as mentioned in my =
immediately prior E-mail to Ben that=E2=80=99s not a problem here.  The =
primary signer (log server) can forge ahead using any threshold it =
wants, including a threshold of 0 if it wants no risk at all of its =
progress being blocked by co-signers - but the precise set of co-signers =
that were or weren=E2=80=99t present in a round are precisely documented =
in the collective signature (and in the current mechanism, must be =
available to clients for signature verification.)

If many (e.g., O(N)) co-signers are missing from a given round, then the =
collective signature grows and its verification cost likewise grows to =
be comparable to the simple case of simply collecting O(N) individual =
signatures.  But again the intended operating principle is that missing =
co-signers should be rare - or booted from the group if not - and in =
that case the collective signatures should =E2=80=9Calmost always=E2=80=9D=
 be small and quick to verify.

B

>=20
> -tom


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Subject: Re: [Trans] Long-term: scalable collective signing (of certs, log-heads, and/or SCTs)
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On 30 Sep 2015, at 21:00,Katriel Cohn-Gordon <me@katriel.co.uk> wrote:
>=20
> =E2=80=8BNote that ARPKI <http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3D2660298> =
(among other academic CT variants) similarly has no need for gossip; =
roughly, monitors sign that they have seen a cert and then clients just =
verify the signatures. Multisignatures sound like an elegant way to =
achieve that; are they more efficient than n individual signatures for =
smallish cothorities e.g. size <10?

Yes, a bit more efficient but the difference isn=E2=80=99t necessarily a =
big deal in practice for n ~ 10. =20

We now (in just the past few weeks) have some better comparative =
experimental results on this; see pages 35 and 36 of the following slide =
deck:

	=
http://dedis.cs.yale.edu/dissent/pres/151009-stanford-cothorities.pdf

The green line and area is the signing latency of our collective signing =
protocol, now consistently under 2 seconds while scaling all the way out =
to 8192 hosts. =20

The red line is the performance of the basic approach of simply =
collecting a lot of individual signatures.  As you can see it works fine =
for small n (and in this case signing latency is lower until the =
crossover point of about 128 participants.  But computation costs - most =
of which is signature checking, which signature-verifying clients would =
have to do as well - increases much more rapidly even for small numbers =
of hosts (slide 36).

Finally, the blue line shows the even worse scalability of classic =
multisignatures based on Joint Verifiable (Shamir) Secret Sharing (JVSS =
or JVSSS, depending on how much you like S=E2=80=99s).  The key problem =
there is that to avoid depending on a =E2=80=9Ctrusted dealer=E2=80=9D, =
every signing round requires every participant to deal a polynomial with =
shares for every other, then everyone must verify and combine these O(N) =
polynomials each of size O(N) into one master polynomial, etc., =
producing O(N^2) for everyone on each round.

At the talk above I recently gave at Stanford, Dan Boneh made the =
helpful observation that this O(N^2) per-signature cost of dealing fresh =
secrets in every round could probably be avoided through the use of a =
suitable pairing-based signature scheme such as BLS =
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boneh=E2=80=93Lynn=E2=80=93Shacham).  =
Thus, after paying the O(N^2) as a one-time cost only on group setup, =
more traditional threshold crypto methods might become a more viable =
alternative in terms of per-signature costs.

Using traditional threshold crypto would have somewhat different =
properties that may be desirable in some situations and undesirable in =
others.  On the upside, the signatures produced would always be exactly =
the same size and always verifiable using exactly the same process no =
matter how many co-signers were actually online and participating in any =
given round.  On the downside, the signatures produced would not contain =
information =E2=80=9Cpublicly documenting=E2=80=9D which signers =
actually did or did not participate in each round, a property that seems =
undesirable in transparency-oriented situations like this.  Also, the =
threshold would have to be fixed and decided in advance, and a =
=E2=80=9Csigning threshold of zero=E2=80=9D (ensuring that the primary =
signer can make progress no matter how many co-signers are missing) =
would not be an option.

Cheers
Bryan



--Apple-Mail=_5F158604-B03F-48D9-BDE2-917196DCD2B8
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	charset=utf-8

<html><head><meta http-equiv=3D"Content-Type" content=3D"text/html =
charset=3Dutf-8"></head><body style=3D"word-wrap: break-word; =
-webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" =
class=3D"">On 30 Sep 2015, at 21:00,<span style=3D"font-family: =
-webkit-system-font, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif;" =
class=3D"">Katriel Cohn-Gordon &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:me@katriel.co.uk" =
class=3D"">me@katriel.co.uk</a>&gt;</span>&nbsp;wrote:<br =
class=3D""><div><blockquote type=3D"cite" class=3D""><br class=3D""><div =
class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D""><div class=3D"gmail_default" =
style=3D"font-family:georgia,serif;display:inline">=E2=80=8BNote that <a =
href=3D"http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3D2660298" class=3D"">ARPKI</a> =
(among other academic CT variants) similarly has no need for gossip; =
roughly, monitors sign that they have seen a cert and then clients just =
verify the signatures. Multisignatures sound like an elegant way to =
achieve that; are they more efficient than <i class=3D"">n</i> =
individual signatures for smallish cothorities e.g. size &lt;10?<br =
class=3D""></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br =
class=3D""></div><div>Yes, a bit more efficient but the difference =
isn=E2=80=99t necessarily a big deal in practice for n ~ 10. =
&nbsp;</div><div><br class=3D""></div><div>We now (in just the past few =
weeks) have some better comparative experimental results on this; see =
pages 35 and 36 of the following slide deck:</div><div><br =
class=3D""></div><div><span class=3D"Apple-tab-span" =
style=3D"white-space:pre">	</span><a =
href=3D"http://dedis.cs.yale.edu/dissent/pres/151009-stanford-cothorities.=
pdf" =
class=3D"">http://dedis.cs.yale.edu/dissent/pres/151009-stanford-cothoriti=
es.pdf</a></div><div><br class=3D""></div><div>The green line and area =
is the signing latency of our collective signing protocol, now =
consistently under 2 seconds while scaling all the way out to 8192 =
hosts. &nbsp;</div><div><br class=3D""></div><div>The red line is the =
performance of the basic approach of simply collecting a lot of =
individual signatures. &nbsp;As you can see it works fine for small n =
(and in this case signing latency is lower until the crossover point of =
about 128 participants. &nbsp;But computation costs - most of which is =
signature checking, which signature-verifying clients would have to do =
as well - increases much more rapidly even for small numbers of hosts =
(slide 36).</div><div><br class=3D""></div><div>Finally, the blue line =
shows the even worse scalability of classic multisignatures based on =
Joint Verifiable (Shamir) Secret Sharing (JVSS or JVSSS, depending on =
how much you like S=E2=80=99s). &nbsp;The key problem there is that to =
avoid depending on a =E2=80=9Ctrusted dealer=E2=80=9D, every signing =
round requires every participant to deal a polynomial with shares for =
every other, then everyone must verify and combine these O(N) =
polynomials each of size O(N) into one master polynomial, etc., =
producing O(N^2) for everyone on each round.</div><div><br =
class=3D""></div><div>At the talk above I recently gave at Stanford, Dan =
Boneh made the helpful observation that this O(N^2) per-signature cost =
of dealing fresh secrets in every round could probably be avoided =
through the use of a suitable pairing-based signature scheme such as BLS =
(<a href=3D"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boneh=E2=80=93Lynn=E2=80=93Shach=
am" class=3D"">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boneh=E2=80=93Lynn=E2=80=93Sh=
acham</a>). &nbsp;Thus, after paying the O(N^2) as a one-time cost only =
on group setup, more traditional threshold crypto methods might become a =
more viable alternative in terms of per-signature costs.</div><div><br =
class=3D""></div><div>Using traditional threshold crypto would have =
somewhat different properties that may be desirable in some situations =
and undesirable in others. &nbsp;On the upside, the signatures produced =
would always be exactly the same size and always verifiable using =
exactly the same process no matter how many co-signers were actually =
online and participating in any given round. &nbsp;On the downside, the =
signatures produced would not contain information =E2=80=9Cpublicly =
documenting=E2=80=9D which signers actually did or did not participate =
in each round, a property that seems undesirable in =
transparency-oriented situations like this. &nbsp;Also, the threshold =
would have to be fixed and decided in advance, and a =E2=80=9Csigning =
threshold of zero=E2=80=9D (ensuring that the primary signer can make =
progress no matter how many co-signers are missing) would not be an =
option.</div><div><br =
class=3D""></div><div>Cheers</div><div>Bryan</div><div><br =
class=3D""></div></div><br class=3D""></body></html>=

--Apple-Mail=_5F158604-B03F-48D9-BDE2-917196DCD2B8--


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From: Ben Laurie <benl@google.com>
Date: Thu, 22 Oct 2015 10:16:15 +0000
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To: Bryan Ford <brynosaurus@gmail.com>
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Subject: Re: [Trans] Call for adoption, draft-linus-trans-gossip-ct
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On Thu, 22 Oct 2015 at 10:18 Bryan Ford <brynosaurus@gmail.com> wrote:

> Hi Ben, sorry for dropping this thread earlier in August - just to finall=
y
> answer some of the quite reasonable questions and points:
>
> On 10 Aug 2015, at 12:07, Ben Laurie <benl@google.com> wrote:
>
> On Sat, 8 Aug 2015 at 18:25 Bryan Ford <brynosaurus@gmail.com> wrote:
>
>> On Aug 6, 2015, at 8:56 AM, Ben Laurie <benl@google.com> wrote:
>>
>> On Thu, 6 Aug 2015 at 10:17 Bryan Ford <brynosaurus@gmail.com> wrote:
>>
>> On Jul 24, 2015, at 1:09 PM, Ben Laurie <benl@google.com> wrote:
>>> On Thu, 23 Jul 2015 at 23:27 Bryan Ford <brynosaurus@gmail.com> wrote:
>>>
>>> Second, the gossip approach can=E2=80=99t ensure that privacy-sensitive=
 Web
>>>> clients (who can=E2=80=99t or don=E2=80=99t want to reveal their whole=
 browsing history to
>>>> a Trusted Auditor) will ever actually be able =E2=80=9Cto detect misbe=
havior by CT
>>>> logs=E2=80=9D, if for example the misbehaving log=E2=80=99s private ke=
y is controlled by a
>>>> MITM attacker between the Web client and the website the client thinks=
 he
>>>> is visiting.
>>>>
>>>
>>> The intent of CT is not to enable clients to detect such behaviour -
>>> rather, it is to enable the system as a whole to detect it.
>>>
>>>
>>> Could you explain how =E2=80=9Cthe system as a whole=E2=80=9D detects s=
uch misbehavior
>>> in the case of the state/ISP-level MITM attacker scenario?
>>>
>>
>> The state or ISP must isolate all clients they attack forever to avoid
>> detection. In practice, this does not generally seem to be possible.
>>
>>
>>> As I see it, if the client/browser doesn=E2=80=99t opt-out of privacy b=
y
>>> gossiping his browsing history with a trusted auditor, then the client=
=E2=80=99s
>>> *only* connection to the rest of the world, i.e., =E2=80=9Cthe
>>>
>> system as a whole=E2=80=9D, is through the =E2=80=9Cweb server=E2=80=9D,=
 which may well be the
>>> same kind of MITM attackers that have been known to subvert the CA syst=
em.
>>> The client never gets to communicate to the rest of the system - i.e., =
the
>>> legitimate CT log servers, auditors, or monitors - and so the client ne=
ver
>>> gets the opportunity to =E2=80=9Ccompare notes=E2=80=9D with the rest o=
f the system.  And
>>> the rest of the system (the legitimate log servers, auditors, and monit=
ors)
>>> never have the opportunity to learn from the client that the client saw=
 a
>>> MITM-attacked, forged set of CA certs, STHs, and SCTs.
>>>
>>
>> This is correct, and seems to me to be correct for any system - if you
>> can isolate your victim forever, you can show your own view of any syste=
m.
>>
>>
>> To reiterate the key point I made in my response to Tom=E2=80=99s E-mail=
, this is
>> not true of the multisignature-based STH signing I suggested.  Suppose f=
or
>> each CT log server there are (for example) 100 monitor servers widely
>> distributed around the world, run by diverse companies, governments, etc=
.
>> And suppose that any STH must be collectively signed by the log server a=
nd
>> at least 51 of its monitor servers in order for clients to consider it
>> valid.  Assume the victim user/browser is isolated behind a MITM attacke=
r
>> (call it Repressistan) who controls all the paths in and out of
>> Repressistan and never lets the user physically enter or leave
>> Repressistan.  Thus the user never has opportunity to do CT gossip via a=
ny
>> path not controlled by the Repressistani Firewall.  In CT=E2=80=99s curr=
ent design,
>> Repressistan wins - gaining the ability to silently compromise the user
>> forever - simply by Pwning one CA key and one log server key.  (Or maybe
>> two if you require two SCTs per cert.)
>>
>
>> In the multisignature approach, Repressistan gains the ability to forge =
a
>> STH for a =E2=80=9Cclient-customized world view" only if Repressistan ca=
n also
>> compromise more than 50 monitors of a compromised log server=E2=80=99s c=
ollective
>> signing pool.  Every valid, client-verifiable STH signature ensures to t=
he
>> client not only that the log server=E2=80=99s key signed the STH but als=
o that at
>> least 51 monitor servers also witnessed it (even if those monitors are
>> doing no checking at all other than saying =E2=80=9CI saw it=E2=80=9D). =
 Repressistan can
>> no longer forge a valid (above-threshold) STH signature without an
>> inconceivably massive collusion or security breach.  Repressistan still
>> simply prevent the user from communicating at all, of course, but loses =
the
>> ability either to silently compromise the connection or silently evade
>> detection.  And the client need not risk its privacy via gossip in any w=
ay
>> to receive this protection.
>>
>
> Clearly its a numbers game - there's always some threshold at which we ca=
n
> claim that the required compromise is inconceivable.
>
> We could make the existing scheme equally inconceivable by requiring 51
> SCTs, which would also eliminate the need for gossip, according to you.
>
>
> Yes, it=E2=80=99s a numbers game: the number of co-signers (e.g., SCTs in=
 this
> case) is effectively a type of security parameter, and the numeric value =
of
> such a security parameter is important.  The security difference between
> 56-bit DES encryption and 128-bit AES encryption has just as much to do
> with the increased key length as with the algorithmic changes (though of
> course key size is a very different kind of security parameter; I wouldn=
=E2=80=99t
> want to push that analogy far).
>
> For the most security-critical parts of Internet infrastructure I
> personally, at least, would be much more comfortable with a =E2=80=9Ccert=
ificate
> co-signing security parameter=E2=80=9D in a ballpark of 51 than a securit=
y
> parameter value of 1 or 3. ;)
>

You are not comparing apples with apples - we choose a small number of logs
that cannot lie without risking detection. You choose a large number and
hope the majority are honest. If they choose to collude, they can get away
with it.

I prefer verification to blind trust.


>
> The problem I have with this idea is that if we eliminate gossip, then we
> eliminate the possibility of detecting this compromise.
>
>
> While I=E2=80=99m still unconvinced that gossip is really necessary, I=E2=
=80=99m coming
> around to feeling that it may be useful and is at least not actively
> harmful on the =E2=80=9Cwell-connected public server=E2=80=9D side of the=
 CT ecosystem:
> namely, among the CAs, log servers, witness servers, and monitors.
>
> For clients I still think relying on gossip is deeply problematic, as
> further evidenced just recently by the important subtleties that Tom Ritt=
er
> just brought up in the new =E2=80=9CUnsticking a client=E2=80=9D thread. =
 Perhaps they=E2=80=99re
> resolvable in a reasonably privacy-sensitive fashion, but even if so, the=
y
> illustrate the sheer complexity and difficulty of ensuring that clients c=
an
> somehow walk a fine line between =E2=80=9Cgossiping for security=E2=80=9D=
 and =E2=80=9Cnot
> gossiping for privacy=E2=80=9D.
>

I am still unconvinced there is any real privacy concern around gossiping
STHs.


>
> That said, if you want some kind of consensus signature scheme for STHs,
> there's no reason that couldn't live alongside other mechanisms.
>
> I don't buy that it is a replacement for gossip, though.
>
>
> I=E2=80=99m OK with considering collective signing as a mechanism complem=
entary
> and orthogonal to gossip, and the new draft I just put online treats it
> that way.
>

> BTW, seems to me you don't need >50% as your threshold - any signatures o=
n
> inconsistent STHs are an indication of badness, so if you assume monitors
> are mostly honest and talk to each other, lower thresholds would also wor=
k.
>
>
> Correct.  In fact there doesn=E2=80=99t need to be just one globally impo=
sed or
> agreed-upon threshold.  The log server could have one threshold determini=
ng
> the number of co-signers that must be online for it to make progress, and
> that threshold could even be 0 if the log server does not ever want to ri=
sk
> its progress being blocked even by a massive outage or mass desertion of
> its co-signers.  (I don=E2=80=99t think this would be a good idea in prac=
tice, just
> pointing out that it=E2=80=99s one readily feasible policy.  If most of t=
he
> co-signers are unavailable then it perhaps more likely means the log-serv=
er
> itself is net-split from the rest of the world, in which case it probably
> could and should hold off on signing further STHs until the net-split is
> repaired.)
>
> Clients could still impose their own (possibly different) threshold
> requirements on the number of co-signers they want to see on an STH befor=
e
> they will accept it.  More paranoid clients could demand higher threshold=
s
> than others, accepting a risk that they might falsely reject a legitimate
> STH that the log server signed when an unusually large number of witnesse=
s
> happened to be offline.
>
> Chrome makes no requirement on "CT certs", only on EV certs. But in the
>> long run, the intention is to require CT for all certs.
>>
>>
>> But what does =E2=80=9Crequiring CT=E2=80=9D mean in terms of the number=
 of SCTs a given
>> cert (EV or non-EV) will be =E2=80=9Crequired=E2=80=9D to have?  What do=
 you see as
>> reasonable numbers there, for the near term and long term?
>>
>
> Chrome's current policy is here:
> http://www.chromium.org/Home/chromium-security/root-ca-policy/EVCTPlanMay=
2015edition.pdf
> .
>
> We don't have any plans to change those numbers at present.
>
>
> Thanks, I hadn=E2=80=99t seen that document before.  So it looks like the
> =E2=80=9Cabsolute minimum=E2=80=9D number of SCTs required is 2, which is=
 certainly better
> than 1 but still (to me anyway) a worryingly small number.  Compounding
> this, I notice that the first three log servers on the current list are r=
un
> by Google (and in particular by one particular team at Google :) ),
> effectively presenting a =E2=80=9Cone-stop shop=E2=80=9D for any adversar=
y who might for
> whatever reason want to acquire the private keys of two CT log servers so
> as to be able to (for example) silently MITM-attack CT-enabled Chrome
> clients.
>

This is why you need gossip, of course - to make this kind of attack
non-silent. BTW, you also need a CA as well as two logs. And once you get
caught, they become valueless. Oh, and, Google is not a one-stop shop, even
for logs, because the policy requires at least one SCT to not come from
Google.


>
> Note that if I=E2=80=99m an MITM attacker, the =E2=80=9Clifetime of certi=
ficate=E2=80=9D
> provisions don=E2=80=99t matter to me at all: I would be perfectly happy =
with just
> a 1-day certificate, since I can produce a new fake one (together with a
> new fake pair of CT logs) tomorrow.
>

Certificate lifetimes are only mentioned in relation to the risk of a log
going bad - i.e. the longer your cert lasts, the more SCTs you need to
embed to insure against them becoming invalid before the cert expires.
Lifetime is not a security mechanism, and a mitm attacker producing
short-lived certs does not reduce the chance of detection.


>
> That aside, I do not disagree with the core idea. I wonder about its
> practicality. For example, currently we require STHs to be produced on a
> regular basis, which is necessary to ensure good behaviour. If we went to=
 a
> multi-signing approach, and an STH was not produced on time, who would we
> blame? What would we do about that, in practice? Seems to me everyone
> involved could point fingers at everyone else. How would you address that=
?
>
>
> Agreed that this is an important question, hopefully addressed above: the
> log server need not necessarily allow its availability to be =E2=80=9Chel=
d hostage=E2=80=9D
> at all, and instead client policy could (independently) determine how man=
y
> missing co-signers the client is willing to tolerate.
>

Which allows the log server to misbehave and claim its co-signers were
unavailable.


> Also, in the collective signing scheme=E2=80=99s current availability des=
ign, when
> any co-signers are missing, the collective signature is expanded slightly
> to include a =E2=80=9Cshame list=E2=80=9D explicitly documenting which co=
-signers went AWOL
> in that signing round.  That shame list is part of what clients use to
> verify the collective signature: without it the collective signature won=
=E2=80=99t
> check out.
>

> So if a co-signer is persistently unreliable, that fact is publicly
> documented, and it probably means the log-server should kick them out of
> the witness group at the next reasonable opportunity (e.g., the next Chro=
me
> release).
>
>  Whereas increasing m, the number of signers per log server, can only
>> increase security, assuming the multi-signing protocol/crypto itself isn=
=E2=80=99t
>> broken.
>>
>
> Aside from my problem above, at least one other obvious issue with
> increasing the number of signers, is you also increase latency (I suspect=
)
> and decrease reliability.
>
>
> Yes, you increase latency, but in our experiments we get under 5 secs of
> latency for 8,000 signers; it seems hard to imagine that being a difficul=
ty
> for a latency-tolerant activity like signing STHs that happens at periods
> counted in minutes.
>

Is that 8,000 geographically distributed signers?

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<div dir=3D"ltr"><br><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div dir=3D"ltr">On Thu=
, 22 Oct 2015 at 10:18 Bryan Ford &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:brynosaurus@gmail.c=
om">brynosaurus@gmail.com</a>&gt; wrote:<br></div><blockquote class=3D"gmai=
l_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left=
:1ex"><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-word">Hi Ben, sorry for dropping this t=
hread earlier in August - just to finally answer some of the quite reasonab=
le questions and points:<div><br></div><div>On 10 Aug 2015, at 12:07, Ben L=
aurie &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:benl@google.com" target=3D"_blank">benl@google.=
com</a>&gt; wrote:<br><div><blockquote type=3D"cite"><div><div dir=3D"ltr">=
<div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div dir=3D"ltr">On Sat, 8 Aug 2015 at 18:25 Bry=
an Ford &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:brynosaurus@gmail.com" target=3D"_blank">bryn=
osaurus@gmail.com</a>&gt; wrote:<br></div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote"=
 style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><d=
iv style=3D"word-wrap:break-word">On Aug 6, 2015, at 8:56 AM, Ben Laurie &l=
t;<a href=3D"mailto:benl@google.com" target=3D"_blank">benl@google.com</a>&=
gt; wrote:<br></div><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-word"><div><blockquote ty=
pe=3D"cite"><div dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"font-family:Helvetica;font-size:11px;=
font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:nor=
mal;line-height:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none=
;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px"><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div dir=
=3D"ltr">On Thu, 6 Aug 2015 at 10:17 Bryan Ford &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:bryno=
saurus@gmail.com" target=3D"_blank">brynosaurus@gmail.com</a>&gt; wrote:<br=
></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-w=
ord"><div><blockquote type=3D"cite"><div dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"font-family:H=
elvetica;font-size:11px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:n=
ormal;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:normal;text-align:start;text-indent=
:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px"><div class=3D=
"gmail_quote"><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px=
 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left=
-style:solid;padding-left:1ex"><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-word"><div><di=
v><blockquote type=3D"cite"><div>On Jul 24, 2015, at 1:09 PM, Ben Laurie &l=
t;<a href=3D"mailto:benl@google.com" target=3D"_blank">benl@google.com</a>&=
gt; wrote:</div><div><div dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"font-family:Helvetica;font-s=
ize:11px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-sp=
acing:normal;line-height:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-trans=
form:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px"><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><=
div dir=3D"ltr">On Thu, 23 Jul 2015 at 23:27 Bryan Ford &lt;<a href=3D"mail=
to:brynosaurus@gmail.com" target=3D"_blank">brynosaurus@gmail.com</a>&gt; w=
rote:</div></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div></div></blockquote></=
div></div></blockquote></div></div><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-word"><div=
><blockquote type=3D"cite"><div dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"font-family:Helvetica;=
font-size:11px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;let=
ter-spacing:normal;line-height:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text=
-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px"><div class=3D"gmail_qu=
ote"><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;bo=
rder-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:so=
lid;padding-left:1ex"><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-word"><div><div><blockq=
uote type=3D"cite"><div dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"font-family:Helvetica;font-siz=
e:11px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spac=
ing:normal;line-height:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transfo=
rm:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px"><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><bl=
ockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-lef=
t-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padd=
ing-left:1ex"><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-word"><div><div>Second, the gos=
sip approach can=E2=80=99t ensure that privacy-sensitive Web clients (who c=
an=E2=80=99t or don=E2=80=99t want to reveal their whole browsing history t=
o a Trusted Auditor) will ever actually be able =E2=80=9Cto detect misbehav=
ior by CT logs=E2=80=9D, if for example the misbehaving log=E2=80=99s priva=
te key is controlled by a MITM attacker between the Web client and the webs=
ite the client thinks he is visiting.</div></div></div></blockquote><div><b=
r></div><div>The intent of CT is not to enable clients to detect such behav=
iour - rather, it is to enable the system as a whole to detect it.</div></d=
iv></div></blockquote><div><br></div></div></div></div><div style=3D"word-w=
rap:break-word"><div><div><div>Could you explain how =E2=80=9Cthe system as=
 a whole=E2=80=9D detects such misbehavior in the case of the state/ISP-lev=
el MITM attacker scenario? =C2=A0</div></div></div></div></blockquote><div>=
<br></div><div>The state or ISP must isolate all clients they attack foreve=
r to avoid detection. In practice, this does not generally seem to be possi=
ble.</div><div>=C2=A0</div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margi=
n:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204=
);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex"><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-w=
ord"><div><div><div>As I see it, if the client/browser doesn=E2=80=99t opt-=
out of privacy by gossiping his browsing history with a trusted auditor, th=
en the client=E2=80=99s *only* connection to the rest of the world, i.e., =
=E2=80=9Cthe=C2=A0</div></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote class=3D=
"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;borde=
r-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex"><di=
v style=3D"word-wrap:break-word"><div><div><div>system as a whole=E2=80=9D,=
 is through the =E2=80=9Cweb server=E2=80=9D, which may well be the same ki=
nd of MITM attackers that have been known to subvert the CA system.=C2=A0 T=
he client never gets to communicate to the rest of the system - i.e., the l=
egitimate CT log servers, auditors, or monitors - and so the client never g=
ets the opportunity to =E2=80=9Ccompare notes=E2=80=9D with the rest of the=
 system.=C2=A0 And the rest of the system (the legitimate log servers, audi=
tors, and monitors) never have the opportunity to learn from the client tha=
t the client saw a MITM-attacked, forged set of CA certs, STHs, and SCTs.</=
div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>This is correct, and=
 seems to me to be correct for any system - if you can isolate your victim =
forever, you can show your own view of any system.</div></div></div></block=
quote></div></div><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-word"><div><blockquote type=
=3D"cite"><div dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"font-family:Helvetica;font-size:11px;fo=
nt-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:norma=
l;line-height:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;w=
hite-space:normal;word-spacing:0px"><div class=3D"gmail_quote"></div></div>=
</blockquote><div><br></div><div>To reiterate the key point I made in my re=
sponse to Tom=E2=80=99s E-mail, this is not true of the multisignature-base=
d STH signing I suggested.=C2=A0 Suppose for each CT log server there are (=
for example) 100 monitor servers widely distributed around the world, run b=
y diverse companies, governments, etc.=C2=A0 And suppose that any STH must =
be collectively signed by the log server and at least 51 of its monitor ser=
vers in order for clients to consider it valid.=C2=A0 Assume the victim use=
r/browser is isolated behind a MITM attacker (call it Repressistan) who con=
trols all the paths in and out of Repressistan and never lets the user phys=
ically enter or leave Repressistan.=C2=A0 Thus the user never has opportuni=
ty to do CT gossip via any path not controlled by the Repressistani Firewal=
l.=C2=A0 In CT=E2=80=99s current design, Repressistan wins - gaining the ab=
ility to silently compromise the user forever - simply by Pwning one CA key=
 and one log server key. =C2=A0(Or maybe two if you require two SCTs per ce=
rt.) =C2=A0</div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote"=
 style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><d=
iv style=3D"word-wrap:break-word"><div><div><br></div><div>In the multisign=
ature approach, Repressistan gains the ability to forge a STH for a =E2=80=
=9Cclient-customized world view&quot; only if Repressistan can also comprom=
ise more than 50 monitors of a compromised log server=E2=80=99s collective =
signing pool.=C2=A0 Every valid, client-verifiable STH signature ensures to=
 the client not only that the log server=E2=80=99s key signed the STH but a=
lso that at least 51 monitor servers also witnessed it (even if those monit=
ors are doing no checking at all other than saying =E2=80=9CI saw it=E2=80=
=9D).=C2=A0 Repressistan can no longer forge a valid (above-threshold) STH =
signature without an inconceivably massive collusion or security breach.=C2=
=A0 Repressistan still simply prevent the user from communicating at all, o=
f course, but loses the ability either to silently compromise the connectio=
n or silently evade detection.=C2=A0 And the client need not risk its priva=
cy via gossip in any way to receive this protection.</div></div></div></blo=
ckquote><div><br>Clearly its a numbers game - there&#39;s always some thres=
hold at which we can claim that the required compromise is inconceivable.<b=
r><br>We could make the existing scheme equally inconceivable by requiring =
51 SCTs, which would also eliminate the need for gossip, according to you.<=
br></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>Yes, it=E2=80=
=99s a numbers game: the number of co-signers (e.g., SCTs in this case) is =
effectively a type of security parameter, and the numeric value of such a s=
ecurity parameter is important.=C2=A0 The security difference between 56-bi=
t DES encryption and 128-bit AES encryption has just as much to do with the=
 increased key length as with the algorithmic changes (though of course key=
 size is a very different kind of security parameter; I wouldn=E2=80=99t wa=
nt to push that analogy far). =C2=A0</div><div><br></div><div>For the most =
security-critical parts of Internet infrastructure I personally, at least, =
would be much more comfortable with a =E2=80=9Ccertificate co-signing secur=
ity parameter=E2=80=9D in a ballpark of 51 than a security parameter value =
of 1 or 3. ;)</div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>You a=
re not comparing apples with apples - we choose a small number of logs that=
 cannot lie without risking detection. You choose a large number and hope t=
he majority are honest. If they choose to collude, they can get away with i=
t.</div><div><br></div><div>I prefer verification to blind trust.</div><div=
>=C2=A0</div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;b=
order-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-w=
ord"><div><div><br><blockquote type=3D"cite"><div><div dir=3D"ltr"><div cla=
ss=3D"gmail_quote"><div>The problem I have with this idea is that if we eli=
minate gossip, then we eliminate the possibility of detecting this compromi=
se.<br></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div></div><div><br></div><div>=
While I=E2=80=99m still unconvinced that gossip is really necessary, I=E2=
=80=99m coming around to feeling that it may be useful and is at least not =
actively harmful on the =E2=80=9Cwell-connected public server=E2=80=9D side=
 of the CT ecosystem: namely, among the CAs, log servers, witness servers, =
and monitors. =C2=A0</div><div><br></div><div>For clients I still think rel=
ying on gossip is deeply problematic, as further evidenced just recently by=
 the important subtleties that Tom Ritter just brought up in the new =E2=80=
=9CUnsticking a client=E2=80=9D thread.=C2=A0 Perhaps they=E2=80=99re resol=
vable in a reasonably privacy-sensitive fashion, but even if so, they illus=
trate the sheer complexity and difficulty of ensuring that clients can some=
how walk a fine line between =E2=80=9Cgossiping for security=E2=80=9D and =
=E2=80=9Cnot gossiping for privacy=E2=80=9D.</div></div></div></div></block=
quote><div><br></div><div>I am still unconvinced there is any real privacy =
concern around gossiping STHs.</div><div>=C2=A0</div><blockquote class=3D"g=
mail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-l=
eft:1ex"><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-word"><div><div><br><blockquote type=
=3D"cite"><div><div dir=3D"ltr"><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div>That said, =
if you want some kind of consensus signature scheme for STHs, there&#39;s n=
o reason that couldn&#39;t live alongside other mechanisms.<br><br>I don&#3=
9;t buy that it is a replacement for gossip, though.<br></div></div></div><=
/div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>I=E2=80=99m OK with considering colle=
ctive signing as a mechanism complementary and orthogonal to gossip, and th=
e new draft I just put online treats it that way.</div></div></div></div></=
blockquote><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;bor=
der-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-wor=
d"><div><div><br><blockquote type=3D"cite"><div><div dir=3D"ltr"><div class=
=3D"gmail_quote"><div>BTW, seems to me you don&#39;t need &gt;50% as your t=
hreshold - any signatures on inconsistent STHs are an indication of badness=
, so if you assume monitors are mostly honest and talk to each other, lower=
 thresholds would also work.<br></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><=
br></div>Correct.=C2=A0 In fact there doesn=E2=80=99t need to be just one g=
lobally imposed or agreed-upon threshold.=C2=A0 The log server could have o=
ne threshold determining the number of co-signers that must be online for i=
t to make progress, and that threshold could even be 0 if the log server do=
es not ever want to risk its progress being blocked even by a massive outag=
e or mass desertion of its co-signers. =C2=A0(I don=E2=80=99t think this wo=
uld be a good idea in practice, just pointing out that it=E2=80=99s one rea=
dily feasible policy.=C2=A0 If most of the co-signers are unavailable then =
it perhaps more likely means the log-server itself is net-split from the re=
st of the world, in which case it probably could and should hold off on sig=
ning further STHs until the net-split is repaired.)</div><div><br></div><di=
v>Clients could still impose their own (possibly different) threshold requi=
rements on the number of co-signers they want to see on an STH before they =
will accept it.=C2=A0 More paranoid clients could demand higher thresholds =
than others, accepting a risk that they might falsely reject a legitimate S=
TH that the log server signed when an unusually large number of witnesses h=
appened to be offline.</div><div><br></div><div><blockquote type=3D"cite"><=
div dir=3D"ltr"><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote=
" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><=
div style=3D"word-wrap:break-word"><div><blockquote type=3D"cite"><div dir=
=3D"ltr" style=3D"font-family:Helvetica;font-size:11px;font-style:normal;fo=
nt-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:norm=
al;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;=
word-spacing:0px"><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div>Chrome makes no requireme=
nt on &quot;CT certs&quot;, only on EV certs. But in the long run, the inte=
ntion is to require CT for all certs.</div></div></div></blockquote><div><b=
r></div></div></div><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-word"><div><div>But what =
does =E2=80=9Crequiring CT=E2=80=9D mean in terms of the number of SCTs a g=
iven cert (EV or non-EV) will be =E2=80=9Crequired=E2=80=9D to have?=C2=A0 =
What do you see as reasonable numbers there, for the near term and long ter=
m?</div></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>Chrome&#39;s current p=
olicy is here:=C2=A0<a href=3D"http://www.chromium.org/Home/chromium-securi=
ty/root-ca-policy/EVCTPlanMay2015edition.pdf" target=3D"_blank">http://www.=
chromium.org/Home/chromium-security/root-ca-policy/EVCTPlanMay2015edition.p=
df</a>.</div><div><br></div><div>We don&#39;t have any plans to change thos=
e numbers at present.</div></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>Tha=
nks, I hadn=E2=80=99t seen that document before.=C2=A0 So it looks like the=
 =E2=80=9Cabsolute minimum=E2=80=9D number of SCTs required is 2, which is =
certainly better than 1 but still (to me anyway) a worryingly small number.=
=C2=A0 Compounding this, I notice that the first three log servers on the c=
urrent list are run by Google (and in particular by one particular team at =
Google :) ), effectively presenting a =E2=80=9Cone-stop shop=E2=80=9D for a=
ny adversary who might for whatever reason want to acquire the private keys=
 of two CT log servers so as to be able to (for example) silently MITM-atta=
ck CT-enabled Chrome clients. =C2=A0</div></div></div></div></blockquote><d=
iv><br></div><div>This is why you need gossip, of course - to make this kin=
d of attack non-silent. BTW, you also need a CA as well as two logs. And on=
ce you get caught, they become valueless. Oh, and, Google is not a one-stop=
 shop, even for logs, because the policy requires at least one SCT to not c=
ome from Google.</div><div>=C2=A0</div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" st=
yle=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div =
style=3D"word-wrap:break-word"><div><div><div><br></div><div>Note that if I=
=E2=80=99m an MITM attacker, the =E2=80=9Clifetime of certificate=E2=80=9D =
provisions don=E2=80=99t matter to me at all: I would be perfectly happy wi=
th just a 1-day certificate, since I can produce a new fake one (together w=
ith a new fake pair of CT logs) tomorrow.</div></div></div></div></blockquo=
te><div><br></div><div>Certificate lifetimes are only mentioned in relation=
 to the risk of a log going bad - i.e. the longer your cert lasts, the more=
 SCTs you need to embed to insure against them becoming invalid before the =
cert expires. Lifetime is not a security mechanism, and a mitm attacker pro=
ducing short-lived certs does not reduce the chance of detection.</div><div=
>=C2=A0</div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;b=
order-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-w=
ord"><div><div><div><br></div><blockquote type=3D"cite"><div dir=3D"ltr"><d=
iv class=3D"gmail_quote">That aside, I do not disagree with the core idea. =
I wonder about its practicality. For example, currently we require STHs to =
be produced on a regular basis, which is necessary to ensure good behaviour=
. If we went to a multi-signing approach, and an STH was not produced on ti=
me, who would we blame? What would we do about that, in practice? Seems to =
me everyone involved could point fingers at everyone else. How would you ad=
dress that?</div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>Agreed that this is=
 an important question, hopefully addressed above: the log server need not =
necessarily allow its availability to be =E2=80=9Cheld hostage=E2=80=9D at =
all, and instead client policy could (independently) determine how many mis=
sing co-signers the client is willing to tolerate.</div></div></div></div><=
/blockquote><div><br></div><div>Which allows the log server to misbehave an=
d claim its co-signers were unavailable.</div><div><br></div><blockquote cl=
ass=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;p=
adding-left:1ex"><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-word"><div><div><div><br></d=
iv><div>Also, in the collective signing scheme=E2=80=99s current availabili=
ty design, when any co-signers are missing, the collective signature is exp=
anded slightly to include a =E2=80=9Cshame list=E2=80=9D explicitly documen=
ting which co-signers went AWOL in that signing round.=C2=A0 That shame lis=
t is part of what clients use to verify the collective signature: without i=
t the collective signature won=E2=80=99t check out. =C2=A0=C2=A0</div></div=
></div></div></blockquote><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin=
:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div style=3D"word=
-wrap:break-word"><div><div><div><br></div><div>So if a co-signer is persis=
tently unreliable, that fact is publicly documented, and it probably means =
the log-server should kick them out of the witness group at the next reason=
able opportunity (e.g., the next Chrome release). =C2=A0</div><div><br></di=
v><blockquote type=3D"cite"><div dir=3D"ltr"><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><bl=
ockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #=
ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-word"><div><div> =
=C2=A0Whereas increasing m, the number of signers per log server, can only =
increase security, assuming the multi-signing protocol/crypto itself isn=E2=
=80=99t broken.=C2=A0</div></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>Asi=
de from my problem above, at least one other obvious issue with increasing =
the number of signers, is you also increase latency (I suspect) and decreas=
e reliability.</div></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>Yes, you i=
ncrease latency, but in our experiments we get under 5 secs of latency for =
8,000 signers; it seems hard to imagine that being a difficulty for a laten=
cy-tolerant activity like signing STHs that happens at periods counted in m=
inutes.</div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>Is that 8,0=
00 geographically distributed signers?</div><div><br></div></div></div>

--001a114d8daec452fe0522aec915--


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From: Ben Laurie <benl@google.com>
Date: Thu, 22 Oct 2015 10:23:35 +0000
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Subject: Re: [Trans] Gossip: Unsticking a client caught with potential evidence of log misbehavior
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On Thu, 22 Oct 2015 at 03:16 Tom Ritter <tom@ritter.vg> wrote:

> On 21 October 2015 at 08:52, Linus Nordberg <linus@nordu.net> wrote:
> > | > - The origin doesn't implement SCT Feedback.
> > | >
> > |  This is a hard one - if a domain operator isn't interested in learning
> > | about attacks against their domain, can anything be done about that?
> > | My suggestion for this case is to make it easy to delegate SCT
> Feedback -
> > | so domain owners can allow other domains which operate SCT Feedback to
> > | receive SCTs on their behalf. How does that sound?
> >
> > Scary because we want the end user to trust that the same-origin
> > principle is indeed followed if they're going to play along with SCT
> > Feedback. Opening up for delegation sounds like bad news wrt this.
>
> I am less concerned about this aspect of delegation. A server can
> always share data out of band width a third party.  And they can even
> delegate it to a third party without us knowing.  So enabling a
> mechanism that makes it _easy_ to delegate it does not worry me as
> much as it does you =)
>

I totally agree.


>
> > Impractical since the browser would have to know which domain that
> > example.com has delegated its SCT Feedback to.
>
> This is an engineering problem I don't see a neat solution to. So
> obviously the solution is a new HTTP header! SCT-Feedback:
>
> https://uncle-neds-discount-hanggliding-and-sct-feedback-correlator.website/google.com/
> ;)
>

Quite so.

> Susceptible of blocking since it cannot be performed in the same TLS
> > stream as the ordinary https request.
>
> But this one does worry me very much.  We mention it down in
> https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-trans-gossip-01#section-10.2.1
> and I'm hopeful we will get implementations that multiplex gossip
> traffic as much as they can so it is much more difficult to block.
>

It does seem like it is possible to make life quite tricky for attackers...


>
>
> > | > - The data I have is an older STH, which is not tied to any specific
> > | > origin.
> > | >
> > | I think this case is less sensitive from a privacy perspective and so
> could
> > | be gossiped with any servers that do implement SCT Feedback?
> >
> > We have STH Pollination for STH's but only if the STH is fresh, defined
> > in the draft as no older than 14 days. I think Tom means that "older"
> > implies "not fresh".
>
> Yes.  The risk here is admittedly less than that of a SCT, but I do
> still worry about it.
> Would it solve the problem if we had an additional one-week grace
> period?  Where we say "You resolve older STHs into a fresh STH - but
> if you encounter an error trying to resolve a STH that is between 2
> and 3 weeks old, you pollinate it anyway?"
>
> What are the implications of that... So a log could refuse to resolve
> a consistency proof, and the client would pollinate it. A website
> (colluding with the log) could identify that client individually
> (because no one else would be pollinating that STH.)  Separately, if
> website A receives old-STH, and website B receives it as well, they
> can do some pretty reliable cross-origin linkage.  But they can't
> actually induce a client to pollinate old-STH without either the log's
> help (by refusing to resolve a consistency proof) or without blocking
> the consistency proof resolution.
>
> Are there more? That seems like it could be acceptable to me from a
> privacy POV... And it seems like it would solve the problem... I can't
> think of a way you receive (no-maliciously) an older-then-three-week
> STH.
>
> -tom
>
> _______________________________________________
> Trans mailing list
> Trans@ietf.org
> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/trans
>

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<div dir=3D"ltr"><br><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div dir=3D"ltr">On Thu=
, 22 Oct 2015 at 03:16 Tom Ritter &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:tom@ritter.vg">tom@=
ritter.vg</a>&gt; wrote:<br></div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=
=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">On 21 Oc=
tober 2015 at 08:52, Linus Nordberg &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:linus@nordu.net" =
target=3D"_blank">linus@nordu.net</a>&gt; wrote:<br>
&gt; | &gt; - The origin doesn&#39;t implement SCT Feedback.<br>
&gt; | &gt;<br>
&gt; |=C2=A0 This is a hard one - if a domain operator isn&#39;t interested=
 in learning<br>
&gt; | about attacks against their domain, can anything be done about that?=
<br>
&gt; | My suggestion for this case is to make it easy to delegate SCT Feedb=
ack -<br>
&gt; | so domain owners can allow other domains which operate SCT Feedback =
to<br>
&gt; | receive SCTs on their behalf. How does that sound?<br>
&gt;<br>
&gt; Scary because we want the end user to trust that the same-origin<br>
&gt; principle is indeed followed if they&#39;re going to play along with S=
CT<br>
&gt; Feedback. Opening up for delegation sounds like bad news wrt this.<br>
<br>
I am less concerned about this aspect of delegation. A server can<br>
always share data out of band width a third party.=C2=A0 And they can even<=
br>
delegate it to a third party without us knowing.=C2=A0 So enabling a<br>
mechanism that makes it _easy_ to delegate it does not worry me as<br>
much as it does you =3D)<br></blockquote><div><br></div><div>I totally agre=
e.</div><div>=C2=A0</div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:=
0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
<br>
&gt; Impractical since the browser would have to know which domain that<br>
&gt; <a href=3D"http://example.com" rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">ex=
ample.com</a> has delegated its SCT Feedback to.<br>
<br>
This is an engineering problem I don&#39;t see a neat solution to. So<br>
obviously the solution is a new HTTP header! SCT-Feedback:<br>
<a href=3D"https://uncle-neds-discount-hanggliding-and-sct-feedback-correla=
tor.website/google.com/" rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">https://uncle=
-neds-discount-hanggliding-and-sct-feedback-correlator.website/google.com/<=
/a><br>
;)<br></blockquote><div><br></div><div>Quite so.</div><div><br></div><block=
quote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc=
 solid;padding-left:1ex">
&gt; Susceptible of blocking since it cannot be performed in the same TLS<b=
r>
&gt; stream as the ordinary https request.<br>
<br>
But this one does worry me very much.=C2=A0 We mention it down in<br>
<a href=3D"https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-trans-gossip-01#section-1=
0.2.1" rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">https://tools.ietf.org/html/dra=
ft-ietf-trans-gossip-01#section-10.2.1</a><br>
and I&#39;m hopeful we will get implementations that multiplex gossip<br>
traffic as much as they can so it is much more difficult to block.<br></blo=
ckquote><div><br></div><div>It does seem like it is possible to make life q=
uite tricky for attackers...</div><div>=C2=A0</div><blockquote class=3D"gma=
il_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-lef=
t:1ex">
<br>
<br>
&gt; | &gt; - The data I have is an older STH, which is not tied to any spe=
cific<br>
&gt; | &gt; origin.<br>
&gt; | &gt;<br>
&gt; | I think this case is less sensitive from a privacy perspective and s=
o could<br>
&gt; | be gossiped with any servers that do implement SCT Feedback?<br>
&gt;<br>
&gt; We have STH Pollination for STH&#39;s but only if the STH is fresh, de=
fined<br>
&gt; in the draft as no older than 14 days. I think Tom means that &quot;ol=
der&quot;<br>
&gt; implies &quot;not fresh&quot;.<br>
<br>
Yes.=C2=A0 The risk here is admittedly less than that of a SCT, but I do<br=
>
still worry about it.<br>
Would it solve the problem if we had an additional one-week grace<br>
period?=C2=A0 Where we say &quot;You resolve older STHs into a fresh STH - =
but<br>
if you encounter an error trying to resolve a STH that is between 2<br>
and 3 weeks old, you pollinate it anyway?&quot;<br>
<br>
What are the implications of that... So a log could refuse to resolve<br>
a consistency proof, and the client would pollinate it. A website<br>
(colluding with the log) could identify that client individually<br>
(because no one else would be pollinating that STH.)=C2=A0 Separately, if<b=
r>
website A receives old-STH, and website B receives it as well, they<br>
can do some pretty reliable cross-origin linkage.=C2=A0 But they can&#39;t<=
br>
actually induce a client to pollinate old-STH without either the log&#39;s<=
br>
help (by refusing to resolve a consistency proof) or without blocking<br>
the consistency proof resolution.<br>
<br>
Are there more? That seems like it could be acceptable to me from a<br>
privacy POV... And it seems like it would solve the problem... I can&#39;t<=
br>
think of a way you receive (no-maliciously) an older-then-three-week<br>
STH.<br>
<br>
-tom<br>
<br>
_______________________________________________<br>
Trans mailing list<br>
<a href=3D"mailto:Trans@ietf.org" target=3D"_blank">Trans@ietf.org</a><br>
<a href=3D"https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/trans" rel=3D"noreferrer" =
target=3D"_blank">https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/trans</a><br>
</blockquote></div></div>

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From: Ben Laurie <benl@google.com>
Date: Thu, 22 Oct 2015 10:25:43 +0000
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Subject: Re: [Trans] Gossip: Unsticking a client caught with potential evidence of log misbehavior
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On Thu, 22 Oct 2015 at 03:16 Tom Ritter <tom@ritter.vg> wrote:

> I can't
> think of a way you receive (no-maliciously) an older-then-three-week
> STH.
>

You can end up with one if you receive a fresh one and then go to sleep for
4 weeks...

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<div dir=3D"ltr"><br><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div dir=3D"ltr">On Thu=
, 22 Oct 2015 at 03:16 Tom Ritter &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:tom@ritter.vg">tom@=
ritter.vg</a>&gt; wrote:<br></div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=
=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">I can&#3=
9;t<br>
think of a way you receive (no-maliciously) an older-then-three-week<br>
STH.<br></blockquote><div><br></div><div>You can end up with one if you rec=
eive a fresh one and then go to sleep for 4 weeks...</div><div><br></div></=
div></div>

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On 22 Oct 2015, at 12:16, Ben Laurie <benl@google.com> wrote:
> On Thu, 22 Oct 2015 at 10:18 Bryan Ford <brynosaurus@gmail.com =
<mailto:brynosaurus@gmail.com>> wrote:
> Yes, it=E2=80=99s a numbers game: the number of co-signers (e.g., SCTs =
in this case) is effectively a type of security parameter, and the =
numeric value of such a security parameter is important.  The security =
difference between 56-bit DES encryption and 128-bit AES encryption has =
just as much to do with the increased key length as with the algorithmic =
changes (though of course key size is a very different kind of security =
parameter; I wouldn=E2=80=99t want to push that analogy far). =20
>=20
> For the most security-critical parts of Internet infrastructure I =
personally, at least, would be much more comfortable with a =
=E2=80=9Ccertificate co-signing security parameter=E2=80=9D in a =
ballpark of 51 than a security parameter value of 1 or 3. ;)
>=20
> You are not comparing apples with apples - we choose a small number of =
logs that cannot lie without risking detection. You choose a large =
number and hope the majority are honest. If they choose to collude, they =
can get away with it.

With gossip, a colluding group can just as easily collude to lie without =
risking detection, for example by refusing to gossip with honest nodes, =
or by presenting one consistent view of reality to the well-connected =
set of honest nodes (honest monitors, auditors, etc.) and another =
consistent but different view of reality to any less well-connected =
participants that the colluding group can keep separated from the =
well-connected participants.

On the other hand, the attacks that gossip *can* detect are just as =
readily detected in the collective signing approach, because the =
communication process required to produce the collective signature =
provides as a side effect the same information-distribution properties =
that gossip does, just in a more structured fashion.  In order to =
collect and aggregate the parts of the collective signature the leader =
must communicate the message to be signed to all the participants, and =
those signature components it collects cannot be used to create a valid =
collective signature if any pair of honest nodes involved in the signing =
process disagree on what message is being signed.

In a gossip setting, the colluding group can refuse to talk with honest =
participants, but those participants will be able to notice and =
complain. In a collective signing setting, the colluding group can =
selectively leave all or a selected subset of honest participants out of =
signatures, but those honest participants will be able to notice this =
and complain, in exactly the same way as for gossip. =20

Moreover, the collective signature (at least the way we do it) leaves a =
precise and unforgeable public record of exactly which participants were =
and were not present and contributing to the signature in each signing =
round.  If the leader has committed to using a particular group of =
co-signers but regularly omits a bunch of them from its collective =
signatures - even though those co-signers seem to be getting along fine =
with other authorities (e.g., other log servers) also using them for =
collective signing - then both those co-signers and all clients who see =
the resulting collective signatures have every opportunity to notice and =
ask questions.  In contrast, gossip does not inherently produce any =
third-party-verifiable record of which nodes were present or absent, or =
able or unable to connect and gossip, at any given time.  So in this =
respect, collective signing seems to provide the same (strong though =
imperfect) detection capabilities, together with significantly greater =
transparency in terms of the public record it leaves behind.

>> Chrome's current policy is here: =
http://www.chromium.org/Home/chromium-security/root-ca-policy/EVCTPlanMay2=
015edition.pdf =
<http://www.chromium.org/Home/chromium-security/root-ca-policy/EVCTPlanMay=
2015edition.pdf>.
>>=20
>> We don't have any plans to change those numbers at present.
>=20
> Thanks, I hadn=E2=80=99t seen that document before.  So it looks like =
the =E2=80=9Cabsolute minimum=E2=80=9D number of SCTs required is 2, =
which is certainly better than 1 but still (to me anyway) a worryingly =
small number.  Compounding this, I notice that the first three log =
servers on the current list are run by Google (and in particular by one =
particular team at Google :) ), effectively presenting a =E2=80=9Cone-stop=
 shop=E2=80=9D for any adversary who might for whatever reason want to =
acquire the private keys of two CT log servers so as to be able to (for =
example) silently MITM-attack CT-enabled Chrome clients. =20
>=20
> This is why you need gossip, of course - to make this kind of attack =
non-silent. BTW, you also need a CA as well as two logs. And once you =
get caught, they become valueless. Oh, and, Google is not a one-stop =
shop, even for logs, because the policy requires at least one SCT to not =
come from Google.

Missed that proviso on first read, thanks.

>> That aside, I do not disagree with the core idea. I wonder about its =
practicality. For example, currently we require STHs to be produced on a =
regular basis, which is necessary to ensure good behaviour. If we went =
to a multi-signing approach, and an STH was not produced on time, who =
would we blame? What would we do about that, in practice? Seems to me =
everyone involved could point fingers at everyone else. How would you =
address that?
>=20
> Agreed that this is an important question, hopefully addressed above: =
the log server need not necessarily allow its availability to be =E2=80=9C=
held hostage=E2=80=9D at all, and instead client policy could =
(independently) determine how many missing co-signers the client is =
willing to tolerate.
>=20
> Which allows the log server to misbehave and claim its co-signers were =
unavailable.

Which would be just as immediately noticeable as if a colluding group of =
log servers were to stop gossiping with non-colluding nodes and claim =
all of them are unavailable.

>>  Whereas increasing m, the number of signers per log server, can only =
increase security, assuming the multi-signing protocol/crypto itself =
isn=E2=80=99t broken.=20
>>=20
>> Aside from my problem above, at least one other obvious issue with =
increasing the number of signers, is you also increase latency (I =
suspect) and decrease reliability.
>=20
> Yes, you increase latency, but in our experiments we get under 5 secs =
of latency for 8,000 signers; it seems hard to imagine that being a =
difficulty for a latency-tolerant activity like signing STHs that =
happens at periods counted in minutes.
>=20
> Is that 8,000 geographically distributed signers?

Since unlike some companies ( ;) ) we don=E2=80=99t have 8,000 =
physically geographically distributed machines we can allocate on demand =
to experiments, we used 8,000 processes distributed over a DeterLab =
virtual network topology that imposes 100ms RTT delays on network =
communication, in order to simulate a geographically distributed =
network.  Perhaps we should be using 200ms or 300ms rather than 100ms =
RTTs to simulate a =E2=80=9Ctruly global=E2=80=9D network (mental note =
to self for future experiments), but the current 2-second signing =
latencies we=E2=80=99re getting now aren=E2=80=99t going to become 10 =
minutes even if the underlying latencies are doubled are tripled. =20

Also, our experiments are pessimistic in the sense that because we =
don=E2=80=99t have 8,000 separate physical machines, each physical =
machine is running many virtual participants, so the signing latencies =
we=E2=80=99re seeing are despite all the participants being artificially =
overloaded.  I conjecture that the plot on page 35 of the slides below =
might stay a lot flatter toward its right end (e.g., after 1024 =
participants or so where you can see it curve upward) if those were real =
machines not overloaded by experimental artifacts.  But I don=E2=80=99t =
at the moment have the testbed I would need to confirm that conjecture. =
;)

	=
http://dedis.cs.yale.edu/dissent/pres/151009-stanford-cothorities.pdf =
<http://dedis.cs.yale.edu/dissent/pres/151009-stanford-cothorities.pdf>

Cheers
Bryan



--Apple-Mail=_7819EFEE-B30B-4630-BC74-CA3831ED13D6
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Content-Type: text/html;
	charset=utf-8

<html><head><meta http-equiv=3D"Content-Type" content=3D"text/html =
charset=3Dutf-8"></head><body style=3D"word-wrap: break-word; =
-webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" =
class=3D"">On 22 Oct 2015, at 12:16, Ben Laurie &lt;<a =
href=3D"mailto:benl@google.com" class=3D"">benl@google.com</a>&gt; =
wrote:<br class=3D""><div><blockquote type=3D"cite" class=3D"">On Thu, =
22 Oct 2015 at 10:18 Bryan Ford &lt;<a =
href=3D"mailto:brynosaurus@gmail.com" =
class=3D"">brynosaurus@gmail.com</a>&gt; wrote:<div class=3D""><div =
dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; =
font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; =
letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: =
0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; =
word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class=3D""><div =
class=3D"gmail_quote"><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin: =
0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, =
204, 204); border-left-style: solid; padding-left: 1ex;"><div =
style=3D"word-wrap: break-word;" class=3D""><div class=3D""><div =
class=3D""><div class=3D"">Yes, it=E2=80=99s a numbers game: the number =
of co-signers (e.g., SCTs in this case) is effectively a type of =
security parameter, and the numeric value of such a security parameter =
is important.&nbsp; The security difference between 56-bit DES =
encryption and 128-bit AES encryption has just as much to do with the =
increased key length as with the algorithmic changes (though of course =
key size is a very different kind of security parameter; I wouldn=E2=80=99=
t want to push that analogy far). &nbsp;</div><div class=3D""><br =
class=3D""></div><div class=3D"">For the most security-critical parts of =
Internet infrastructure I personally, at least, would be much more =
comfortable with a =E2=80=9Ccertificate co-signing security parameter=E2=80=
=9D in a ballpark of 51 than a security parameter value of 1 or 3. =
;)</div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class=3D""><br =
class=3D""></div><div class=3D"">You are not comparing apples with =
apples - we choose a small number of logs that cannot lie without =
risking detection. You choose a large number and hope the majority are =
honest. If they choose to collude, they can get away with =
it.</div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br =
class=3D""></div><div>With gossip, a colluding group can just as easily =
collude to lie without risking detection, for example by refusing to =
gossip with honest nodes, or by presenting one consistent view of =
reality to the well-connected set of honest nodes (honest monitors, =
auditors, etc.) and another consistent but different view of reality to =
any less well-connected participants that the colluding group can keep =
separated from the well-connected participants.</div><div><br =
class=3D""></div><div>On the other hand, the attacks that gossip *can* =
detect are just as readily detected in the collective signing approach, =
because the communication process required to produce the collective =
signature provides as a side effect the same information-distribution =
properties that gossip does, just in a more structured fashion. &nbsp;In =
order to collect and aggregate the parts of the collective signature the =
leader must communicate the message to be signed to all the =
participants, and those signature components it collects cannot be used =
to create a valid collective signature if any pair of honest nodes =
involved in the signing process disagree on what message is being =
signed.</div><div><br class=3D""></div><div>In a gossip setting, the =
colluding group can refuse to talk with honest participants, but those =
participants will be able to notice and complain. In a collective =
signing setting, the colluding group can selectively leave all or a =
selected subset of honest participants out of signatures, but those =
honest participants will be able to notice this and complain, in exactly =
the same way as for gossip. &nbsp;</div><div><br =
class=3D""></div><div>Moreover, the collective signature (at least the =
way we do it) leaves a precise and unforgeable public record of exactly =
which participants were and were not present and contributing to the =
signature in each signing round. &nbsp;If the leader has committed to =
using a particular group of co-signers but regularly omits a bunch of =
them from its collective signatures - even though those co-signers seem =
to be getting along fine with other authorities (e.g., other log =
servers) also using them for collective signing - then both those =
co-signers and all clients who see the resulting collective signatures =
have every opportunity to notice and ask questions. &nbsp;In contrast, =
gossip does not inherently produce any third-party-verifiable record of =
which nodes were present or absent, or able or unable to connect and =
gossip, at any given time. &nbsp;So in this respect, collective signing =
seems to provide the same (strong though imperfect) detection =
capabilities, together with significantly greater transparency in terms =
of the public record it leaves behind.</div><div><br =
class=3D""></div><blockquote type=3D"cite" class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" =
style=3D"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; =
font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; =
orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: =
none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; =
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class=3D""><div =
class=3D"gmail_quote"><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin: =
0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, =
204, 204); border-left-style: solid; padding-left: 1ex;"><div =
style=3D"word-wrap: break-word;" class=3D""><div class=3D""><div =
class=3D""><blockquote type=3D"cite" class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" =
class=3D""><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div class=3D"">Chrome's current =
policy is here:&nbsp;<a =
href=3D"http://www.chromium.org/Home/chromium-security/root-ca-policy/EVCT=
PlanMay2015edition.pdf" target=3D"_blank" =
class=3D"">http://www.chromium.org/Home/chromium-security/root-ca-policy/E=
VCTPlanMay2015edition.pdf</a>.</div><div class=3D""><br =
class=3D""></div><div class=3D"">We don't have any plans to change those =
numbers at present.</div></div></div></blockquote><div class=3D""><br =
class=3D""></div><div class=3D"">Thanks, I hadn=E2=80=99t seen that =
document before.&nbsp; So it looks like the =E2=80=9Cabsolute minimum=E2=80=
=9D number of SCTs required is 2, which is certainly better than 1 but =
still (to me anyway) a worryingly small number.&nbsp; Compounding this, =
I notice that the first three log servers on the current list are run by =
Google (and in particular by one particular team at Google :) ), =
effectively presenting a =E2=80=9Cone-stop shop=E2=80=9D for any =
adversary who might for whatever reason want to acquire the private keys =
of two CT log servers so as to be able to (for example) silently =
MITM-attack CT-enabled Chrome clients. =
&nbsp;</div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class=3D""><br =
class=3D""></div><div class=3D"">This is why you need gossip, of course =
- to make this kind of attack non-silent. BTW, you also need a CA as =
well as two logs. And once you get caught, they become valueless. Oh, =
and, Google is not a one-stop shop, even for logs, because the policy =
requires at least one SCT to not come from =
Google.</div></div></div></blockquote><div><br =
class=3D""></div><div>Missed that proviso on first read, =
thanks.</div><div><br class=3D""></div><blockquote type=3D"cite" =
class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: =
12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; =
letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: =
0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; =
word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class=3D""><div =
class=3D"gmail_quote"><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin: =
0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, =
204, 204); border-left-style: solid; padding-left: 1ex;"><div =
style=3D"word-wrap: break-word;" class=3D""><div class=3D""><div =
class=3D""><blockquote type=3D"cite" class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" =
class=3D""><div class=3D"gmail_quote">That aside, I do not disagree with =
the core idea. I wonder about its practicality. For example, currently =
we require STHs to be produced on a regular basis, which is necessary to =
ensure good behaviour. If we went to a multi-signing approach, and an =
STH was not produced on time, who would we blame? What would we do about =
that, in practice? Seems to me everyone involved could point fingers at =
everyone else. How would you address that?</div></div></blockquote><div =
class=3D""><br class=3D""></div><div class=3D"">Agreed that this is an =
important question, hopefully addressed above: the log server need not =
necessarily allow its availability to be =E2=80=9Cheld hostage=E2=80=9D =
at all, and instead client policy could (independently) determine how =
many missing co-signers the client is willing to =
tolerate.</div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class=3D""><br =
class=3D""></div><div class=3D"">Which allows the log server to =
misbehave and claim its co-signers were =
unavailable.</div></div></div></blockquote><div><br =
class=3D""></div><div>Which would be just as immediately noticeable as =
if a colluding group of log servers were to stop gossiping with =
non-colluding nodes and claim all of them are unavailable.</div><br =
class=3D""><blockquote type=3D"cite" class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" =
style=3D"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; =
font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; =
orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: =
none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; =
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class=3D""><div =
class=3D"gmail_quote"><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin: =
0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, =
204, 204); border-left-style: solid; padding-left: 1ex;"><div =
style=3D"word-wrap: break-word;" class=3D""><div class=3D""><div =
class=3D""><blockquote type=3D"cite" class=3D""><div dir=3D"ltr" =
class=3D""><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" =
style=3D"margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; border-left-width: 1px; =
border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; =
padding-left: 1ex;"><div style=3D"word-wrap: break-word;" class=3D""><div =
class=3D""><div class=3D"">&nbsp;Whereas increasing m, the number of =
signers per log server, can only increase security, assuming the =
multi-signing protocol/crypto itself isn=E2=80=99t =
broken.&nbsp;</div></div></div></blockquote><div class=3D""><br =
class=3D""></div><div class=3D"">Aside from my problem above, at least =
one other obvious issue with increasing the number of signers, is you =
also increase latency (I suspect) and decrease =
reliability.</div></div></div></blockquote><div class=3D""><br =
class=3D""></div><div class=3D"">Yes, you increase latency, but in our =
experiments we get under 5 secs of latency for 8,000 signers; it seems =
hard to imagine that being a difficulty for a latency-tolerant activity =
like signing STHs that happens at periods counted in =
minutes.</div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class=3D""><br =
class=3D""></div><div class=3D"">Is that 8,000 geographically =
distributed signers?</div></div></div></blockquote><br =
class=3D""></div><div>Since unlike some companies ( ;) ) we don=E2=80=99t =
have 8,000 physically geographically distributed machines we can =
allocate on demand to experiments, we used 8,000 processes distributed =
over a DeterLab virtual network topology that imposes 100ms RTT delays =
on network communication, in order to simulate a geographically =
distributed network. &nbsp;Perhaps we should be using 200ms or 300ms =
rather than 100ms RTTs to simulate a =E2=80=9Ctruly global=E2=80=9D =
network (mental note to self for future experiments), but the current =
2-second signing latencies we=E2=80=99re getting now aren=E2=80=99t =
going to become 10 minutes even if the underlying latencies are doubled =
are tripled. &nbsp;</div><div><br class=3D""></div><div>Also, our =
experiments are pessimistic in the sense that because we don=E2=80=99t =
have 8,000 separate physical machines, each physical machine is running =
many virtual participants, so the signing latencies we=E2=80=99re seeing =
are despite all the participants being artificially overloaded. &nbsp;I =
conjecture that the plot on page 35 of the slides below might stay a lot =
flatter toward its right end (e.g., after 1024 participants or so where =
you can see it curve upward) if those were real machines not overloaded =
by experimental artifacts. &nbsp;But I don=E2=80=99t at the moment have =
the testbed I would need to confirm that conjecture. ;)</div><div><br =
class=3D""></div><div><span class=3D"Apple-tab-span" style=3D"white-space:=
 pre;">	</span><a =
href=3D"http://dedis.cs.yale.edu/dissent/pres/151009-stanford-cothorities.=
pdf" =
class=3D"">http://dedis.cs.yale.edu/dissent/pres/151009-stanford-cothoriti=
es.pdf</a></div><div><br =
class=3D""></div><div>Cheers</div><div>Bryan</div><div><br =
class=3D""></div><br class=3D""></body></html>=

--Apple-Mail=_7819EFEE-B30B-4630-BC74-CA3831ED13D6--


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From: Ben Laurie <benl@google.com>
Date: Thu, 22 Oct 2015 14:46:40 +0000
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On Thu, 22 Oct 2015 at 14:45 Bryan Ford <brynosaurus@gmail.com> wrote:

> On 22 Oct 2015, at 12:16, Ben Laurie <benl@google.com> wrote:
>
> On Thu, 22 Oct 2015 at 10:18 Bryan Ford <brynosaurus@gmail.com> wrote:
>
> Yes, it=E2=80=99s a numbers game: the number of co-signers (e.g., SCTs in=
 this
>> case) is effectively a type of security parameter, and the numeric value=
 of
>> such a security parameter is important.  The security difference between
>> 56-bit DES encryption and 128-bit AES encryption has just as much to do
>> with the increased key length as with the algorithmic changes (though of
>> course key size is a very different kind of security parameter; I wouldn=
=E2=80=99t
>> want to push that analogy far).
>>
>> For the most security-critical parts of Internet infrastructure I
>> personally, at least, would be much more comfortable with a =E2=80=9Ccer=
tificate
>> co-signing security parameter=E2=80=9D in a ballpark of 51 than a securi=
ty
>> parameter value of 1 or 3. ;)
>>
>
> You are not comparing apples with apples - we choose a small number of
> logs that cannot lie without risking detection. You choose a large number
> and hope the majority are honest. If they choose to collude, they can get
> away with it.
>
>
> With gossip, a colluding group can just as easily collude to lie without
> risking detection, for example by refusing to gossip with honest nodes,
>

If the victim is also colluding, then they're not really a victim...


> or by presenting one consistent view of reality to the well-connected set
> of honest nodes (honest monitors, auditors, etc.) and another consistent
> but different view of reality to any less well-connected participants tha=
t
> the colluding group can keep separated from the well-connected participan=
ts.
>

I agree that partitioning is a problem for gossip - however, I also think
that in the long run it is very hard to keep your victims partitioned.


>
> On the other hand, the attacks that gossip *can* detect are just as
> readily detected in the collective signing approach, because the
> communication process required to produce the collective signature provid=
es
> as a side effect the same information-distribution properties that gossip
> does, just in a more structured fashion.  In order to collect and aggrega=
te
> the parts of the collective signature the leader must communicate the
> message to be signed to all the participants, and those signature
> components it collects cannot be used to create a valid collective
> signature if any pair of honest nodes involved in the signing process
> disagree on what message is being signed.
>

I don't agree - gossip is something anyone can participate in - I don't
think that's true for co-signing. With co-signing, you have an elite who
can elect to deceive the masses. There is no elite in gossip.


>
> In a gossip setting, the colluding group can refuse to talk with honest
> participants, but those participants will be able to notice and complain.
> In a collective signing setting, the colluding group can selectively leav=
e
> all or a selected subset of honest participants out of signatures, but
> those honest participants will be able to notice this and complain, in
> exactly the same way as for gossip.
>
> Moreover, the collective signature (at least the way we do it) leaves a
> precise and unforgeable public record of exactly which participants were
> and were not present and contributing to the signature in each signing
> round.  If the leader has committed to using a particular group of
> co-signers but regularly omits a bunch of them from its collective
> signatures - even though those co-signers seem to be getting along fine
> with other authorities (e.g., other log servers) also using them for
> collective signing - then both those co-signers and all clients who see t=
he
> resulting collective signatures have every opportunity to notice and ask
> questions.  In contrast, gossip does not inherently produce any
> third-party-verifiable record of which nodes were present or absent, or
> able or unable to connect and gossip, at any given time.  So in this
> respect, collective signing seems to provide the same (strong though
> imperfect) detection capabilities, together with significantly greater
> transparency in terms of the public record it leaves behind.
>
> Chrome's current policy is here:
>> http://www.chromium.org/Home/chromium-security/root-ca-policy/EVCTPlanMa=
y2015edition.pdf
>> .
>>
>> We don't have any plans to change those numbers at present.
>>
>>
>> Thanks, I hadn=E2=80=99t seen that document before.  So it looks like th=
e
>> =E2=80=9Cabsolute minimum=E2=80=9D number of SCTs required is 2, which i=
s certainly better
>> than 1 but still (to me anyway) a worryingly small number.  Compounding
>> this, I notice that the first three log servers on the current list are =
run
>> by Google (and in particular by one particular team at Google :) ),
>> effectively presenting a =E2=80=9Cone-stop shop=E2=80=9D for any adversa=
ry who might for
>> whatever reason want to acquire the private keys of two CT log servers s=
o
>> as to be able to (for example) silently MITM-attack CT-enabled Chrome
>> clients.
>>
>
> This is why you need gossip, of course - to make this kind of attack
> non-silent. BTW, you also need a CA as well as two logs. And once you get
> caught, they become valueless. Oh, and, Google is not a one-stop shop, ev=
en
> for logs, because the policy requires at least one SCT to not come from
> Google.
>
>
> Missed that proviso on first read, thanks.
>
> That aside, I do not disagree with the core idea. I wonder about its
>> practicality. For example, currently we require STHs to be produced on a
>> regular basis, which is necessary to ensure good behaviour. If we went t=
o a
>> multi-signing approach, and an STH was not produced on time, who would w=
e
>> blame? What would we do about that, in practice? Seems to me everyone
>> involved could point fingers at everyone else. How would you address tha=
t?
>>
>>
>> Agreed that this is an important question, hopefully addressed above: th=
e
>> log server need not necessarily allow its availability to be =E2=80=9Che=
ld hostage=E2=80=9D
>> at all, and instead client policy could (independently) determine how ma=
ny
>> missing co-signers the client is willing to tolerate.
>>
>
> Which allows the log server to misbehave and claim its co-signers were
> unavailable.
>
>
> Which would be just as immediately noticeable as if a colluding group of
> log servers were to stop gossiping with non-colluding nodes and claim all
> of them are unavailable.
>
>  Whereas increasing m, the number of signers per log server, can only
>>> increase security, assuming the multi-signing protocol/crypto itself is=
n=E2=80=99t
>>> broken.
>>>
>>
>> Aside from my problem above, at least one other obvious issue with
>> increasing the number of signers, is you also increase latency (I suspec=
t)
>> and decrease reliability.
>>
>>
>> Yes, you increase latency, but in our experiments we get under 5 secs of
>> latency for 8,000 signers; it seems hard to imagine that being a difficu=
lty
>> for a latency-tolerant activity like signing STHs that happens at period=
s
>> counted in minutes.
>>
>
> Is that 8,000 geographically distributed signers?
>
>
> Since unlike some companies ( ;) ) we don=E2=80=99t have 8,000 physically
> geographically distributed machines we can allocate on demand to
> experiments, we used 8,000 processes distributed over a DeterLab virtual
> network topology that imposes 100ms RTT delays on network communication, =
in
> order to simulate a geographically distributed network.  Perhaps we shoul=
d
> be using 200ms or 300ms rather than 100ms RTTs to simulate a =E2=80=9Ctru=
ly global=E2=80=9D
> network (mental note to self for future experiments), but the current
> 2-second signing latencies we=E2=80=99re getting now aren=E2=80=99t going=
 to become 10
> minutes even if the underlying latencies are doubled are tripled.
>
> Also, our experiments are pessimistic in the sense that because we don=E2=
=80=99t
> have 8,000 separate physical machines, each physical machine is running
> many virtual participants, so the signing latencies we=E2=80=99re seeing =
are
> despite all the participants being artificially overloaded.  I conjecture
> that the plot on page 35 of the slides below might stay a lot flatter
> toward its right end (e.g., after 1024 participants or so where you can s=
ee
> it curve upward) if those were real machines not overloaded by experiment=
al
> artifacts.  But I don=E2=80=99t at the moment have the testbed I would ne=
ed to
> confirm that conjecture. ;)
>
> http://dedis.cs.yale.edu/dissent/pres/151009-stanford-cothorities.pdf
>
> Cheers
> Bryan
>
>
>

--001a11481d4aa3d4680522b2905e
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

<div dir=3D"ltr"><br><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div dir=3D"ltr">On Thu=
, 22 Oct 2015 at 14:45 Bryan Ford &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:brynosaurus@gmail.c=
om">brynosaurus@gmail.com</a>&gt; wrote:<br></div><blockquote class=3D"gmai=
l_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left=
:1ex"><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-word">On 22 Oct 2015, at 12:16, Ben Lau=
rie &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:benl@google.com" target=3D"_blank">benl@google.co=
m</a>&gt; wrote:<br></div><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-word"><div><blockqu=
ote type=3D"cite">On Thu, 22 Oct 2015 at 10:18 Bryan Ford &lt;<a href=3D"ma=
ilto:brynosaurus@gmail.com" target=3D"_blank">brynosaurus@gmail.com</a>&gt;=
 wrote:</blockquote></div></div><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-word"><div><b=
lockquote type=3D"cite"><div><div dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"font-family:Helvetic=
a;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;l=
etter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;w=
hite-space:normal;word-spacing:0px"><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><blockquote =
class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1=
px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:=
1ex"><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-word"><div><div><div>Yes, it=E2=80=99s a=
 numbers game: the number of co-signers (e.g., SCTs in this case) is effect=
ively a type of security parameter, and the numeric value of such a securit=
y parameter is important.=C2=A0 The security difference between 56-bit DES =
encryption and 128-bit AES encryption has just as much to do with the incre=
ased key length as with the algorithmic changes (though of course key size =
is a very different kind of security parameter; I wouldn=E2=80=99t want to =
push that analogy far). =C2=A0</div><div><br></div><div>For the most securi=
ty-critical parts of Internet infrastructure I personally, at least, would =
be much more comfortable with a =E2=80=9Ccertificate co-signing security pa=
rameter=E2=80=9D in a ballpark of 51 than a security parameter value of 1 o=
r 3. ;)</div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>You are not=
 comparing apples with apples - we choose a small number of logs that canno=
t lie without risking detection. You choose a large number and hope the maj=
ority are honest. If they choose to collude, they can get away with it.</di=
v></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-=
word"><div><blockquote type=3D"cite"></blockquote><div><br></div><div>With =
gossip, a colluding group can just as easily collude to lie without risking=
 detection, for example by refusing to gossip with honest nodes,</div></div=
></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>If the victim is also colluding, th=
en they&#39;re not really a victim...</div><div>=C2=A0</div><blockquote cla=
ss=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;pa=
dding-left:1ex"><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-word"><div><div> or by presen=
ting one consistent view of reality to the well-connected set of honest nod=
es (honest monitors, auditors, etc.) and another consistent but different v=
iew of reality to any less well-connected participants that the colluding g=
roup can keep separated from the well-connected participants.</div></div></=
div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>I agree that partitioning is a problem=
 for gossip - however, I also think that in the long run it is very hard to=
 keep your victims partitioned.</div><div>=C2=A0</div><blockquote class=3D"=
gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-=
left:1ex"><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-word"><div><div><br></div><div>On t=
he other hand, the attacks that gossip *can* detect are just as readily det=
ected in the collective signing approach, because the communication process=
 required to produce the collective signature provides as a side effect the=
 same information-distribution properties that gossip does, just in a more =
structured fashion.=C2=A0 In order to collect and aggregate the parts of th=
e collective signature the leader must communicate the message to be signed=
 to all the participants, and those signature components it collects cannot=
 be used to create a valid collective signature if any pair of honest nodes=
 involved in the signing process disagree on what message is being signed.<=
/div></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>I don&#39;t agree - gossi=
p is something anyone can participate in - I don&#39;t think that&#39;s tru=
e for co-signing. With co-signing, you have an elite who can elect to decei=
ve the masses. There is no elite in gossip.</div><div>=C2=A0</div><blockquo=
te class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc so=
lid;padding-left:1ex"><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-word"><div><div><br></d=
iv><div>In a gossip setting, the colluding group can refuse to talk with ho=
nest participants, but those participants will be able to notice and compla=
in. In a collective signing setting, the colluding group can selectively le=
ave all or a selected subset of honest participants out of signatures, but =
those honest participants will be able to notice this and complain, in exac=
tly the same way as for gossip. =C2=A0</div><div><br></div><div>Moreover, t=
he collective signature (at least the way we do it) leaves a precise and un=
forgeable public record of exactly which participants were and were not pre=
sent and contributing to the signature in each signing round.=C2=A0 If the =
leader has committed to using a particular group of co-signers but regularl=
y omits a bunch of them from its collective signatures - even though those =
co-signers seem to be getting along fine with other authorities (e.g., othe=
r log servers) also using them for collective signing - then both those co-=
signers and all clients who see the resulting collective signatures have ev=
ery opportunity to notice and ask questions.=C2=A0 In contrast, gossip does=
 not inherently produce any third-party-verifiable record of which nodes we=
re present or absent, or able or unable to connect and gossip, at any given=
 time.=C2=A0 So in this respect, collective signing seems to provide the sa=
me (strong though imperfect) detection capabilities, together with signific=
antly greater transparency in terms of the public record it leaves behind.<=
/div></div></div><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-word"><div><div><br></div><b=
lockquote type=3D"cite"><div dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"font-family:Helvetica;fon=
t-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;letter=
-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-=
space:normal;word-spacing:0px"><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><blockquote class=
=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;bo=
rder-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex">=
<div style=3D"word-wrap:break-word"><div><div><blockquote type=3D"cite"><di=
v dir=3D"ltr"><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div>Chrome&#39;s current policy i=
s here:=C2=A0<a href=3D"http://www.chromium.org/Home/chromium-security/root=
-ca-policy/EVCTPlanMay2015edition.pdf" target=3D"_blank">http://www.chromiu=
m.org/Home/chromium-security/root-ca-policy/EVCTPlanMay2015edition.pdf</a>.=
</div><div><br></div><div>We don&#39;t have any plans to change those numbe=
rs at present.</div></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>Thanks, I =
hadn=E2=80=99t seen that document before.=C2=A0 So it looks like the =E2=80=
=9Cabsolute minimum=E2=80=9D number of SCTs required is 2, which is certain=
ly better than 1 but still (to me anyway) a worryingly small number.=C2=A0 =
Compounding this, I notice that the first three log servers on the current =
list are run by Google (and in particular by one particular team at Google =
:) ), effectively presenting a =E2=80=9Cone-stop shop=E2=80=9D for any adve=
rsary who might for whatever reason want to acquire the private keys of two=
 CT log servers so as to be able to (for example) silently MITM-attack CT-e=
nabled Chrome clients. =C2=A0</div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br>=
</div><div>This is why you need gossip, of course - to make this kind of at=
tack non-silent. BTW, you also need a CA as well as two logs. And once you =
get caught, they become valueless. Oh, and, Google is not a one-stop shop, =
even for logs, because the policy requires at least one SCT to not come fro=
m Google.</div></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div></div></div><div sty=
le=3D"word-wrap:break-word"><div><div>Missed that proviso on first read, th=
anks.</div></div></div><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-word"><div><div><br></=
div><blockquote type=3D"cite"><div dir=3D"ltr" style=3D"font-family:Helveti=
ca;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;=
letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;=
white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px"><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><blockquote=
 class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:=
1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left=
:1ex"><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-word"><div><div><blockquote type=3D"cit=
e"><div dir=3D"ltr"><div class=3D"gmail_quote">That aside, I do not disagre=
e with the core idea. I wonder about its practicality. For example, current=
ly we require STHs to be produced on a regular basis, which is necessary to=
 ensure good behaviour. If we went to a multi-signing approach, and an STH =
was not produced on time, who would we blame? What would we do about that, =
in practice? Seems to me everyone involved could point fingers at everyone =
else. How would you address that?</div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><d=
iv>Agreed that this is an important question, hopefully addressed above: th=
e log server need not necessarily allow its availability to be =E2=80=9Chel=
d hostage=E2=80=9D at all, and instead client policy could (independently) =
determine how many missing co-signers the client is willing to tolerate.</d=
iv></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>Which allows the log =
server to misbehave and claim its co-signers were unavailable.</div></div><=
/div></blockquote><div><br></div></div></div><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-=
word"><div><div>Which would be just as immediately noticeable as if a collu=
ding group of log servers were to stop gossiping with non-colluding nodes a=
nd claim all of them are unavailable.</div></div></div><div style=3D"word-w=
rap:break-word"><div><br><blockquote type=3D"cite"><div dir=3D"ltr" style=
=3D"font-family:Helvetica;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant:nor=
mal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0=
px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px"><div class=3D"g=
mail_quote"><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0=
.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-s=
tyle:solid;padding-left:1ex"><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-word"><div><div>=
<blockquote type=3D"cite"><div dir=3D"ltr"><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><bloc=
kquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-=
width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;paddin=
g-left:1ex"><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-word"><div><div>=C2=A0Whereas inc=
reasing m, the number of signers per log server, can only increase security=
, assuming the multi-signing protocol/crypto itself isn=E2=80=99t broken.=
=C2=A0</div></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>Aside from my prob=
lem above, at least one other obvious issue with increasing the number of s=
igners, is you also increase latency (I suspect) and decrease reliability.<=
/div></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>Yes, you increase latency=
, but in our experiments we get under 5 secs of latency for 8,000 signers; =
it seems hard to imagine that being a difficulty for a latency-tolerant act=
ivity like signing STHs that happens at periods counted in minutes.</div></=
div></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>Is that 8,000 geographical=
ly distributed signers?</div></div></div></blockquote><br></div></div><div =
style=3D"word-wrap:break-word"><div></div><div>Since unlike some companies =
( ;) ) we don=E2=80=99t have 8,000 physically geographically distributed ma=
chines we can allocate on demand to experiments, we used 8,000 processes di=
stributed over a DeterLab virtual network topology that imposes 100ms RTT d=
elays on network communication, in order to simulate a geographically distr=
ibuted network.=C2=A0 Perhaps we should be using 200ms or 300ms rather than=
 100ms RTTs to simulate a =E2=80=9Ctruly global=E2=80=9D network (mental no=
te to self for future experiments), but the current 2-second signing latenc=
ies we=E2=80=99re getting now aren=E2=80=99t going to become 10 minutes eve=
n if the underlying latencies are doubled are tripled. =C2=A0</div><div><br=
></div><div>Also, our experiments are pessimistic in the sense that because=
 we don=E2=80=99t have 8,000 separate physical machines, each physical mach=
ine is running many virtual participants, so the signing latencies we=E2=80=
=99re seeing are despite all the participants being artificially overloaded=
.=C2=A0 I conjecture that the plot on page 35 of the slides below might sta=
y a lot flatter toward its right end (e.g., after 1024 participants or so w=
here you can see it curve upward) if those were real machines not overloade=
d by experimental artifacts.=C2=A0 But I don=E2=80=99t at the moment have t=
he testbed I would need to confirm that conjecture. ;)</div><div><br></div>=
<div><span style=3D"white-space:pre-wrap">	</span><a href=3D"http://dedis.c=
s.yale.edu/dissent/pres/151009-stanford-cothorities.pdf" target=3D"_blank">=
http://dedis.cs.yale.edu/dissent/pres/151009-stanford-cothorities.pdf</a></=
div><div><br></div><div>Cheers</div></div><div style=3D"word-wrap:break-wor=
d"><div>Bryan</div><div><br></div><br></div></blockquote></div></div>

--001a11481d4aa3d4680522b2905e--


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To: Tom Ritter <tom@ritter.vg>
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Subject: Re: [Trans] Long-term: scalable collective signing (of certs, log-heads, and/or SCTs)
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Hi Tom, picking up your thread from earlier this month (again sorry for =
the long delay)=E2=80=A6

On 04 Oct 2015, at 18:37, Tom Ritter <tom@ritter.vg> wrote:
> Going back to Bryan's idea, I'd like to understand a little bit more
> about the crypto and its constraints. I apologize for not thoroughly
> reading the paper but I hope you'll humor me ...
>=20
> So it's an N-of-M scheme producing a single signature. I gather than M
> needs to be decided upon in the beginning, on set-up, and all the
> shares need to be created by a single entity and then provided to the
> independent entities?  Is this understanding correct?

No, at least in its current form there is technically particular =
threshold that needs to be decided on ahead of time, left unchanged, or =
even agreed on by everyone.  The leader/proposer (e.g., log server) =
produces a message, collects =E2=80=9Cpartial signatures=E2=80=9D from =
any subset of the M co-signers it deems to be online and available, and =
works with them to produce a collective signature that documents exactly =
which subset of the M potential co-signers was actually present and =
contributed to the signature.  By implication, it=E2=80=99s obvious from =
the collective signature how many of those co-signers were present, so =
if the leader (perhaps maliciously) tries to leave a bunch of honest =
participants out in one or more rounds, there=E2=80=99s lots of =
opportunity for anyone to notice and ask questions.

In essence, the collective signing protocol as it stands produces =
something semantically equivalent in information content to up to M =
individual signatures, but merely =E2=80=9Coptimised=E2=80=9D for a full =
rather than empty set of co-signers.  If all M signers are online and =
participating in a given signing round - as I would hope and expect to =
be the expected normal operating practice - then the collective =
signature is basically equivalent in size and verification cost to a =
single individual signature.  The size and verification cost of the =
collective signature then basically increases as more and more nodes =
=E2=80=9Cgo missing=E2=80=9D, basically because the collective signature =
needs to include (verifiable) metadata about the missing nodes allowing =
signature verifiers to =E2=80=9Csubtract out=E2=80=9D those nodes=E2=80=99=
 components of the composite public key.  In the worst case, if the =
leader really wants to produce a collective signature with only 1 or 2 =
nodes actually participating, then the collective signature will get =
big. :)

We do have an alternative design we=E2=80=99re working on that always =
produces constant-size signatures whose composition doesn=E2=80=99t vary =
depending on the participants, along the lines of traditional threshold =
crypto based on Shamir secret sharing but just more scalable.  That=E2=80=99=
s very useful for other things, but indeed requires you to pick and =
agree on a particular threshold from the start, and doesn=E2=80=99t =
leave a documentation trail indicating who was =E2=80=9Cmissing from the =
role call=E2=80=9D in each round.  So for present purposes the current =
approach actually seems preferable to me, if a bit less =
crypto-whiz-bang.

> That's unfortunate, as it still represents a single point of trust.
> It's less, to be sure, and I don't think it's insurmountable for the
> 'normal' person's notion of trust, but I'm less sure about the legal
> "This organization is going to have some sort of agreement with some
> other organizations and lawyers have read it" notion of trust. If you
> expect to give a key share to, say, ICANN and to CNNIC you need to be
> able to say you're pretty darn independent. Is there any way to let
> people generate their own key shares and then assemble them into a
> public key?

No one needs to generate key pairs on behalf of everyone else: all =
participants generate their own key pairs independently and keep the =
private parts secret, just as in the M-individual-signatures case.  The =
main restriction is those keys all have to be generated in an =
agreed-upon cryptographic group: e.g., P-256, or P-something-else, or =
Ed25519 or Goldilocks.  Since elliptic curves used for signing are =
pretty standardised anyway (unlike the DSA practice of having new group =
parameters for each key pair), this doesn=E2=80=99t seem like a =
significant issue.

> Fixing M in the beginning seems to be an engineering problem more than
> a trust one. You're committing yourself to this many shares, and as
> time goes on and organizations stop signing, M will stay the same but
> the potential number of signers will decrease, and trust will
> gradually erode as well. If I understand that the key shares are part
> of a Merkle Tree, it seems it might be possible to grow M and add key
> shares? This would change the public key of course, but I'm assume we
> can handle the rotation.

I=E2=80=99m assuming the members of M are reputable, relatively stable =
independent organisations who are able and committed to keep servers =
alive at least most of the time, so that it should be a fairly =
exceptional event (and a moment of public shame!) for such a =
witness/co-signing server to go AWOL even for one signing round.  Of =
course an organisation running a witness server could just suddenly go =
belly-up or decide to stop providing service without notice, but that =
will just mean that a =E2=80=9Cwitness 15 was missing=E2=80=9D metadata =
record will be present in each collective signature record signed with =
that group configuration until the next time the group configuration is =
updated.

I envision the group configuration being updated not too often, e.g., =
preferably like once a year or at most once every few months.  One =
obvious avenue for group configuration updates is simply to handle them =
the same way that updates to root CA certs, root log server certs, and =
other roots of trust are handled in web browsers: i.e., just align =
root-configuration updates with the software update cycle.

Would a witness group configuration need to be =E2=80=9Cvalid for 3 =
years=E2=80=9D like root certificates?  That=E2=80=99s one possibility =
that might not be unreasonable, but collective signing gives us other =
interesting and potentially better alternatives.  For example, if a =
witness group=E2=80=99s composition changes every year or every quarter, =
then the last thing the leader might do in the prior group configuration =
is use it to collectively witness and sign a successorship record, =
stating what the next group configuration record is.  The successor =
group configuration can have not only added and/or removed members, but =
also all the remaining members can generate brand-new key pairs for each =
successive group configuration, and those participants can immediately =
scrub the private keys they were using in the prior configuration.  =
Clients who might be running months- or years-old web browser versions =
or whatnot can still =E2=80=9Cchain forward=E2=80=9D by following =
multiple such successorship links from the last configuration they know =
and trust to the latest configuration.  This would thus not only ensure =
that old clients can transition to new roots of trust more seamlessly =
than they do now, but would also allow all the keys used in collective =
signing to have more like 1-year (or 3-month) lifespans rather than the =
currently typical 3-ish-year windows.

> Also, the slides mention "1-of-k" but I assume it's truly N-of-M and
> not 1-of-M correct? Because we should assume at least 1 if not a few
> orgs will have their key share compromised and we need to set N high
> enough that the average security of the group of organizations is high
> enough that compromising N orgs would be difficult.

Hmmm, could you point out which slide you=E2=80=99re referring to?  =
Might be a typo.

> I think I communicated this before, but I'm supportive of the idea,
> I'm just skeptical about the practicality of it. Not from a math or
> engineering aspect, but from a humans-interfacing-with-humans aspect.

The organisational and incentive question is indeed important as well.  =
Another way to view this, though, is not just as a way to protect =
users/clients as they validate an authority=E2=80=99s (e.g., CA=E2=80=99s =
or log server=E2=80=99s) statements, but also as a way for the authority =
to protect itself by disincentivizing anyone who might want to work hard =
to steal their private keys and use them (in whatever fashion) in =
secret.  Currently, if a hacker or some country=E2=80=99s spy agency =
manages to acquire those private keys by whatever means, they can be =
used in secret, probably in a completely different part of the world and =
unbeknownst to the genuine authority, to synthesise entirely fake =
=E2=80=9Cviews of the world=E2=80=9D for targets on attacker-controlled =
networks for example.   CT currently makes such secret misuse a bit =
harder but by no means impossible. =20

But if all of the authority=E2=80=99s statements (e.g., STHs) are =
supposed to be collectively signed by a substantial fraction of a large =
and diverse set of independent participants around the world, the =
potential value to an attacker of the authority=E2=80=99s private key is =
greatly diminished: even once the hacker or spy agency gets the key, =
they won=E2=80=99t be able to sign a statement that clients will accept =
unless they also get it witnessed and co-signed by a significant =
fraction of the same group of witnesses, at which point it=E2=80=99s =
pretty certain the misuse will be detected immediately in a most public =
and potentially embarrassing fashion. =20

In essence, it=E2=80=99s a way for authorities who sign public =
statements to de-value their private keys as hacking targets, =
disincentivizing hacking or other forms of =E2=80=9Cacquisition=E2=80=9D =
attempts in the first place by making the private keys effectively =
worthless for doing anything in secret.  Perhaps an =E2=80=9Cenlightened =
authority=E2=80=9D might even be willing to pay some kind of tiny =
trickle of compensation to the (reliable, reputable) group of witnesses =
it contracts with to help collectively protect it in this fashion.

> But if there's code that runs, clear instructions to follow, and a
> test network to join - I have a spare box I would set to participating
> =3D)

Sounds great, thanks for the offer!  The code is already online =
(https://github.com/DeDiS/cothority), and we=E2=80=99re working hard to =
get it stable and well-documented enough for multi-site testing; we=E2=80=99=
d love to have you (and anyone else interested) join into a test =
=E2=80=9Cwitness cothority=E2=80=9D we=E2=80=99re in the process of =
getting set up.

Cheers
Bryan



From nobody Thu Oct 22 15:49:27 2015
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Subject: Re: [Trans] Gossip: Unsticking a client caught with potential evidence of log misbehavior
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On Thu 2015-10-22 06:23:35 -0400, Ben Laurie wrote:
> On Thu, 22 Oct 2015 at 03:16 Tom Ritter <tom@ritter.vg> wrote:
>> On 21 October 2015 at 08:52, Linus Nordberg <linus@nordu.net> wrote:
>> > Impractical since the browser would have to know which domain that
>> > example.com has delegated its SCT Feedback to.
>>
>> This is an engineering problem I don't see a neat solution to. So
>> obviously the solution is a new HTTP header! SCT-Feedback:
>>
>> https://uncle-neds-discount-hanggliding-and-sct-feedback-correlator.website/google.com/
>> ;)
>
> Quite so.

I can't tell how much people are kidding around here -- i see Tom's
winky emoticon, at least.

But which version of the site should get to declare where the delegation
should happen -- the version that has the bogus cert with SCTs from the
colluding logs, or the "real" version?

     --dkg


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From: Tom Ritter <tom@ritter.vg>
Date: Fri, 23 Oct 2015 00:11:43 -0500
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Subject: Re: [Trans] Gossip: Unsticking a client caught with potential evidence of log misbehavior
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On 22 October 2015 at 17:48, Daniel Kahn Gillmor <dkg@fifthhorseman.net> wrote:
> On Thu 2015-10-22 06:23:35 -0400, Ben Laurie wrote:
>> On Thu, 22 Oct 2015 at 03:16 Tom Ritter <tom@ritter.vg> wrote:
>>> On 21 October 2015 at 08:52, Linus Nordberg <linus@nordu.net> wrote:
>>> > Impractical since the browser would have to know which domain that
>>> > example.com has delegated its SCT Feedback to.
>>>
>>> This is an engineering problem I don't see a neat solution to. So
>>> obviously the solution is a new HTTP header! SCT-Feedback:
>>>
>>> https://uncle-neds-discount-hanggliding-and-sct-feedback-correlator.website/google.com/
>>> ;)
>>
>> Quite so.
>
> I can't tell how much people are kidding around here -- i see Tom's
> winky emoticon, at least.
>
> But which version of the site should get to declare where the delegation
> should happen -- the version that has the bogus cert with SCTs from the
> colluding logs, or the "real" version?

The header should not persist, it should be required to be present on
every response to keep the delegation occuring.  So assume the fake
server sets it, and you give some SCT feedback to the delegated
attacker.  Later when you visit the site, and no longer see the
header, you give SCTs to the real site.  I don't think this changes
the threat model, as we assume the attacker cannot forever-middle a
user.

I tend to like HTTP headers, but I do recognize there's a ton of them.

On 22 October 2015 at 05:25, Ben Laurie <benl@google.com> wrote:
> On Thu, 22 Oct 2015 at 03:16 Tom Ritter <tom@ritter.vg> wrote:
>>
>> I can't
>> think of a way you receive (no-maliciously) an older-then-three-week
>> STH.
>
> You can end up with one if you receive a fresh one and then go to sleep for
> 4 weeks...

That's true. It seems different from the client receiving a 4-week old
STH via the network though.

If you start up and have a 4-week old STH in your store - you can
presume that you recived it when it was fresh. And if you cannot
resolve with a consistency proof - it seems 'safer' to me in some way.
If you receive a 4-week old STH from a site, I might assume they're
trying to load me with a tracking STH.

But in general we're back in the bucket of "What do I do with this."
Do we share it with websites via STH Pollination even though it can
enable very reliable cross-origin linkage?  I don't think we can,
because (besides the privacy issue) we don't want to require the
website to resolve consistency proofs nor do we want the website to
give 4-week old STHs to other clients.  Do we share it with an
auditor-of-last-resort (after failing to resolve a consistency proof),
thinking that the privacy implications of a STH are much lesser than
the near-certainly of cross-origin linkage?

-tom


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In-Reply-To: <87611ybjud.fsf@alice.fifthhorseman.net>
From: Ben Laurie <benl@google.com>
Date: Fri, 23 Oct 2015 09:24:48 +0000
Message-ID: <CABrd9SQT1quq1Rup4onF=+qAcBTcdc7vyyygW__jmXqHr=hqYQ@mail.gmail.com>
To: Daniel Kahn Gillmor <dkg@fifthhorseman.net>, Tom Ritter <tom@ritter.vg>,  Linus Nordberg <linus@nordu.net>
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Cc: Katriel Cohn-Gordon <me@katriel.co.uk>, Robin Wilton <wilton@isoc.org>, Eran Messeri <eranm@google.com>, "trans@ietf.org" <trans@ietf.org>
Subject: Re: [Trans] Gossip: Unsticking a client caught with potential evidence of log misbehavior
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On Thu, 22 Oct 2015 at 23:49 Daniel Kahn Gillmor <dkg@fifthhorseman.net>
wrote:

> On Thu 2015-10-22 06:23:35 -0400, Ben Laurie wrote:
> > On Thu, 22 Oct 2015 at 03:16 Tom Ritter <tom@ritter.vg> wrote:
> >> On 21 October 2015 at 08:52, Linus Nordberg <linus@nordu.net> wrote:
> >> > Impractical since the browser would have to know which domain that
> >> > example.com has delegated its SCT Feedback to.
> >>
> >> This is an engineering problem I don't see a neat solution to. So
> >> obviously the solution is a new HTTP header! SCT-Feedback:
> >>
> >>
> https://uncle-neds-discount-hanggliding-and-sct-feedback-correlator.website/google.com/
> >> ;)
> >
> > Quite so.
>
> I can't tell how much people are kidding around here -- i see Tom's
> winky emoticon, at least.
>
> But which version of the site should get to declare where the delegation
> should happen -- the version that has the bogus cert with SCTs from the
> colluding logs, or the "real" version?
>

If you report every SCT you've seen to whichever site the session with a
new SCT says, then eventually the good guy gets to see the bogus SCTs,
right?

In fact, you probably only need to report the previous SCT to the next
SCT...


>      --dkg
>

--001a1142a202a454b70522c22f68
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<div dir=3D"ltr"><br><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div dir=3D"ltr">On Thu=
, 22 Oct 2015 at 23:49 Daniel Kahn Gillmor &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:dkg@fifthh=
orseman.net">dkg@fifthhorseman.net</a>&gt; wrote:<br></div><blockquote clas=
s=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;pad=
ding-left:1ex">On Thu 2015-10-22 06:23:35 -0400, Ben Laurie wrote:<br>
&gt; On Thu, 22 Oct 2015 at 03:16 Tom Ritter &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:tom@ritt=
er.vg" target=3D"_blank">tom@ritter.vg</a>&gt; wrote:<br>
&gt;&gt; On 21 October 2015 at 08:52, Linus Nordberg &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:=
linus@nordu.net" target=3D"_blank">linus@nordu.net</a>&gt; wrote:<br>
&gt;&gt; &gt; Impractical since the browser would have to know which domain=
 that<br>
&gt;&gt; &gt; <a href=3D"http://example.com" rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_=
blank">example.com</a> has delegated its SCT Feedback to.<br>
&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt; This is an engineering problem I don&#39;t see a neat solution to.=
 So<br>
&gt;&gt; obviously the solution is a new HTTP header! SCT-Feedback:<br>
&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt; <a href=3D"https://uncle-neds-discount-hanggliding-and-sct-feedbac=
k-correlator.website/google.com/" rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">http=
s://uncle-neds-discount-hanggliding-and-sct-feedback-correlator.website/goo=
gle.com/</a><br>
&gt;&gt; ;)<br>
&gt;<br>
&gt; Quite so.<br>
<br>
I can&#39;t tell how much people are kidding around here -- i see Tom&#39;s=
<br>
winky emoticon, at least.<br>
<br>
But which version of the site should get to declare where the delegation<br=
>
should happen -- the version that has the bogus cert with SCTs from the<br>
colluding logs, or the &quot;real&quot; version?<br></blockquote><div><br><=
/div><div>If you report every SCT you&#39;ve seen to whichever site the ses=
sion with a new SCT says, then eventually the good guy gets to see the bogu=
s SCTs, right?</div><div><br></div><div>In fact, you probably only need to =
report the previous SCT to the next SCT...</div><div><br></div><blockquote =
class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid=
;padding-left:1ex">
<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0--dkg<br>
</blockquote></div></div>

--001a1142a202a454b70522c22f68--


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From: Ben Laurie <benl@google.com>
Date: Fri, 23 Oct 2015 09:26:59 +0000
Message-ID: <CABrd9SRtrv9rV+sOCVEzG9iAw67UGgX2u-Gztfjg_A7bKk78Gg@mail.gmail.com>
To: Tom Ritter <tom@ritter.vg>, Daniel Kahn Gillmor <dkg@fifthhorseman.net>
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Cc: Katriel Cohn-Gordon <me@katriel.co.uk>, Robin Wilton <wilton@isoc.org>, Eran Messeri <eranm@google.com>, "trans@ietf.org" <trans@ietf.org>, Linus Nordberg <linus@nordu.net>
Subject: Re: [Trans] Gossip: Unsticking a client caught with potential evidence of log misbehavior
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On Fri, 23 Oct 2015 at 06:12 Tom Ritter <tom@ritter.vg> wrote:

> On 22 October 2015 at 05:25, Ben Laurie <benl@google.com> wrote:
> > On Thu, 22 Oct 2015 at 03:16 Tom Ritter <tom@ritter.vg> wrote:
> >>
> >> I can't
> >> think of a way you receive (no-maliciously) an older-then-three-week
> >> STH.
> >
> > You can end up with one if you receive a fresh one and then go to sleep
> for
> > 4 weeks...
>
> That's true. It seems different from the client receiving a 4-week old
> STH via the network though.
>
> If you start up and have a 4-week old STH in your store - you can
> presume that you recived it when it was fresh. And if you cannot
> resolve with a consistency proof - it seems 'safer' to me in some way.
> If you receive a 4-week old STH from a site, I might assume they're
> trying to load me with a tracking STH.
>
> But in general we're back in the bucket of "What do I do with this."
> Do we share it with websites via STH Pollination even though it can
> enable very reliable cross-origin linkage?  I don't think we can,
> because (besides the privacy issue) we don't want to require the
> website to resolve consistency proofs nor do we want the website to
> give 4-week old STHs to other clients.  Do we share it with an
> auditor-of-last-resort (after failing to resolve a consistency proof),
> thinking that the privacy implications of a STH are much lesser than
> the near-certainly of cross-origin linkage?
>

The problem with discarding old STHs is it makes an attacker's job easier:
now they only have to isolate their victim until the STH expiry age, and
all evidence is gone.



>
> -tom
>

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<div dir=3D"ltr"><br><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div dir=3D"ltr">On Fri=
, 23 Oct 2015 at 06:12 Tom Ritter &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:tom@ritter.vg">tom@=
ritter.vg</a>&gt; wrote:<br></div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=
=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">On 22 Oc=
tober 2015 at 05:25, Ben Laurie &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:benl@google.com" targ=
et=3D"_blank">benl@google.com</a>&gt; wrote:<br>
&gt; On Thu, 22 Oct 2015 at 03:16 Tom Ritter &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:tom@ritt=
er.vg" target=3D"_blank">tom@ritter.vg</a>&gt; wrote:<br>
&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt; I can&#39;t<br>
&gt;&gt; think of a way you receive (no-maliciously) an older-then-three-we=
ek<br>
&gt;&gt; STH.<br>
&gt;<br>
&gt; You can end up with one if you receive a fresh one and then go to slee=
p for<br>
&gt; 4 weeks...<br>
<br>
That&#39;s true. It seems different from the client receiving a 4-week old<=
br>
STH via the network though.<br>
<br>
If you start up and have a 4-week old STH in your store - you can<br>
presume that you recived it when it was fresh. And if you cannot<br>
resolve with a consistency proof - it seems &#39;safer&#39; to me in some w=
ay.<br>
If you receive a 4-week old STH from a site, I might assume they&#39;re<br>
trying to load me with a tracking STH.<br>
<br>
But in general we&#39;re back in the bucket of &quot;What do I do with this=
.&quot;<br>
Do we share it with websites via STH Pollination even though it can<br>
enable very reliable cross-origin linkage?=C2=A0 I don&#39;t think we can,<=
br>
because (besides the privacy issue) we don&#39;t want to require the<br>
website to resolve consistency proofs nor do we want the website to<br>
give 4-week old STHs to other clients.=C2=A0 Do we share it with an<br>
auditor-of-last-resort (after failing to resolve a consistency proof),<br>
thinking that the privacy implications of a STH are much lesser than<br>
the near-certainly of cross-origin linkage?<br></blockquote><div><br></div>=
<div>The problem with discarding old STHs is it makes an attacker&#39;s job=
 easier: now they only have to isolate their victim until the STH expiry ag=
e, and all evidence is gone.</div><div><br></div><div>=C2=A0</div><blockquo=
te class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc so=
lid;padding-left:1ex">
<br>
-tom<br>
</blockquote></div></div>

--001a11492c103d92890522c2370b--


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From: Tom Ritter <tom@ritter.vg>
Date: Fri, 23 Oct 2015 13:58:45 -0500
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Cc: Katriel Cohn-Gordon <me@katriel.co.uk>, Eran Messeri <eranm@google.com>, "trans@ietf.org" <trans@ietf.org>
Subject: Re: [Trans] Long-term: scalable collective signing (of certs, log-heads, and/or SCTs)
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Thanks for this, I was pretty far off from my assumptions!

On 22 October 2015 at 09:59, Bryan Ford <brynosaurus@gmail.com> wrote:
> No, at least in its current form there is technically particular threshol=
d that needs to be decided on ahead of time, left unchanged, or even agreed=
 on by everyone.  The leader/proposer (e.g., log server) produces a message=
, collects =E2=80=9Cpartial signatures=E2=80=9D from any subset of the M co=
-signers it deems to be online and available, and works with them to produc=
e a collective signature that documents exactly which subset of the M poten=
tial co-signers was actually present and contributed to the signature.  By =
implication, it=E2=80=99s obvious from the collective signature how many of=
 those co-signers were present, so if the leader (perhaps maliciously) trie=
s to leave a bunch of honest participants out in one or more rounds, there=
=E2=80=99s lots of opportunity for anyone to notice and ask questions.
>
> In essence, the collective signing protocol as it stands produces somethi=
ng semantically equivalent in information content to up to M individual sig=
natures, but merely =E2=80=9Coptimised=E2=80=9D for a full rather than empt=
y set of co-signers.  If all M signers are online and participating in a gi=
ven signing round - as I would hope and expect to be the expected normal op=
erating practice - then the collective signature is basically equivalent in=
 size and verification cost to a single individual signature.  The size and=
 verification cost of the collective signature then basically increases as =
more and more nodes =E2=80=9Cgo missing=E2=80=9D, basically because the col=
lective signature needs to include (verifiable) metadata about the missing =
nodes allowing signature verifiers to =E2=80=9Csubtract out=E2=80=9D those =
nodes=E2=80=99 components of the composite public key.  In the worst case, =
if the leader really wants to produce a collective signature with only 1 or=
 2 nodes actually participating, then the collective signature will get big=
. :)


Oh.  Really cool!  I think the larger size of signatures might be an
issue for SCTs, but like you mention, doing it for STHs seems quite
reasonable!


> No one needs to generate key pairs on behalf of everyone else: all partic=
ipants generate their own key pairs independently and keep the private part=
s secret, just as in the M-individual-signatures case.  The main restrictio=
n is those keys all have to be generated in an agreed-upon cryptographic gr=
oup: e.g., P-256, or P-something-else, or Ed25519 or Goldilocks.  Since ell=
iptic curves used for signing are pretty standardised anyway (unlike the DS=
A practice of having new group parameters for each key pair), this doesn=E2=
=80=99t seem like a significant issue.


Agreed; nice!


> I=E2=80=99m assuming the members of M are reputable, relatively stable in=
dependent organisations who are able and committed to keep servers alive at=
 least most of the time, so that it should be a fairly exceptional event (a=
nd a moment of public shame!) for such a witness/co-signing server to go AW=
OL even for one signing round.  Of course an organisation running a witness=
 server could just suddenly go belly-up or decide to stop providing service=
 without notice, but that will just mean that a =E2=80=9Cwitness 15 was mis=
sing=E2=80=9D metadata record will be present in each collective signature =
record signed with that group configuration until the next time the group c=
onfiguration is updated.


I am less sure about that.  The more expectations placed on an
organization around uptime and reliability - the fewer organizations
you'll have participating.  I have to think a more successful model is
"Run this software for a month, get used to it, and then we'll add
you.  Keep it up as best you can, and if you have problems keeping it
up, we might remove you on our quarterly membership changes."


> I envision the group configuration being updated not too often, e.g., pre=
ferably like once a year or at most once every few months.  One obvious ave=
nue for group configuration updates is simply to handle them the same way t=
hat updates to root CA certs, root log server certs, and other roots of tru=
st are handled in web browsers: i.e., just align root-configuration updates=
 with the software update cycle.
>
> Would a witness group configuration need to be =E2=80=9Cvalid for 3 years=
=E2=80=9D like root certificates?  That=E2=80=99s one possibility that migh=
t not be unreasonable, but collective signing gives us other interesting an=
d potentially better alternatives.  For example, if a witness group=E2=80=
=99s composition changes every year or every quarter, then the last thing t=
he leader might do in the prior group configuration is use it to collective=
ly witness and sign a successorship record, stating what the next group con=
figuration record is.  The successor group configuration can have not only =
added and/or removed members, but also all the remaining members can genera=
te brand-new key pairs for each successive group configuration, and those p=
articipants can immediately scrub the private keys they were using in the p=
rior configuration.  Clients who might be running months- or years-old web =
browser versions or whatnot can still =E2=80=9Cchain forward=E2=80=9D by fo=
llowing multiple such successorship links from the last configuration they =
know and trust to the latest configuration.  This would thus not only ensur=
e that old clients can transition to new roots of trust more seamlessly tha=
n they do now, but would also allow all the keys used in collective signing=
 to have more like 1-year (or 3-month) lifespans rather than the currently =
typical 3-ish-year windows.

Chaining is good, requiring software updates doesn't seem very good.


>> Also, the slides mention "1-of-k" but I assume it's truly N-of-M and
>> not 1-of-M correct? Because we should assume at least 1 if not a few
>> orgs will have their key share compromised and we need to set N high
>> enough that the average security of the group of organizations is high
>> enough that compromising N orgs would be difficult.
>
> Hmmm, could you point out which slide you=E2=80=99re referring to?  Might=
 be a typo.

Can't find it, must have gotten confused about your intro slide.


From nobody Mon Oct 26 23:11:35 2015
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To: trans@ietf.org
From: Melinda Shore <melinda.shore@gmail.com>
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Date: Mon, 26 Oct 2015 22:11:27 -0800
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Subject: [Trans] Upcoming meeting
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Hi, all:

This is a reminder that we're meeting next Monday.  Please
take a look at the agenda 
(https://datatracker.ietf.org/meeting/94/agenda/trans/)
and be ready for document discussion.  If you have an agenda
slot, *please* get slides to me as early as possible.  We will
likely have a number of new attendees and we'd like to make sure
that they have a chance to prepare, as well.  Note that they
don't have to be perfect - I am always happy to upload updated
slide sets if you make corrections or other changes prior to the
session.

Melinda


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Subject: Re: [Trans] [trans] #110 (rfc6962-bis): Reorganize requirements into appropriate sections
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#110: Reorganize requirements into appropriate sections

Changes (by rob.stradling@comodo.com):

 * status:  new => assigned
 * milestone:   => review


Comment:

 Fixed by https://github.com/google/certificate-transparency-
 rfcs/commit/0da7e2c942b7323c05a24944d2dcf89c62617618 and the preceding 26
 commits.

 This is the only change between -09 and -10:
 https://www.ietf.org/rfcdiff?url1=draft-ietf-trans-rfc6962-bis-09&url2
 =draft-ietf-trans-rfc6962-bis-10

-- 
-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------
 Reporter:                           |       Owner:
  rob.stradling@comodo.com           |  rob.stradling@comodo.com
     Type:  defect                   |      Status:  assigned
 Priority:  major                    |   Milestone:  review
Component:  rfc6962-bis              |     Version:
 Severity:  -                        |  Resolution:
 Keywords:                           |
-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/trans/trac/ticket/110#comment:1>
trans <http://tools.ietf.org/trans/>


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Subject: Re: [Trans] [trans] #105 (rfc6962-bis): Shrink LogID
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#105: Shrink LogID

Changes (by rob.stradling@comodo.com):

 * status:  new => assigned
 * milestone:   => review


Comment:

 Fixed by https://github.com/google/certificate-transparency-
 rfcs/commit/22746c1a6197c665c7e8ff5d8008c5ab9c7c3537 and
 https://github.com/google/certificate-transparency-
 rfcs/commit/36fc450994792376eccd877bf1b38662142b0705

-- 
-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------
 Reporter:                           |       Owner:
  rob.stradling@comodo.com           |  rob.stradling@comodo.com
     Type:  enhancement              |      Status:  assigned
 Priority:  major                    |   Milestone:  review
Component:  rfc6962-bis              |     Version:
 Severity:  -                        |  Resolution:
 Keywords:                           |
-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/trans/trac/ticket/105#comment:11>
trans <http://tools.ietf.org/trans/>


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#110: Reorganize requirements into appropriate sections

Changes (by melinda.shore@gmail.com):

 * status:  assigned => closed
 * resolution:   => fixed


-- 
-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------
 Reporter:                           |       Owner:
  rob.stradling@comodo.com           |  rob.stradling@comodo.com
     Type:  defect                   |      Status:  closed
 Priority:  major                    |   Milestone:  review
Component:  rfc6962-bis              |     Version:
 Severity:  -                        |  Resolution:  fixed
 Keywords:                           |
-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/trans/trac/ticket/110#comment:2>
trans <http://tools.ietf.org/trans/>


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#105: Shrink LogID

Changes (by melinda.shore@gmail.com):

 * status:  assigned => closed
 * resolution:   => fixed


-- 
-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------
 Reporter:                           |       Owner:
  rob.stradling@comodo.com           |  rob.stradling@comodo.com
     Type:  enhancement              |      Status:  closed
 Priority:  major                    |   Milestone:  review
Component:  rfc6962-bis              |     Version:
 Severity:  -                        |  Resolution:  fixed
 Keywords:                           |
-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------

Ticket URL: <http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/trans/trac/ticket/105#comment:12>
trans <http://tools.ietf.org/trans/>

