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From: Filippo Valsorda <filippo@cloudflare.com>
Date: Thu, 1 Jun 2017 18:56:34 -0700
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Subject: Re: [Trans] Write-up of the "Strict CT" variant
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A couple observations on what we can and can't achieve with strict CT.

First, I think that for a scheme to be deployable it has to enable and
not rollback the HTTPS automation trend. We can't tell Caddy (which
recently affirmed that it rather not start than start with an expired
certificate) to just wait a MMD or two at startup. We can't afford 24h
delays in signups at Cloudflare.

So any scheme that requires linking to out-of-band distributed blessed
STHs needs an asynchronous verification fallback, at least for young
certificates.

I heard suggestions that the requirement might be enforced per-CA. I
think that would cause pretty twisted incentives, and eventually die
the way of HPKP:

* A CA opting into "Strict CT"---which should be incentivized as more
secure/privacy-preserving---would be exposing its customers to the 24h
delays, a strong dis-incentive. LE would never opt-in, Cloudflare
couldn't use such a CA.
* For it to be effective against attackers that compromise a
non-strict CA, the site would have to pin to the strict CA(s). But
then losing the certificate private key means a MMD of downtime, which
is effectively the same operational risk of leaf-pinning HPKP.

Moreover, as Ryan pointed out, clients can be out of sync for
significant periods, for causes indistinguishable from maliciousness,
so there's no "safe amount of time" a website can wait, while a UA
can't stop working after 24h failing to phone home.

A zero-MMD log that immediately produces a STH doesn't help, because
you face the exact same problems proving that the STH is not forked.

It's hard-fail/soft-fail all over again, except we can meaningfully
verify asynchronously---there's a CT log to hold accountable.

Once you accept the need for an asynchronous verification method it
becomes clear that we can't improve upon it in terms of:

* complexity, since we still need to implement an asynchronous
verification method
* security against a colluding CA-log-MitM, since the attacker will
keep generating young certificates
* privacy against a malicious log, for the same reason

All we can do is limit how often the asynchronous verification method
is invoked in normal operation.

I think the best possible outcome would be:

* codify at which period STHs are issued, so each SCT has a known next
STH (-bis basically requires a log to have a full and minimal history
of STHs already, respectively because there are "existing and not"
STHs, and for privacy; let's go the whole way and expose and codify
it)
* distribute off-band the whole history of STHs (~150 bytes * 2 STH
per day * 365 days * 2 years window * 12 logs = 2.6MB)
* optionally staple inclusion proofs to SCTs, which are now unique
since they only need to link to the next canonical STH
* offer an asynchronous method to fetch inclusion proofs for a SCT,
which are now easy to cache in DNS because unique
* if the UA does not yet have the STH for the SCT, it will defer
verification; if it doesn't have the inclusion proof, it will fetch
it; but in most cases it will have the STH and will use the stapled
inclusion proof to verify the SCT

It's compatible with all three distribution methods, still benefits
from mandatory SCT (and if possible inclusion proof) in OCSP, and a CA
and website willing to wait can also include the inclusion proof
directly in the certificate.

It would also have the excellent side-effect of making logs endpoints
cacheable, as the number of artifacts would now be O(number of
certificates).


From nobody Sun Jun  4 18:36:32 2017
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Subject: Re: [Trans] [Public Notary Transparency Wiki] #181: Consolidate "Add Chain" and "Add PreCertChain" endpoints
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#181: Consolidate "Add Chain" and "Add PreCertChain" endpoints
-------------------------+----------------------
 Reporter:  rlb@…        |       Owner:  eranm@…
     Type:  defect       |      Status:  closed
 Priority:  major        |   Milestone:  review
Component:  rfc6962-bis  |     Version:
 Severity:  -            |  Resolution:  fixed
 Keywords:               |
-------------------------+----------------------
Changes (by melinda.shore@…):

 * status:  reopened => closed
 * resolution:   => fixed


--
Ticket URL: <https://trac.ietf.org/trac/trans/ticket/181#comment:10>
Public Notary Transparency  Wiki <https://trac.ietf.org/trac/trans>
My example project


From nobody Mon Jun  5 12:42:43 2017
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From: Eran Messeri <eranm@google.com>
Date: Mon, 5 Jun 2017 22:42:08 +0300
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Subject: Re: [Trans] Mutability of Certificate Signatures
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That's a known concern we've tried to address: https://trac.ietf.org
/trac/trans/ticket/92

I agree this is a sub-optimal aspect of the protocol design, and would
welcome better solutions than what we have right now. As you point out,
Andrew, this is clumsy (at best) to solve for precertificates, which is
what I expect most entries to be in a world where CT is mandatory.

I think that the suggestion to fix this by defining as misbehaviour the
presentation of an incorrectly-signed certificate chain in get-entries is
the right one.
Reasoning:
- An SCT is useless to an attacker without a valid signature over the
certificate/precertificate: The collusion described above is only harmful
if a CA an a log are compromised, and even then, all it enables is for the
CA to wash its hands of a particular certificate (which wouldn't be
accepted by TLS clients without a valid signature).
- It is pretty straightforward for a monitor to validate that all chains
presented in get-entries are valid chains.
- If we can't solve it properly for precertificates, then having different
security guarantees for different kinds of entries  would be confusing, at
best.

The upside of the change to only use the TBSCertificate + Issuer key hash
in the log entry is that it's much easier to reconstruct the input for SCT
signature validation: The same code is used for certs and precertificates.
It's also easier to reason about the two entry types since they are treated
identically.

What do you think?
Eran

On Mon, May 29, 2017 at 5:10 AM, Andrew Ayer <agwa@andrewayer.name> wrote:

> In RFC6962-bis, the input to the Merkle Tree leaf hash
> includes the TBSCertificate and the hash of the issuer key.
> The certificate signature is not included in the leaf hash.
> Consequentially, it is possible for a log to alter or remove
> the signature without violating the append-only property of the log.
> The tree's root hash would remain the same, and the log could still
> produce valid inclusion proofs for the corresponding SCT.
>
> This enables the following attack: if a misissued certificate is
> included in a log, an attacker could compromise or collude with the log
> operator to alter or remove the certificate's signature. Then the log
> no longer contains cryptographic proof that the CA misissued the
> certificate.  The CA indicated by issuer_key_hash could plausibly claim
> that it didn't issue the certificate.  Meanwhile, the log operator
> could claim the invalid signature came from a submitter, and blame its
> presence on a bug in the log's certificate acceptance code, something
> which has already happened with two RFC6962 logs and was not considered
> sufficiently bad by Chrome to warrant distrust[1].
>
> Note that this problem also exists in RFC6962 with pre-certificates,
> but not with certificates as the Merkle Tree leaf hash includes the full
> certificate.
>
> This could be fixed without changing the protocol by adding language
> that says that if a log cannot produce a full (pre-)certificate with a
> valid signature that matches the TBSCertificate and issuer_key_hash in
> the Merkle Tree leaf, then it must be considered misbehavior equivalent
> to violating the append-only property.
>
> However, it seems unfortunate that we can't simply rely on the Merkle
> Tree to ensure the immutability of crucial data - that is the whole
> point of a Merkle Tree, after all.  Auditors would need to perform
> an additional, complicated step.  Furthermore, if a log has a
> legitimate bug that causes certificates with invalid signatures to be
> accepted by accident, the log would have to be distrusted.
>
> Unfortunately, we can't simply include a whole pre-certificate in
> the Merkle Tree leaf hash, as it is impossible to reconstruct from
> the final certificate.  (We could put the pre-certificate signature in
> an extension in the final certificate, but that seems undesirable.)
>
> Any thoughts?  Since this is a correctness issue, I think it needs a
> resolution before RFC6962-bis is finalized.
>
> Regards,
> Andrew
>
> [1] https://groups.google.com/a/chromium.org/forum/#!topic/ct-
> policy/Itoq0YUZTlA
>
> _______________________________________________
> Trans mailing list
> Trans@ietf.org
> https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/trans
>

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<div dir=3D"ltr">That&#39;s a known concern we&#39;ve tried to address:=C2=
=A0<a href=3D"https://trac.ietf.org/trac/trans/ticket/92" target=3D"_blank"=
>https://trac.ietf.org<wbr>/trac/trans/ticket/92</a><div><br></div><div>I a=
gree this is a sub-optimal aspect of the protocol design, and would welcome=
 better solutions than what we have right now. As you point out, Andrew, th=
is is clumsy (at best) to solve for precertificates, which is what I expect=
 most entries to be in a world where CT is mandatory.</div><div><br></div><=
div>I think that the suggestion to fix this by defining as misbehaviour the=
 presentation of an incorrectly-signed certificate chain in get-entries is =
the right one.</div><div>Reasoning:</div><div>- An SCT is useless to an att=
acker without a valid signature over the certificate/precertificate: The co=
llusion described above is only harmful if a CA an a log are compromised, a=
nd even then, all it enables is for the CA to wash its hands of a particula=
r certificate (which wouldn&#39;t be accepted by TLS clients without a vali=
d signature).</div><div>- It is pretty straightforward for a monitor to val=
idate that all chains presented in get-entries are valid chains.</div><div>=
- If we can&#39;t solve it properly for precertificates, then having differ=
ent security guarantees for different kinds of entries =C2=A0would be confu=
sing, at best.</div><div><br></div><div>The upside of the change to only us=
e the TBSCertificate + Issuer key hash in the log entry is that it&#39;s mu=
ch easier to reconstruct the input for SCT signature validation: The same c=
ode is used for certs and precertificates. It&#39;s also easier to reason a=
bout the two entry types since they are treated identically.</div><div><br>=
</div><div>What do you think?</div><div>Eran</div></div><div class=3D"gmail=
_extra"><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote">On Mon, May 29, 2017 at 5:10 AM, And=
rew Ayer <span dir=3D"ltr">&lt;<a href=3D"mailto:agwa@andrewayer.name" targ=
et=3D"_blank">agwa@andrewayer.name</a>&gt;</span> wrote:<br><blockquote cla=
ss=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;pa=
dding-left:1ex">In RFC6962-bis, the input to the Merkle Tree leaf hash<br>
includes the TBSCertificate and the hash of the issuer key.<br>
The certificate signature is not included in the leaf hash.<br>
Consequentially, it is possible for a log to alter or remove<br>
the signature without violating the append-only property of the log.<br>
The tree&#39;s root hash would remain the same, and the log could still<br>
produce valid inclusion proofs for the corresponding SCT.<br>
<br>
This enables the following attack: if a misissued certificate is<br>
included in a log, an attacker could compromise or collude with the log<br>
operator to alter or remove the certificate&#39;s signature. Then the log<b=
r>
no longer contains cryptographic proof that the CA misissued the<br>
certificate.=C2=A0 The CA indicated by issuer_key_hash could plausibly clai=
m<br>
that it didn&#39;t issue the certificate.=C2=A0 Meanwhile, the log operator=
<br>
could claim the invalid signature came from a submitter, and blame its<br>
presence on a bug in the log&#39;s certificate acceptance code, something<b=
r>
which has already happened with two RFC6962 logs and was not considered<br>
sufficiently bad by Chrome to warrant distrust[1].<br>
<br>
Note that this problem also exists in RFC6962 with pre-certificates,<br>
but not with certificates as the Merkle Tree leaf hash includes the full<br=
>
certificate.<br>
<br>
This could be fixed without changing the protocol by adding language<br>
that says that if a log cannot produce a full (pre-)certificate with a<br>
valid signature that matches the TBSCertificate and issuer_key_hash in<br>
the Merkle Tree leaf, then it must be considered misbehavior equivalent<br>
to violating the append-only property.<br>
<br>
However, it seems unfortunate that we can&#39;t simply rely on the Merkle<b=
r>
Tree to ensure the immutability of crucial data - that is the whole<br>
point of a Merkle Tree, after all.=C2=A0 Auditors would need to perform<br>
an additional, complicated step.=C2=A0 Furthermore, if a log has a<br>
legitimate bug that causes certificates with invalid signatures to be<br>
accepted by accident, the log would have to be distrusted.<br>
<br>
Unfortunately, we can&#39;t simply include a whole pre-certificate in<br>
the Merkle Tree leaf hash, as it is impossible to reconstruct from<br>
the final certificate.=C2=A0 (We could put the pre-certificate signature in=
<br>
an extension in the final certificate, but that seems undesirable.)<br>
<br>
Any thoughts?=C2=A0 Since this is a correctness issue, I think it needs a<b=
r>
resolution before RFC6962-bis is finalized.<br>
<br>
Regards,<br>
Andrew<br>
<br>
[1] <a href=3D"https://groups.google.com/a/chromium.org/forum/#!topic/ct-po=
licy/Itoq0YUZTlA" rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">https://groups.googl=
e.com/a/<wbr>chromium.org/forum/#!topic/ct-<wbr>policy/Itoq0YUZTlA</a><br>
<br>
______________________________<wbr>_________________<br>
Trans mailing list<br>
<a href=3D"mailto:Trans@ietf.org">Trans@ietf.org</a><br>
<a href=3D"https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/trans" rel=3D"noreferrer" =
target=3D"_blank">https://www.ietf.org/mailman/<wbr>listinfo/trans</a><br>
</blockquote></div><br></div>

--001a114a8eec9f572c05513bb4d6--


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Date: Tue, 6 Jun 2017 10:00:22 -0700
From: Andrew Ayer <agwa@andrewayer.name>
To: Eran Messeri <eranm@google.com>
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Subject: Re: [Trans] Mutability of Certificate Signatures
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On Mon, 5 Jun 2017 22:42:08 +0300
Eran Messeri <eranm@google.com> wrote:

> I think that the suggestion to fix this by defining as misbehaviour
> the presentation of an incorrectly-signed certificate chain in
> get-entries is the right one.
> Reasoning:
> - An SCT is useless to an attacker without a valid signature over the
> certificate/precertificate: The collusion described above is only
> harmful if a CA an a log are compromised, and even then, all it
> enables is for the CA to wash its hands of a particular certificate
> (which wouldn't be accepted by TLS clients without a valid signature).
> - It is pretty straightforward for a monitor to validate that all
> chains presented in get-entries are valid chains.
> - If we can't solve it properly for precertificates, then having
> different security guarantees for different kinds of entries  would
> be confusing, at best.
> 
> The upside of the change to only use the TBSCertificate + Issuer key
> hash in the log entry is that it's much easier to reconstruct the
> input for SCT signature validation: The same code is used for certs
> and precertificates.

You raise a good point: since there are far more TLS clients than
monitors, it makes more sense to fix this problem by adding complexity
to monitors than to TLS clients.  So I agree that defining this as
misbehavior and having monitors check is the right solution.

Let's make sure we agree what monitors need to check for certificates
(mutatis mutandis for precertificates):

1. The tbs_certificate in the x509_entry_v2 TransItem structure returned
by get-entries must be byte-for-byte identical to the TBSCertificate
portion of the leaf_certificate in the corresponding X509ChainEntry
structure returned by get-entries.

2. The issuer_key_hash in the x509_entry_v2 TransItem structure returned
by get-entries must correspond to the public key of the issuer of the
leaf_certificate in the corresponding X509ChainEntry structure returned
by get-entries.

3. The signature of the leaf_certificate in the X509ChainEntry
structure returned by get-entries must be a valid signature from the
key of its issuer.

How should a monitor get the issuer public key to perform checks 2 and
3? The obvious way is to look at the first item in the X509ChainEntry's
certificate_chain if the certificate is not self-signed, and at the
certificate itself if it is self-signed.

Unfortunately, if the logged certificate is a non-self-signed trust
anchor accepted by the log, then certificate_chain is empty and there
is no way to get the issuer public key.  So a log could evade
responsibility by making the certificate with a mutated signature a
trust anchor.

The inability to always get the issuer public key has been an
inconvenience for me when monitoring RFC6962 logs. Sometimes I end up
with a certificate and all I know about its issuer is its subject, when
ideally I would like to know its public key as well (since a CA is
uniquely identified by its subject and public key).  (I suspect crt.sh
has the same problem, based on some weird things I've observed there.)
I previously considered this a mere inconvenience, but now I see it as a
security problem.

I think that the TimestampedCertificateEntryDataV2 structure should
contain the full public key of the issuer instead of just its hash.
That way, monitors are guaranteed access to the issuer public key, and
it's easy to get.  Step 2 above could be eliminated, and step 3 becomes
simpler (no need to parse the issuer certificate to extract the public
key).

Thoughts?

Regards,
Andrew


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From: Eran Messeri <eranm@google.com>
Date: Tue, 6 Jun 2017 18:27:51 +0100
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Subject: Re: [Trans] Mutability of Certificate Signatures
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--94eb2c11885e454f0d05514df2f4
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8"

On Tue, Jun 6, 2017 at 6:00 PM, Andrew Ayer <agwa@andrewayer.name> wrote:

> On Mon, 5 Jun 2017 22:42:08 +0300
> Eran Messeri <eranm@google.com> wrote:
>
> > I think that the suggestion to fix this by defining as misbehaviour
> > the presentation of an incorrectly-signed certificate chain in
> > get-entries is the right one.
> > Reasoning:
> > - An SCT is useless to an attacker without a valid signature over the
> > certificate/precertificate: The collusion described above is only
> > harmful if a CA an a log are compromised, and even then, all it
> > enables is for the CA to wash its hands of a particular certificate
> > (which wouldn't be accepted by TLS clients without a valid signature).
> > - It is pretty straightforward for a monitor to validate that all
> > chains presented in get-entries are valid chains.
> > - If we can't solve it properly for precertificates, then having
> > different security guarantees for different kinds of entries  would
> > be confusing, at best.
> >
> > The upside of the change to only use the TBSCertificate + Issuer key
> > hash in the log entry is that it's much easier to reconstruct the
> > input for SCT signature validation: The same code is used for certs
> > and precertificates.
>
> You raise a good point: since there are far more TLS clients than
> monitors, it makes more sense to fix this problem by adding complexity
> to monitors than to TLS clients.  So I agree that defining this as
> misbehavior and having monitors check is the right solution.
>
> Let's make sure we agree what monitors need to check for certificates
> (mutatis mutandis for precertificates):
>
> 1. The tbs_certificate in the x509_entry_v2 TransItem structure returned
> by get-entries must be byte-for-byte identical to the TBSCertificate
> portion of the leaf_certificate in the corresponding X509ChainEntry
> structure returned by get-entries.
>
Correct.

>
> 2. The issuer_key_hash in the x509_entry_v2 TransItem structure returned
> by get-entries must correspond to the public key of the issuer of the
> leaf_certificate in the corresponding X509ChainEntry structure returned
> by get-entries.
>
Correct.

>
> 3. The signature of the leaf_certificate in the X509ChainEntry
> structure returned by get-entries must be a valid signature from the
> key of its issuer.
>
Correct.

>
> How should a monitor get the issuer public key to perform checks 2 and
> 3? The obvious way is to look at the first item in the X509ChainEntry's
> certificate_chain if the certificate is not self-signed, and at the
> certificate itself if it is self-signed.
>
Yes, the chain must be valid, so the first item in the chain (after the
logged leaf) should be the issuer certificate.

>
> Unfortunately, if the logged certificate is a non-self-signed trust
> anchor accepted by the log, then certificate_chain is empty and there
> is no way to get the issuer public key.  So a log could evade
> responsibility by making the certificate with a mutated signature a
> trust anchor.
>
Correct - but then the monitor should be able to verify it was a trust
anchor at the point it was logged (maybe the output of get-trust-anchors
should  be signed?).

>
> The inability to always get the issuer public key has been an
> inconvenience for me when monitoring RFC6962 logs. Sometimes I end up
> with a certificate and all I know about its issuer is its subject, when
> ideally I would like to know its public key as well (since a CA is
> uniquely identified by its subject and public key).  (I suspect crt.sh
> has the same problem, based on some weird things I've observed there.)
> I previously considered this a mere inconvenience, but now I see it as a
> security problem.
>
Could you elaborate? Is that a security problem from a CT perspective - as
in, could enable a log to avoid responsibility for something it logged, or
from a WebPKI perspective, where some certificates can be in circulation
but their issuer unknown?
I'm trying to better understand under which circumstances such certificates
would end up in the log - when would a log add a non-self-signed
certificate as a trust anchor?

>
> I think that the TimestampedCertificateEntryDataV2 structure should
> contain the full public key of the issuer instead of just its hash.
> That way, monitors are guaranteed access to the issuer public key, and
> it's easy to get.  Step 2 above could be eliminated, and step 3 becomes
> simpler (no need to parse the issuer certificate to extract the public
> key).
>
> Thoughts?
>
> Regards,
> Andrew
>

--94eb2c11885e454f0d05514df2f4
Content-Type: text/html; charset="UTF-8"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

<div dir=3D"ltr"><br><div class=3D"gmail_extra"><br><div class=3D"gmail_quo=
te">On Tue, Jun 6, 2017 at 6:00 PM, Andrew Ayer <span dir=3D"ltr">&lt;<a hr=
ef=3D"mailto:agwa@andrewayer.name" target=3D"_blank">agwa@andrewayer.name</=
a>&gt;</span> wrote:<br><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0=
 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><span class=3D"">On =
Mon, 5 Jun 2017 22:42:08 +0300<br>
Eran Messeri &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:eranm@google.com">eranm@google.com</a>&g=
t; wrote:<br>
<br>
&gt; I think that the suggestion to fix this by defining as misbehaviour<br=
>
&gt; the presentation of an incorrectly-signed certificate chain in<br>
&gt; get-entries is the right one.<br>
&gt; Reasoning:<br>
&gt; - An SCT is useless to an attacker without a valid signature over the<=
br>
&gt; certificate/precertificate: The collusion described above is only<br>
&gt; harmful if a CA an a log are compromised, and even then, all it<br>
&gt; enables is for the CA to wash its hands of a particular certificate<br=
>
&gt; (which wouldn&#39;t be accepted by TLS clients without a valid signatu=
re).<br>
&gt; - It is pretty straightforward for a monitor to validate that all<br>
&gt; chains presented in get-entries are valid chains.<br>
&gt; - If we can&#39;t solve it properly for precertificates, then having<b=
r>
&gt; different security guarantees for different kinds of entries=C2=A0 wou=
ld<br>
&gt; be confusing, at best.<br>
&gt;<br>
&gt; The upside of the change to only use the TBSCertificate + Issuer key<b=
r>
&gt; hash in the log entry is that it&#39;s much easier to reconstruct the<=
br>
&gt; input for SCT signature validation: The same code is used for certs<br=
>
&gt; and precertificates.<br>
<br>
</span>You raise a good point: since there are far more TLS clients than<br=
>
monitors, it makes more sense to fix this problem by adding complexity<br>
to monitors than to TLS clients.=C2=A0 So I agree that defining this as<br>
misbehavior and having monitors check is the right solution.<br>
<br>
Let&#39;s make sure we agree what monitors need to check for certificates<b=
r>
(mutatis mutandis for precertificates):<br>
<br>
1. The tbs_certificate in the x509_entry_v2 TransItem structure returned<br=
>
by get-entries must be byte-for-byte identical to the TBSCertificate<br>
portion of the leaf_certificate in the corresponding X509ChainEntry<br>
structure returned by get-entries.<br></blockquote><div>Correct.=C2=A0</div=
><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1=
px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
<br>
2. The issuer_key_hash in the x509_entry_v2 TransItem structure returned<br=
>
by get-entries must correspond to the public key of the issuer of the<br>
leaf_certificate in the corresponding X509ChainEntry structure returned<br>
by get-entries.<br></blockquote><div>Correct.=C2=A0</div><blockquote class=
=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padd=
ing-left:1ex">
<br>
3. The signature of the leaf_certificate in the X509ChainEntry<br>
structure returned by get-entries must be a valid signature from the<br>
key of its issuer.<br></blockquote><div>Correct.=C2=A0</div><blockquote cla=
ss=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;pa=
dding-left:1ex">
<br>
How should a monitor get the issuer public key to perform checks 2 and<br>
3? The obvious way is to look at the first item in the X509ChainEntry&#39;s=
<br>
certificate_chain if the certificate is not self-signed, and at the<br>
certificate itself if it is self-signed.<br></blockquote><div>Yes, the chai=
n must be valid, so the first item in the chain (after the logged leaf) sho=
uld be the issuer certificate.=C2=A0</div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote"=
 style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
<br>
Unfortunately, if the logged certificate is a non-self-signed trust<br>
anchor accepted by the log, then certificate_chain is empty and there<br>
is no way to get the issuer public key.=C2=A0 So a log could evade<br>
responsibility by making the certificate with a mutated signature a<br>
trust anchor.<br></blockquote><div>Correct - but then the monitor should be=
 able to verify it was a trust anchor at the point it was logged (maybe the=
 output of get-trust-anchors should =C2=A0be signed?).</div><blockquote cla=
ss=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;pa=
dding-left:1ex">
<br>
The inability to always get the issuer public key has been an<br>
inconvenience for me when monitoring RFC6962 logs. Sometimes I end up<br>
with a certificate and all I know about its issuer is its subject, when<br>
ideally I would like to know its public key as well (since a CA is<br>
uniquely identified by its subject and public key).=C2=A0 (I suspect crt.sh=
<br>
has the same problem, based on some weird things I&#39;ve observed there.)<=
br>
I previously considered this a mere inconvenience, but now I see it as a<br=
>
security problem.<br></blockquote><div>Could you elaborate? Is that a secur=
ity problem from a CT perspective - as in, could enable a log to avoid resp=
onsibility for something it logged, or from a WebPKI perspective, where som=
e certificates can be in circulation but their issuer unknown?</div><div>I&=
#39;m trying to better understand under which circumstances such certificat=
es would end up in the log - when would a log add a non-self-signed certifi=
cate as a trust anchor?</div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"mar=
gin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
<br>
I think that the TimestampedCertificateEntryDat<wbr>aV2 structure should<br=
>
contain the full public key of the issuer instead of just its hash.<br>
That way, monitors are guaranteed access to the issuer public key, and<br>
it&#39;s easy to get.=C2=A0 Step 2 above could be eliminated, and step 3 be=
comes<br>
simpler (no need to parse the issuer certificate to extract the public<br>
key).<br>
<br>
Thoughts?<br>
<br>
Regards,<br>
Andrew<br>
</blockquote></div><br></div></div>

--94eb2c11885e454f0d05514df2f4--


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Date: Tue, 6 Jun 2017 10:39:10 -0700
From: Andrew Ayer <agwa@andrewayer.name>
To: Eran Messeri <eranm@google.com>
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Subject: Re: [Trans] Mutability of Certificate Signatures
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On Tue, 6 Jun 2017 18:27:51 +0100
Eran Messeri <eranm@google.com> wrote:

> [...]
>
> >
> > Unfortunately, if the logged certificate is a non-self-signed trust
> > anchor accepted by the log, then certificate_chain is empty and
> > there is no way to get the issuer public key.  So a log could evade
> > responsibility by making the certificate with a mutated signature a
> > trust anchor.
> >
> Correct - but then the monitor should be able to verify it was a trust
> anchor at the point it was logged (maybe the output of
> get-trust-anchors should  be signed?).

Could you elaborate?  How does the monitor being able to verify it was
a trust anchor at time of logging help?  Regardless, the monitor is
unable to perform checks 2 and 3 if it can't get the issuer public key,
and so the attack which started this email thread can still be performed.

> >
> > The inability to always get the issuer public key has been an
> > inconvenience for me when monitoring RFC6962 logs. Sometimes I end
> > up with a certificate and all I know about its issuer is its
> > subject, when ideally I would like to know its public key as well
> > (since a CA is uniquely identified by its subject and public key).
> > (I suspect crt.sh has the same problem, based on some weird things
> > I've observed there.) I previously considered this a mere
> > inconvenience, but now I see it as a security problem.
> >
> Could you elaborate? Is that a security problem from a CT perspective
> - as in, could enable a log to avoid responsibility for something it
> logged, or from a WebPKI perspective, where some certificates can be
> in circulation but their issuer unknown?

I mean from the CT perspective: that is, the log can still perform
the attack we're trying to prevent.

> I'm trying to better understand under which circumstances such
> certificates would end up in the log - when would a log add a
> non-self-signed certificate as a trust anchor?

I don't know, but I have seen such certificates added as "roots" in
existing RFC6962 logs.  It's also interesting that RFC6962-bis changed
the language from "root" to "trust anchor" which suggests this
practice was intended to be explicitly supported.  What was the motivation
behind this language change?  It would certainly fix the problem if
trust anchors were required to be roots - that is, self-signed.

Regards,
Andrew


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Subject: Re: [Trans] Write-up of the "Strict CT" variant
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--------------FBE777B7AC7CDBBBC37E87CF
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I'll echo what Filippo said and say that fast issuance (order of
minutes) is important, and anything that breaks fast issuance for new
sites (or for sites moving between providers) is a problem. In the long
run, getting a certificate will be part of standing up a web site just
as much as getting DNS and hosting are today. Are we willing to ask the
web to accept a delay of 24 hours for any new site? I think that would
be a big step backwards.

On 05/23/2017 05:42 AM, Eran Messeri wrote:
> Options for dealing with the delayed usability of certificates:
>
>   * Opt-in: servers requires presence of proofs via header / X.509
>     extension [6].
>
This seems like the most plausible option, with the same caveats as HSTS
about first visit. However, if Strict CT is only applied for a small
number of sites that opt in, is it worth the extra ecosystem complexity?
It seems like Strict CT on an opt-in basis would not be a meaningful
substitute for gossip.

> Certificate is used immediately, only with SCT: Clients accept
certificates only with SCTs for a limited duration; after that an
inclusion proof must be accompanied [4].
> [4] That requires auditing logs asynchronously, since an attacker with
persistent access could keep getting new SCTs issued, or some clients
may not have fresh STHs because they missed some updates.

This seems potentially promising but I think it has some flaws. Would
this auditing be done by the logs themselves, or by monitors? IIUC, logs
are allowed to produce infinite SCTs for the same cert once they've
logged it, and they don't have to produce the list of SCTs they've
signed. So the only party that could meaningfully audit for excessive
SCT generation would be the log itself, which is the party we're trying
to defend against.

--------------FBE777B7AC7CDBBBC37E87CF
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

<html>
  <head>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
  </head>
  <body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000">
    I'll echo what Filippo said and say that fast issuance (order of
    minutes) is important, and anything that breaks fast issuance for
    new sites (or for sites moving between providers) is a problem. In
    the long run, getting a certificate will be part of standing up a
    web site just as much as getting DNS and hosting are today. Are we
    willing to ask the web to accept a delay of 24 hours for any new
    site? I think that would be a big step backwards.<br>
    <br>
    <div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 05/23/2017 05:42 AM, Eran Messeri
      wrote:<br>
    </div>
    <blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:CALzYgEeUCmj4BgY7uKdMnsvTcbvfAunquuqHxD7FxuzZxY1=Fg@mail.gmail.com">
      <div dir="ltr">Options for dealing with the delayed usability of
        certificates:
        <div>
          <ul>
            <li>Opt-in: servers requires presence of proofs via header /
              X.509 extension [6].</li>
          </ul>
        </div>
      </div>
    </blockquote>
    This seems like the most plausible option, with the same caveats as
    HSTS about first visit. However, if Strict CT is only applied for a
    small number of sites that opt in, is it worth the extra ecosystem
    complexity? It seems like Strict CT on an opt-in basis would not be
    a meaningful substitute for gossip.<br>
    <br>
    &gt; Certificate is used immediately, only with SCT: Clients accept
    certificates only with SCTs for a limited duration; after that an
    inclusion proof must be accompanied [4].<br>
    &gt; [4] That requires auditing logs asynchronously, since an
    attacker with persistent access could keep getting new SCTs issued,
    or some clients may not have fresh STHs because they missed some
    updates.<br>
    <br>
    This seems potentially promising but I think it has some flaws.
    Would this auditing be done by the logs themselves, or by monitors?
    IIUC, logs are allowed to produce infinite SCTs for the same cert
    once they've logged it, and they don't have to produce the list of
    SCTs they've signed. So the only party that could meaningfully audit
    for excessive SCT generation would be the log itself, which is the
    party we're trying to defend against.<br>
  </body>
</html>

--------------FBE777B7AC7CDBBBC37E87CF--


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Subject: Re: [Trans] Write-up of the "Strict CT" variant
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6 June 2017 21:28 Jacob Hoffman-Andrews <jsha@eff.org> wrote:

> I'll echo what Filippo said and say that fast issuance (order of =
minutes) is important, and anything that breaks fast issuance for new =
sites (or for sites moving between providers) is a problem. In the long =
run, getting a certificate will be part of standing up a web site just =
as much as getting DNS and hosting are today. Are we willing to ask the =
web to accept a delay of 24 hours for any new site? I think that would =
be a big step backwards.

Well, that depends on the assurance level, doesn't it? For =
domain-validated certificates, sure, but those are next to worthless =
anyway. It would be hard to hold a CA responsible for issuing them, so =
the need for logging them is really small.

> > Certificate is used immediately, only with SCT: Clients accept =
certificates only with SCTs for a limited duration; after that an =
inclusion proof must be accompanied [4].
> > [4] That requires auditing logs asynchronously, since an attacker =
with persistent access could keep getting new SCTs issued, or some =
clients may not have fresh STHs because they missed some updates.
>=20
> This seems potentially promising but I think it has some flaws. Would =
this auditing be done by the logs themselves, or by monitors? IIUC, logs =
are allowed to produce infinite SCTs for the same cert once they've =
logged it, and they don't have to produce the list of SCTs they've =
signed. So the only party that could meaningfully audit for excessive =
SCT generation would be the log itself, which is the party we're trying =
to defend against.

If we are talking about "limited duration" of SCTs, we are talking about =
the age of the timestamp in the SCT. Each timestamp that is used to =
generate an SCT is required to be logged in the log. That is what the =
log is logging, cert+timestamp.

/Magnus


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From: Ryan Sleevi <ryan-ietf@sleevi.com>
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Subject: Re: [Trans] Write-up of the "Strict CT" variant
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--001a11466ec68f8a4005515e6d1f
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On Wed, Jun 7, 2017 at 8:51 AM, Magnus Ahltorp <map@kth.se> wrote:

> Well, that depends on the assurance level, doesn't it? For
> domain-validated certificates, sure, but those are next to worthless
> anyway. It would be hard to hold a CA responsible for issuing them, so the
> need for logging them is really small.
>

Let's not introduce CAs' marketing distinction into the technical
discussion.

Domain validated certificates - the basis for the Web PKI - are the only
security level that matter. The holder of such a certificate can
impersonate any site named in the certificate - whether from example.com to
google.com.

The other forms of certificates, "Organizationally Validated" or "Extended
Validation", or, in the EU, Qualified Website Authentication Certificates,
while nominally trying to provide higher assurance, do not meaningfully do
so in the security model of the Web (which is the Origin).

To that end, the past decade of CA misissuance responses have come down, in
part, to the misissuance of certificates that attest to a websites
identity, and CAs have been held responsible.

I can totally appreciate a perspective that believes that CAs' human
processes are far more secure than their automated processes, even if that
perspective is not supported by the data. However, if we accept that - from
a pragmatic and practical security perspective - that identifying a website
grants the capability of TLS termination (namely, lacking an EKU or having
an id-kp-serverAuth EKU, and naming one or more dNSName or iPAddress
identities in a SAN) - then these certificates are very much in scope of
the Web PKI, and thus need to be logged, as they present risk to the Web
PKI consumers.


>
> > > Certificate is used immediately, only with SCT: Clients accept
> certificates only with SCTs for a limited duration; after that an inclusion
> proof must be accompanied [4].
> > > [4] That requires auditing logs asynchronously, since an attacker with
> persistent access could keep getting new SCTs issued, or some clients may
> not have fresh STHs because they missed some updates.
> >
> > This seems potentially promising but I think it has some flaws. Would
> this auditing be done by the logs themselves, or by monitors? IIUC, logs
> are allowed to produce infinite SCTs for the same cert once they've logged
> it, and they don't have to produce the list of SCTs they've signed. So the
> only party that could meaningfully audit for excessive SCT generation would
> be the log itself, which is the party we're trying to defend against.
>
> If we are talking about "limited duration" of SCTs, we are talking about
> the age of the timestamp in the SCT. Each timestamp that is used to
> generate an SCT is required to be logged in the log. That is what the log
> is logging, cert+timestamp.
>

I think this may have resulted from a misunderstanding. I'll try to explain
one such scenario.

Consider at T=0, Certificate X is logged, and an SCT(X, 0) is issued. The
proof that such SCT has been incorporated into the STH will not be required
until T=24, so such a certificate can be used (without proof of inclusion)
from T=0 to T=24.

Now, if I am a malicious CA, a T=23, I approach the log again, and request
SCT(X, 23). The log, colluding with the CA, issues SCT(X, 23) - rather than
the expect SCT(X, 0). Further, the log does not incorporate the SCT(X, 0)
into STH(24) - it silently discards it.

Clients will not expect to see a proof of this inclusion until STH(47) -
that is, SCT(X, 23) + 24.

On T=46, I repeat this process, obtaining SCT(X, 46), and clients not
expecting this until STH(70).

By the CA and Log colluding, I can continue to extend the period upon which
I, the Evil Log, do not log this certificate.

This situation arises because the SCTs can be delivered through multiple
means, so it does not necessarily need to be fixed in the certificate. Yet
even if it was fixed in the certificate, so long as I, the Evil Server,
stop serving the cert prior to T=24, clients won't check the inclusion
proof. This is why it was remarked that some form of auditing - of the SCTs
produced by the log - would need to be asynchronously done, to ensure that
SCT(X, 0) wasn't 'extended' beyond that.

--001a11466ec68f8a4005515e6d1f
Content-Type: text/html; charset="UTF-8"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

<div dir=3D"ltr"><br><div class=3D"gmail_extra"><br><div class=3D"gmail_quo=
te">On Wed, Jun 7, 2017 at 8:51 AM, Magnus Ahltorp <span dir=3D"ltr">&lt;<a=
 href=3D"mailto:map@kth.se" target=3D"_blank">map@kth.se</a>&gt;</span> wro=
te:<br><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-=
left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">Well, that depends on the assurance l=
evel, doesn&#39;t it? For domain-validated certificates, sure, but those ar=
e next to worthless anyway. It would be hard to hold a CA responsible for i=
ssuing them, so the need for logging them is really small.<br></blockquote>=
<div><br></div><div>Let&#39;s not introduce CAs&#39; marketing distinction =
into the technical discussion.</div><div><br></div><div>Domain validated ce=
rtificates - the basis for the Web PKI - are the only security level that m=
atter. The holder of such a certificate can impersonate any site named in t=
he certificate - whether from <a href=3D"http://example.com">example.com</a=
> to <a href=3D"http://google.com">google.com</a>.</div><div><br></div><div=
>The other forms of certificates, &quot;Organizationally Validated&quot; or=
 &quot;Extended Validation&quot;, or, in the EU, Qualified Website Authenti=
cation Certificates, while nominally trying to provide higher assurance, do=
 not meaningfully do so in the security model of the Web (which is the Orig=
in).</div><div><br></div><div>To that end, the past decade of CA misissuanc=
e responses have come down, in part, to the misissuance of certificates tha=
t attest to a websites identity, and CAs have been held responsible.</div><=
div><br></div><div>I can totally appreciate a perspective that believes tha=
t CAs&#39; human processes are far more secure than their automated process=
es, even if that perspective is not supported by the data. However, if we a=
ccept that - from a pragmatic and practical security perspective - that ide=
ntifying a website grants the capability of TLS termination (namely, lackin=
g an EKU or having an id-kp-serverAuth EKU, and naming one or more dNSName =
or iPAddress identities in a SAN) - then these certificates are very much i=
n scope of the Web PKI, and thus need to be logged, as they present risk to=
 the Web PKI consumers.</div><div>=C2=A0</div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_qu=
ote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex=
">
<span class=3D""><br>
&gt; &gt; Certificate is used immediately, only with SCT: Clients accept ce=
rtificates only with SCTs for a limited duration; after that an inclusion p=
roof must be accompanied [4].<br>
&gt; &gt; [4] That requires auditing logs asynchronously, since an attacker=
 with persistent access could keep getting new SCTs issued, or some clients=
 may not have fresh STHs because they missed some updates.<br>
&gt;<br>
&gt; This seems potentially promising but I think it has some flaws. Would =
this auditing be done by the logs themselves, or by monitors? IIUC, logs ar=
e allowed to produce infinite SCTs for the same cert once they&#39;ve logge=
d it, and they don&#39;t have to produce the list of SCTs they&#39;ve signe=
d. So the only party that could meaningfully audit for excessive SCT genera=
tion would be the log itself, which is the party we&#39;re trying to defend=
 against.<br>
<br>
</span>If we are talking about &quot;limited duration&quot; of SCTs, we are=
 talking about the age of the timestamp in the SCT. Each timestamp that is =
used to generate an SCT is required to be logged in the log. That is what t=
he log is logging, cert+timestamp.<br></blockquote><div><br></div><div>I th=
ink this may have resulted from a misunderstanding. I&#39;ll try to explain=
 one such scenario.</div><div><br></div><div>Consider at T=3D0, Certificate=
 X is logged, and an SCT(X, 0) is issued. The proof that such SCT has been =
incorporated into the STH will not be required until T=3D24, so such a cert=
ificate can be used (without proof of inclusion) from T=3D0 to T=3D24.</div=
><div><br></div><div>Now, if I am a malicious CA, a T=3D23, I approach the =
log again, and request SCT(X, 23). The log, colluding with the CA, issues S=
CT(X, 23) - rather than the expect SCT(X, 0). Further, the log does not inc=
orporate the SCT(X, 0) into STH(24) - it silently discards it.</div><div><b=
r></div><div>Clients will not expect to see a proof of this inclusion until=
 STH(47) - that is, SCT(X, 23) + 24.</div><div><br></div><div>On T=3D46, I =
repeat this process, obtaining SCT(X, 46), and clients not expecting this u=
ntil STH(70).</div><div><br></div><div>By the CA and Log colluding, I can c=
ontinue to extend the period upon which I, the Evil Log, do not log this ce=
rtificate.</div><div><br></div><div>This situation arises because the SCTs =
can be delivered through multiple means, so it does not necessarily need to=
 be fixed in the certificate. Yet even if it was fixed in the certificate, =
so long as I, the Evil Server, stop serving the cert prior to T=3D24, clien=
ts won&#39;t check the inclusion proof. This is why it was remarked that so=
me form of auditing - of the SCTs produced by the log - would need to be as=
ynchronously done, to ensure that SCT(X, 0) wasn&#39;t &#39;extended&#39; b=
eyond that.</div></div></div></div>

--001a11466ec68f8a4005515e6d1f--


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From: Magnus Ahltorp <map@kth.se>
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Date: Wed, 7 Jun 2017 15:29:29 +0200
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Subject: Re: [Trans] Write-up of the "Strict CT" variant
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7 June 2017 15:08 Ryan Sleevi <ryan-ietf@sleevi.com> wrote:

> On Wed, Jun 7, 2017 at 8:51 AM, Magnus Ahltorp <map@kth.se> wrote:
>> Well, that depends on the assurance level, doesn't it? For =
domain-validated certificates, sure, but those are next to worthless =
anyway. It would be hard to hold a CA responsible for issuing them, so =
the need for logging them is really small.
>=20
> Let's not introduce CAs' marketing distinction into the technical =
discussion.
>=20
> Domain validated certificates - the basis for the Web PKI - are the =
only security level that matter. The holder of such a certificate can =
impersonate any site named in the certificate - whether from example.com =
to google.com.
>=20
> The other forms of certificates, "Organizationally Validated" or =
"Extended Validation", or, in the EU, Qualified Website Authentication =
Certificates, while nominally trying to provide higher assurance, do not =
meaningfully do so in the security model of the Web (which is the =
Origin).
>=20
> To that end, the past decade of CA misissuance responses have come =
down, in part, to the misissuance of certificates that attest to a =
websites identity, and CAs have been held responsible.
>=20
> I can totally appreciate a perspective that believes that CAs' human =
processes are far more secure than their automated processes, even if =
that perspective is not supported by the data. However, if we accept =
that - from a pragmatic and practical security perspective - that =
identifying a website grants the capability of TLS termination (namely, =
lacking an EKU or having an id-kp-serverAuth EKU, and naming one or more =
dNSName or iPAddress identities in a SAN) - then these certificates are =
very much in scope of the Web PKI, and thus need to be logged, as they =
present risk to the Web PKI consumers.

CAs cannot be held responsible for domain-validated certificates for the =
simple reason that they don't have documentation, and therefore cannot =
be required to produce documentation, which means that they can claim =
anything.

> > > Certificate is used immediately, only with SCT: Clients accept =
certificates only with SCTs for a limited duration; after that an =
inclusion proof must be accompanied [4].
> > > [4] That requires auditing logs asynchronously, since an attacker =
with persistent access could keep getting new SCTs issued, or some =
clients may not have fresh STHs because they missed some updates.
> >
> > This seems potentially promising but I think it has some flaws. =
Would this auditing be done by the logs themselves, or by monitors? =
IIUC, logs are allowed to produce infinite SCTs for the same cert once =
they've logged it, and they don't have to produce the list of SCTs =
they've signed. So the only party that could meaningfully audit for =
excessive SCT generation would be the log itself, which is the party =
we're trying to defend against.
>=20
> If we are talking about "limited duration" of SCTs, we are talking =
about the age of the timestamp in the SCT. Each timestamp that is used =
to generate an SCT is required to be logged in the log. That is what the =
log is logging, cert+timestamp.
>=20
> I think this may have resulted from a misunderstanding. I'll try to =
explain one such scenario.
>=20
> Consider at T=3D0, Certificate X is logged, and an SCT(X, 0) is =
issued. The proof that such SCT has been incorporated into the STH will =
not be required until T=3D24, so such a certificate can be used (without =
proof of inclusion) from T=3D0 to T=3D24.
>=20
> Now, if I am a malicious CA, a T=3D23, I approach the log again, and =
request SCT(X, 23). The log, colluding with the CA, issues SCT(X, 23) - =
rather than the expect SCT(X, 0). Further, the log does not incorporate =
the SCT(X, 0) into STH(24) - it silently discards it.
>=20
> Clients will not expect to see a proof of this inclusion until STH(47) =
- that is, SCT(X, 23) + 24.
>=20
> On T=3D46, I repeat this process, obtaining SCT(X, 46), and clients =
not expecting this until STH(70).
>=20
> By the CA and Log colluding, I can continue to extend the period upon =
which I, the Evil Log, do not log this certificate.
>=20
> This situation arises because the SCTs can be delivered through =
multiple means, so it does not necessarily need to be fixed in the =
certificate. Yet even if it was fixed in the certificate, so long as I, =
the Evil Server, stop serving the cert prior to T=3D24, clients won't =
check the inclusion proof. This is why it was remarked that some form of =
auditing - of the SCTs produced by the log - would need to be =
asynchronously done, to ensure that SCT(X, 0) wasn't 'extended' beyond =
that.

It is definitely possible to generate new timestamps and not log them, =
but I was rebutting "they don't have to produce the list of SCTs they've =
signed", which is not true, unless "don't have to" is different from =
"not required to". Logs are required to produce the list of all =
timestamps they have signed when MMD has passed. That is what it means =
to be a log.

/Magnus


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On 06/06/17 18:39, Andrew Ayer wrote:
<snip>
>> I'm trying to better understand under which circumstances such
>> certificates would end up in the log - when would a log add a
>> non-self-signed certificate as a trust anchor?
> 
> I don't know, but I have seen such certificates added as "roots" in
> existing RFC6962 logs.  It's also interesting that RFC6962-bis changed
> the language from "root" to "trust anchor" which suggests this
> practice was intended to be explicitly supported.  What was the motivation
> behind this language change?

https://trac.ietf.org/trac/trans/ticket/102

-- 
Rob Stradling
Senior Research & Development Scientist
COMODO - Creating Trust Online


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Cc: Ryan Sleevi <ryan-ietf@sleevi.com>, Eran Messeri <eranm@google.com>,  "trans@ietf.org" <trans@ietf.org>, Jacob Hoffman-Andrews <jsha@eff.org>
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--001a1142467e46bb2d05515f1d3a
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8"

On Wed, Jun 7, 2017 at 9:29 AM, Magnus Ahltorp <map@kth.se> wrote:

> CAs cannot be held responsible for domain-validated certificates for the
> simple reason that they don't have documentation, and therefore cannot be
> required to produce documentation, which means that they can claim anything.
>

At the risk of going offtopic, by broadening into policy discussions, at
least with respect to the Web PKI - which is certainly the only (publicly)
deployed instance of CT,
https://cabforum.org/baseline-requirements-documents/ govern and
https://cabforum.org/wp-content/uploads/CA-Browser-Forum-BR-1.4.5.pdf
applies (Sections 3.2.2.4 & .5 and Section 5.4)

TL;DR: Yes they do produce documentation, no, they cannot claim anything.


> It is definitely possible to generate new timestamps and not log them, but
> I was rebutting "they don't have to produce the list of SCTs they've
> signed", which is not true, unless "don't have to" is different from "not
> required to". Logs are required to produce the list of all timestamps they
> have signed when MMD has passed. That is what it means to be a log.


I'm not sure your usage of "required" to. If you mean in the abstract,
philosophical sense - yes, a well-behaving log is expected to do so.

However, an evil log can lie - and not produce such timestamps, by not
integrating them into the log, despite having signed them. Which was the
point - only an Honest Log can audit the production of all of its SCTs and
make sure they're integrated, but the concern here is about a Dishonest
Log, which would only integrate some of the SCTs into the STH.

--001a1142467e46bb2d05515f1d3a
Content-Type: text/html; charset="UTF-8"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

<div dir=3D"ltr"><br><div class=3D"gmail_extra"><br><div class=3D"gmail_quo=
te">On Wed, Jun 7, 2017 at 9:29 AM, Magnus Ahltorp <span dir=3D"ltr">&lt;<a=
 href=3D"mailto:map@kth.se" target=3D"_blank">map@kth.se</a>&gt;</span> wro=
te:<br><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;=
border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">CAs cannot be held=
 responsible for domain-validated certificates for the simple reason that t=
hey don&#39;t have documentation, and therefore cannot be required to produ=
ce documentation, which means that they can claim anything.<br></blockquote=
><div><br></div><div>At the risk of going offtopic, by broadening into poli=
cy discussions, at least with respect to the Web PKI - which is certainly t=
he only (publicly) deployed instance of CT,=C2=A0<a href=3D"https://cabforu=
m.org/baseline-requirements-documents/">https://cabforum.org/baseline-requi=
rements-documents/</a> govern and=C2=A0<a href=3D"https://cabforum.org/wp-c=
ontent/uploads/CA-Browser-Forum-BR-1.4.5.pdf">https://cabforum.org/wp-conte=
nt/uploads/CA-Browser-Forum-BR-1.4.5.pdf</a> applies (Sections 3.2.2.4 &amp=
; .5 and Section 5.4)</div><div><br></div><div>TL;DR: Yes they do produce d=
ocumentation, no, they cannot claim anything.</div><div>=C2=A0</div><blockq=
uote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1p=
x solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">It is definitely possible to gen=
erate new timestamps and not log them, but I was rebutting &quot;they don&#=
39;t have to produce the list of SCTs they&#39;ve signed&quot;, which is no=
t true, unless &quot;don&#39;t have to&quot; is different from &quot;not re=
quired to&quot;. Logs are required to produce the list of all timestamps th=
ey have signed when MMD has passed. That is what it means to be a log.</blo=
ckquote><div><br></div><div>I&#39;m not sure your usage of &quot;required&q=
uot; to. If you mean in the abstract, philosophical sense - yes, a well-beh=
aving log is expected to do so.</div><div><br></div><div>However, an evil l=
og can lie - and not produce such timestamps, by not integrating them into =
the log, despite having signed them. Which was the point - only an Honest L=
og can audit the production of all of its SCTs and make sure they&#39;re in=
tegrated, but the concern here is about a Dishonest Log, which would only i=
ntegrate some of the SCTs into the STH.=C2=A0</div></div></div></div>

--001a1142467e46bb2d05515f1d3a--


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Subject: Re: [Trans] Write-up of the "Strict CT" variant
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7 June 2017 15:57 Ryan Sleevi <ryan-ietf@sleevi.com> wrote:

>> It is definitely possible to generate new timestamps and not log =
them, but I was rebutting "they don't have to produce the list of SCTs =
they've signed", which is not true, unless "don't have to" is different =
from "not required to". Logs are required to produce the list of all =
timestamps they have signed when MMD has passed. That is what it means =
to be a log.
>=20
> I'm not sure your usage of "required" to. If you mean in the abstract, =
philosophical sense - yes, a well-behaving log is expected to do so.
>=20
> However, an evil log can lie - and not produce such timestamps, by not =
integrating them into the log, despite having signed them. Which was the =
point - only an Honest Log can audit the production of all of its SCTs =
and make sure they're integrated, but the concern here is about a =
Dishonest Log, which would only integrate some of the SCTs into the STH.=20=


But then "they don't have to produce the list of SCTs they've signed" =
would be a meaningless statement, since no action by anyone in the world =
would make them "have to" do anything. The only reasonable =
interpretation of "have to" in this context is what is called "MUST" in =
RFC 2119. If you mean "can do this undetected until time t", then say =
so.

But, in the same sentence, Jacob wrote: "IIUC, logs are allowed to =
produce infinite SCTs for the same cert once they've logged it", which =
is what I based my answer on. If the log disregards all rules and =
doesn't care about being discovered as a bad log, surely it wouldn't =
care about whether it was allowed to produce many SCTs for the same cert =
or not. Which means that restricting that wouldn't solve that problem.

/Magnus


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From: Ryan Sleevi <ryan-ietf@sleevi.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Jun 2017 11:31:09 -0400
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To: Magnus Ahltorp <map@kth.se>
Cc: Ryan Sleevi <ryan-ietf@sleevi.com>, Eran Messeri <eranm@google.com>,  "trans@ietf.org" <trans@ietf.org>, Jacob Hoffman-Andrews <jsha@eff.org>
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Subject: Re: [Trans] Write-up of the "Strict CT" variant
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On Wed, Jun 7, 2017 at 10:36 AM, Magnus Ahltorp <map@kth.se> wrote:
>
> But, in the same sentence, Jacob wrote: "IIUC, logs are allowed to produce
> infinite SCTs for the same cert once they've logged it", which is what I
> based my answer on. If the log disregards all rules and doesn't care about
> being discovered as a bad log, surely it wouldn't care about whether it was
> allowed to produce many SCTs for the same cert or not. Which means that
> restricting that wouldn't solve that problem.
>

I think there may be some disconnect here still, unfortunately.

For example, in your response, you note "and doesn't care about being
discovered about a bad log". The concerns raised - with respect to the
production of SCTs and the deferring of inclusion proof fetching on the
basis of that timestamp - were to highlight that it creates a scenario in
which a bad log would not be discovered using the scheme, as proposed. This
is why it was highlighted that 'someone' would have to examine the SCTs
produced - including those _before_ the 'must include inclusion proof' time
- so make sure that those SCTs were, in fact, logged. Which brings us back
to the original problem, of clients checking inclusion proofs of SCTs
asynchronously/out-of-band (and/or gossiping them), which suggests that a
solution of stapled inclusion proofs (with a 'grace period') doesn't solve
the client-checking problem, and the (original) discussion of stapled
inclusion proofs (with no grace period) is operationally unviable, because
it means a certificate cannot be deployed until the inclusion. These were
all motivating design factors in both the original and subsequent designs
of 6962 and 6962-bis, but were perhaps not articulated clearly as such.

--001a114b2d6ef3ec490551606c9b
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<div dir=3D"ltr"><br><div class=3D"gmail_extra"><br><div class=3D"gmail_quo=
te">On Wed, Jun 7, 2017 at 10:36 AM, Magnus Ahltorp <span dir=3D"ltr">&lt;<=
a href=3D"mailto:map@kth.se" target=3D"_blank">map@kth.se</a>&gt;</span> wr=
ote:<blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-lef=
t:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
But, in the same sentence, Jacob wrote: &quot;IIUC, logs are allowed to pro=
duce infinite SCTs for the same cert once they&#39;ve logged it&quot;, whic=
h is what I based my answer on. If the log disregards all rules and doesn&#=
39;t care about being discovered as a bad log, surely it wouldn&#39;t care =
about whether it was allowed to produce many SCTs for the same cert or not.=
 Which means that restricting that wouldn&#39;t solve that problem.<br></bl=
ockquote><div><br></div><div>I think there may be some disconnect here stil=
l, unfortunately.</div><div><br></div><div>For example, in your response, y=
ou note &quot;and doesn&#39;t care about being discovered about a bad log&q=
uot;. The concerns raised - with respect to the production of SCTs and the =
deferring of inclusion proof fetching on the basis of that timestamp - were=
 to highlight that it creates a scenario in which a bad log would not be di=
scovered using the scheme, as proposed. This is why it was highlighted that=
 &#39;someone&#39; would have to examine the SCTs produced - including thos=
e _before_ the &#39;must include inclusion proof&#39; time - so make sure t=
hat those SCTs were, in fact, logged. Which brings us back to the original =
problem, of clients checking inclusion proofs of SCTs asynchronously/out-of=
-band (and/or gossiping them), which suggests that a solution of stapled in=
clusion proofs (with a &#39;grace period&#39;) doesn&#39;t solve the client=
-checking problem, and the (original) discussion of stapled inclusion proof=
s (with no grace period) is operationally unviable, because it means a cert=
ificate cannot be deployed until the inclusion. These were all motivating d=
esign factors in both the original and subsequent designs of 6962 and 6962-=
bis, but were perhaps not articulated clearly as such.=C2=A0</div></div></d=
iv></div>

--001a114b2d6ef3ec490551606c9b--


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Subject: Re: [Trans] Write-up of the "Strict CT" variant
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On Wed, Jun 7, 2017 at 9:08 AM, Ryan Sleevi <ryan-ietf@sleevi.com> wrote:

>
>
> On Wed, Jun 7, 2017 at 8:51 AM, Magnus Ahltorp <map@kth.se> wrote:
>
>> Well, that depends on the assurance level, doesn't it? For
>> domain-validated certificates, sure, but those are next to worthless
>> anyway. It would be hard to hold a CA responsible for issuing them, so t=
he
>> need for logging them is really small.
>>
>
> Let's not introduce CAs' marketing distinction into the technical
> discussion.
>

=E2=80=8BMarketing is sometimes based on facts. In this case inconvenient f=
acts for
people proposing to trash the WebPKI trust model. If you want to spread
disinformation, then I am going to respond to correct.

https://www.scmagazineuk.com/updated-97-of-malicious-mobile-malware-targets=
-android/article/535410/

The press have stopped writing articles about 97% of malware targeting
Android because it is no longer news. Apple do have some advantages in
their structure besides enforcing what amounts to EV validation of
developers. But it is the validation of every developer before they get
developer credentials that makes the rest of their model feasible.




> Domain validated certificates - the basis for the Web PKI - are the only
> security level that matter. The holder of such a certificate can
> impersonate any site named in the certificate - whether from example.com
> to google.com.
>

=E2=80=8BDomain Validation is not the 'basis' for the WebPKI. It did not ev=
en exist
until late in the dotCom boom. The WebPKI was originally designed to
establish accountability. It is the bridge between the online and offline
accountability infrastructure.

What was not anticipated in the original design was that there would be a
demand for certificates that only provided encryption and a minimal level
of authentication. And in our defense, I will point out that even the banks
were not encrypting their entire sites until quite late in the game. Back
in 1997, RSA was a serious resource hog even at 1024 bits and SSL
accelerators were only just starting to exist in usable form (you could buy
'em, taking delivery was another matter).



The other forms of certificates, "Organizationally Validated" or "Extended
> Validation", or, in the EU, Qualified Website Authentication Certificates=
,
> while nominally trying to provide higher assurance, do not meaningfully d=
o
> so in the security model of the Web (which is the Origin).
>

=E2=80=8BI suggest that stating that the Web has a single security model is
obviously wrong.

The JavaScript security model is origin but even that is a retrofit and it
is not the Web security model.=E2=80=8B



> To that end, the past decade of CA misissuance responses have come down,
> in part, to the misissuance of certificates that attest to a websites
> identity, and CAs have been held responsible.
>

Issuance =E2=80=8Bof phishing certificates with Paypal in the name is explo=
ding.
But if you aren't actually bothered about phishing fraud, I guess you can
claim an improvement.

One of the facts that the industry is going to have to face is that there
is a choice, only one of the following can be true:

* Every site is encrypted.
* Certificates are not issued to criminals.

=E2=80=8BNow the WebPKI model for EV and DV is very much that the second is=
 true
and always has been in the 25 years I have been involved in its
development. And no, I do not need an adventure in 'alternative history'. I
was there. I was part of the original design discussions.

What I am getting at though is something different. There are in fact
multiple security concerns for a system as large as the Web and one size
fits all security is not going to work. The problem with equating enabling
encryption with 'security' is that it just is not so. Encryption is a
starting point for security but it is a weak one. That was how I broke
SSL/1.0, Marc had only considered confidentiality as a security concern.


The way to address the conflict raised above is to observer that while it
is true that every communication should be encrypted, it is not true that
every communication should be represented to the user as providing
security.

What we need to do is to bifurcate the DV level and distinguish between
certificates that only enable confidentiality and those that provide
authentication. The first would become a new category 'minimal validation'
and would not be required to prevent issue of paypal certificates etc, or
provide for revocation or any other controls. The second would be an
enhanced DV providing full revocation and lifecycle management.


> I can totally appreciate a perspective that believes that CAs' human
> processes are far more secure than their automated processes, even if tha=
t
> perspective is not supported by the data.
>

=E2=80=8BActually it is.

The work factor for obtaining an EV cert as a criminal is markedly higher
than for DV which is in turn markedly higher than that for those who don't
do any lifecycle controls.
=E2=80=8B

=E2=80=8BPHB=E2=80=8B

--001a1135b6c827031b0551609e44
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<div dir=3D"ltr"><div class=3D"gmail_default" style=3D"font-size:small"><br=
></div><div class=3D"gmail_extra"><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote">On Wed, Ju=
n 7, 2017 at 9:08 AM, Ryan Sleevi <span dir=3D"ltr">&lt;<a href=3D"mailto:r=
yan-ietf@sleevi.com" target=3D"_blank">ryan-ietf@sleevi.com</a>&gt;</span> =
wrote:<br><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8=
ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir=3D"ltr=
"><br><div class=3D"gmail_extra"><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><span class=
=3D"gmail-">On Wed, Jun 7, 2017 at 8:51 AM, Magnus Ahltorp <span dir=3D"ltr=
">&lt;<a href=3D"mailto:map@kth.se" target=3D"_blank">map@kth.se</a>&gt;</s=
pan> wrote:<br><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0p=
x 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">Well, that=
 depends on the assurance level, doesn&#39;t it? For domain-validated certi=
ficates, sure, but those are next to worthless anyway. It would be hard to =
hold a CA responsible for issuing them, so the need for logging them is rea=
lly small.<br></blockquote><div><br></div></span><div>Let&#39;s not introdu=
ce CAs&#39; marketing distinction into the technical discussion.</div></div=
></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div><div class=3D"gmail_default" =
style=3D"font-size:small">=E2=80=8BMarketing is sometimes based on facts. I=
n this case inconvenient facts for people proposing to trash the WebPKI tru=
st model. If you want to spread disinformation, then I am going to respond =
to correct.</div><div class=3D"gmail_default" style=3D"font-size:small"><br=
></div><div class=3D"gmail_default" style=3D"font-size:small"><a href=3D"ht=
tps://www.scmagazineuk.com/updated-97-of-malicious-mobile-malware-targets-a=
ndroid/article/535410/">https://www.scmagazineuk.com/updated-97-of-maliciou=
s-mobile-malware-targets-android/article/535410/</a></div><div class=3D"gma=
il_default" style=3D"font-size:small"><br></div><div class=3D"gmail_default=
" style=3D"font-size:small">The press have stopped writing articles about 9=
7% of malware targeting Android because it is no longer news. Apple do have=
 some advantages in their structure besides enforcing what amounts to EV va=
lidation of developers. But it is the validation of every developer before =
they get developer credentials that makes the rest of their model feasible.=
</div><div class=3D"gmail_default" style=3D"font-size:small"><br></div></di=
v><div><br></div><div>=C2=A0</div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=
=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding=
-left:1ex"><div dir=3D"ltr"><div class=3D"gmail_extra"><div class=3D"gmail_=
quote"><div>Domain validated certificates - the basis for the Web PKI - are=
 the only security level that matter. The holder of such a certificate can =
impersonate any site named in the certificate - whether from <a href=3D"htt=
p://example.com" target=3D"_blank">example.com</a> to <a href=3D"http://goo=
gle.com" target=3D"_blank">google.com</a>.</div></div></div></div></blockqu=
ote><div><br></div><div><div class=3D"gmail_default" style=3D"font-size:sma=
ll">=E2=80=8BDomain Validation is not the &#39;basis&#39; for the WebPKI. I=
t did not even exist until late in the dotCom boom. The WebPKI was original=
ly designed to establish accountability. It is the bridge between the onlin=
e and offline accountability infrastructure.</div><div class=3D"gmail_defau=
lt" style=3D"font-size:small"><br></div><div class=3D"gmail_default" style=
=3D"font-size:small">What was not anticipated in the original design was th=
at there would be a demand for certificates that only provided encryption a=
nd a minimal level of authentication. And in our defense, I will point out =
that even the banks were not encrypting their entire sites until quite late=
 in the game. Back in 1997, RSA was a serious resource hog even at 1024 bit=
s and SSL accelerators were only just starting to exist in usable form (you=
 could buy &#39;em, taking delivery was another matter).</div><br></div><di=
v><br></div><div><br></div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margi=
n:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex=
"><div dir=3D"ltr"><div class=3D"gmail_extra"><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><d=
iv>The other forms of certificates, &quot;Organizationally Validated&quot; =
or &quot;Extended Validation&quot;, or, in the EU, Qualified Website Authen=
tication Certificates, while nominally trying to provide higher assurance, =
do not meaningfully do so in the security model of the Web (which is the Or=
igin).</div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div><div class=
=3D"gmail_default" style=3D"font-size:small">=E2=80=8BI suggest that statin=
g that the Web has a single security model is obviously wrong.</div><div cl=
ass=3D"gmail_default" style=3D"font-size:small"><br></div><div class=3D"gma=
il_default" style=3D"font-size:small">The JavaScript security model is orig=
in but even that is a retrofit and it is not the Web security model.=E2=80=
=8B</div></div><div><br></div><div>=C2=A0<br></div><blockquote class=3D"gma=
il_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,2=
04,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir=3D"ltr"><div class=3D"gmail_extra"><div =
class=3D"gmail_quote"><div>To that end, the past decade of CA misissuance r=
esponses have come down, in part, to the misissuance of certificates that a=
ttest to a websites identity, and CAs have been held responsible.</div></di=
v></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div><div class=3D"gmail_default"=
 style=3D"font-size:small">Issuance =E2=80=8Bof phishing certificates with =
Paypal in the name is exploding. But if you aren&#39;t actually bothered ab=
out phishing fraud, I guess you can claim an improvement.=C2=A0</div><div c=
lass=3D"gmail_default" style=3D"font-size:small"><br></div><div class=3D"gm=
ail_default" style=3D"font-size:small">One of the facts that the industry i=
s going to have to face is that there is a choice, only one of the followin=
g can be true:</div><div class=3D"gmail_default" style=3D"font-size:small">=
<br></div><div class=3D"gmail_default" style=3D"font-size:small">* Every si=
te is encrypted.</div><div class=3D"gmail_default" style=3D"font-size:small=
">* Certificates are not issued to criminals.</div><br></div><div><div clas=
s=3D"gmail_default" style=3D"font-size:small">=E2=80=8BNow the WebPKI model=
 for EV and DV is very much that the second is true and always has been in =
the 25 years I have been involved in its development. And no, I do not need=
 an adventure in &#39;alternative history&#39;. I was there. I was part of =
the original design discussions.</div><div class=3D"gmail_default" style=3D=
"font-size:small"><br></div><div class=3D"gmail_default" style=3D"font-size=
:small">What I am getting at though is something different. There are in fa=
ct multiple security concerns for a system as large as the Web and one size=
 fits all security is not going to work. The problem with equating enabling=
 encryption with &#39;security&#39; is that it just is not so. Encryption i=
s a starting point for security but it is a weak one. That was how I broke =
SSL/1.0, Marc had only considered confidentiality as a security concern.</d=
iv><div class=3D"gmail_default" style=3D"font-size:small"><br></div><div cl=
ass=3D"gmail_default" style=3D"font-size:small"><br></div><div class=3D"gma=
il_default" style=3D"font-size:small">The way to address the conflict raise=
d above is to observer that while it is true that every communication shoul=
d be encrypted, it is not true that every communication should be represent=
ed to the user as providing security.=C2=A0</div><div class=3D"gmail_defaul=
t" style=3D"font-size:small"><br></div><div class=3D"gmail_default" style=
=3D"font-size:small">What we need to do is to bifurcate the DV level and di=
stinguish between certificates that only enable confidentiality and those t=
hat provide authentication. The first would become a new category &#39;mini=
mal validation&#39; and would not be required to prevent issue of paypal ce=
rtificates etc, or provide for revocation or any other controls. The second=
 would be an enhanced DV providing full revocation and lifecycle management=
.</div></div><div>=C2=A0</div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"ma=
rgin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:=
1ex"><div dir=3D"ltr"><div class=3D"gmail_extra"><div class=3D"gmail_quote"=
><div>I can totally appreciate a perspective that believes that CAs&#39; hu=
man processes are far more secure than their automated processes, even if t=
hat perspective is not supported by the data.</div></div></div></div></bloc=
kquote><div><br></div><div><div class=3D"gmail_default" style=3D"font-size:=
small">=E2=80=8BActually it is.</div><div class=3D"gmail_default" style=3D"=
font-size:small"><br></div><div class=3D"gmail_default" style=3D"font-size:=
small">The work factor for obtaining an EV cert as a criminal is markedly h=
igher than for DV which is in turn markedly higher than that for those who =
don&#39;t do any lifecycle controls.</div><div class=3D"gmail_default" styl=
e=3D"font-size:small">=E2=80=8B</div></div></div><br></div><div class=3D"gm=
ail_extra"><div class=3D"gmail_default" style=3D"font-size:small">=E2=80=8B=
PHB=E2=80=8B</div><br></div></div>

--001a1135b6c827031b0551609e44--


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From: Watson Ladd <watsonbladd@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 11 Jun 2017 18:22:56 -0700
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To: Phillip Hallam-Baker <ietf@hallambaker.com>
Cc: Ryan Sleevi <ryan-ietf@sleevi.com>, Eran Messeri <eranm@google.com>,  Jacob Hoffman-Andrews <jsha@eff.org>, "trans@ietf.org" <trans@ietf.org>, Magnus Ahltorp <map@kth.se>
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Subject: Re: [Trans] Write-up of the "Strict CT" variant
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On Jun 7, 2017 8:45 AM, "Phillip Hallam-Baker" <ietf@hallambaker.com> wrote:



On Wed, Jun 7, 2017 at 9:08 AM, Ryan Sleevi <ryan-ietf@sleevi.com> wrote:
>
>
>
> On Wed, Jun 7, 2017 at 8:51 AM, Magnus Ahltorp <map@kth.se> wrote:
>>
>> Well, that depends on the assurance level, doesn't it? For domain-validated certificates, sure, but those are next to worthless anyway. It would be hard to hold a CA responsible for issuing them, so the need for logging them is really small.
>
>
> Let's not introduce CAs' marketing distinction into the technical discussion.


Marketing is sometimes based on facts. In this case inconvenient facts
for people proposing to trash the WebPKI trust model. If you want to
spread disinformation, then I am going to respond to correct.

https://www.scmagazineuk.com/updated-97-of-malicious-mobile-malware-targets-android/article/535410/

The press have stopped writing articles about 97% of malware targeting
Android because it is no longer news. Apple do have some advantages in
their structure besides enforcing what amounts to EV validation of
developers. But it is the validation of every developer before they
get developer credentials that makes the rest of their model feasible.



>
> Domain validated certificates - the basis for the Web PKI - are the only security level that matter. The holder of such a certificate can impersonate any site named in the certificate - whether from example.com to google.com.


Domain Validation is not the 'basis' for the WebPKI. It did not even
exist until late in the dotCom boom. The WebPKI was originally
designed to establish accountability. It is the bridge between the
online and offline accountability infrastructure.

So I get to sue Verisign if they issue a cert incorrectly? Oh wait,
that isn't actually the case: CAs disclaim all responsibility for what
you say they they are supposed to do. Was it ever the case that this
was possible?


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Subject: Re: [Trans] [Public Notary Transparency Wiki] #189: Permit logs to use EdDSA
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#189: Permit logs to use EdDSA
-----------------------------+---------------------------------------------
 Reporter:  rob.stradling@…  |       Owner:  draft-ietf-trans-rfc6962-bis@…
     Type:  enhancement      |      Status:  new
 Priority:  major            |   Milestone:  review
Component:  rfc6962-bis      |     Version:
 Severity:  -                |  Resolution:
 Keywords:                   |
-----------------------------+---------------------------------------------
Changes (by rob.stradling@…):

 * milestone:   => review


Comment:

 Addressed by https://github.com/google/certificate-transparency-
 rfcs/commit/7ed2a968743f9e715812eab1ed9eae582827ac4e

 This adds Ed25519 (PureEdDSA with the edwards25519 curve) to the 6962-bis
 signature algorithm registry.

 Also, as per discussion on the list, we briefly considered switching the
 RSA requirement from PKCS#1v1.5 to RSA-PSS, but we've ultimately decided
 to drop RSA support altogether.

--
Ticket URL: <https://trac.ietf.org/trac/trans/ticket/189#comment:2>
Public Notary Transparency  Wiki <https://trac.ietf.org/trac/trans>
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Subject: Re: [Trans] [Public Notary Transparency Wiki] #178: Add description of how to validate an SCT
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#178: Add description of how to validate an SCT
-------------------------+-----------------------
 Reporter:  rlb@…        |       Owner:  eranm@…
     Type:  defect       |      Status:  assigned
 Priority:  major        |   Milestone:  review
Component:  rfc6962-bis  |     Version:
 Severity:  -            |  Resolution:
 Keywords:               |
-------------------------+-----------------------
Changes (by rob.stradling@…):

 * milestone:   => review


Comment:

 Fixed by https://github.com/google/certificate-transparency-
 rfcs/commit/d04286f962a49c99ae177b053133d9fec8b299be

--
Ticket URL: <https://trac.ietf.org/trac/trans/ticket/178#comment:5>
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Subject: Re: [Trans] [Public Notary Transparency Wiki] #164: Incorporate new protocol mechanisms into TLS Client section
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#164: Incorporate new protocol mechanisms into TLS Client section
-------------------------+-----------------------
 Reporter:  rlb@…        |       Owner:  eranm@…
     Type:  defect       |      Status:  assigned
 Priority:  major        |   Milestone:  review
Component:  rfc6962-bis  |     Version:
 Severity:  -            |  Resolution:
 Keywords:               |
-------------------------+-----------------------
Changes (by rob.stradling@…):

 * milestone:   => review


Comment:

 Fixed by https://github.com/google/certificate-transparency-
 rfcs/commit/f5be0a19f384cb19fb95635d9e8377600cc2a594

--
Ticket URL: <https://trac.ietf.org/trac/trans/ticket/164#comment:3>
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Subject: Re: [Trans] [Public Notary Transparency Wiki] #175: Clarify guarantees around MMD, STH age
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#175: Clarify guarantees around MMD, STH age
-------------------------+-----------------------
 Reporter:  rlb@…        |       Owner:  eranm@…
     Type:  defect       |      Status:  assigned
 Priority:  major        |   Milestone:  review
Component:  rfc6962-bis  |     Version:
 Severity:  -            |  Resolution:
 Keywords:               |
-------------------------+-----------------------
Changes (by rob.stradling@…):

 * milestone:   => review


Comment:

 Fixed by https://github.com/google/certificate-transparency-
 rfcs/commit/afa79c66777f2ca623e2e7939d55ea56fb786a58

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Subject: Re: [Trans] [Public Notary Transparency Wiki] #174: Remove use of `digitally-signed`?
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#174: Remove use of `digitally-signed`?
-------------------------+-----------------------
 Reporter:  rlb@…        |       Owner:  eranm@…
     Type:  defect       |      Status:  assigned
 Priority:  major        |   Milestone:  review
Component:  rfc6962-bis  |     Version:
 Severity:  -            |  Resolution:
 Keywords:               |
-------------------------+-----------------------
Changes (by rob.stradling@…):

 * milestone:   => review


Comment:

 Fixed by https://github.com/google/certificate-transparency-
 rfcs/commit/8d5068f335b5013944e37191fb4cda4cb26cc473 and
 https://github.com/google/certificate-transparency-
 rfcs/commit/5abcd60e6d8cd98aabccae827a3e80e6283f5fb5

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Subject: Re: [Trans] [Public Notary Transparency Wiki] #177: Instructions for constructing leaf hash from cert + SCT
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#177: Instructions for constructing leaf hash from cert + SCT
-------------------------+---------------------------------------------
 Reporter:  rlb@…        |       Owner:  draft-ietf-trans-rfc6962-bis@…
     Type:  defect       |      Status:  new
 Priority:  major        |   Milestone:  review
Component:  rfc6962-bis  |     Version:
 Severity:  -            |  Resolution:
 Keywords:               |
-------------------------+---------------------------------------------
Changes (by rob.stradling@…):

 * milestone:   => review


Comment:

 Fixed by https://github.com/google/certificate-transparency-
 rfcs/commit/d04286f962a49c99ae177b053133d9fec8b299be (which also fixed
 #178)

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Subject: Re: [Trans] [Public Notary Transparency Wiki] #79: Precertificate signature must be over something other than just the TBSCertificate
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#79: Precertificate signature must be over something other than just the
TBSCertificate
-----------------------------+------------------------------
 Reporter:  rob.stradling@…  |       Owner:  rob.stradling@…
     Type:  defect           |      Status:  reopened
 Priority:  blocker          |   Milestone:
Component:  rfc6962-bis      |     Version:
 Severity:  -                |  Resolution:
 Keywords:                   |
-----------------------------+------------------------------
Changes (by rob.stradling@…):

 * status:  closed => reopened
 * resolution:  fixed =>
 * milestone:  review =>


Comment:

 I recently took another look at how we're using CMS for precertificates in
 6962-bis, and I found myself repeating the same misunderstandings that are
 documented earlier in this ticket.  Therefore, I thought it would be wise
 to explain the requirements in more detail, drawing particular attention
 to the RFC5652 requirement that the signedAttrs field MUST be included:

 https://github.com/google/certificate-transparency-rfcs/pull/264

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Subject: Re: [Trans] [Public Notary Transparency Wiki] #177: Instructions for constructing leaf hash from cert + SCT
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#177: Instructions for constructing leaf hash from cert + SCT
-------------------------+---------------------------------------------
 Reporter:  rlb@…        |       Owner:  draft-ietf-trans-rfc6962-bis@…
     Type:  defect       |      Status:  closed
 Priority:  major        |   Milestone:  review
Component:  rfc6962-bis  |     Version:
 Severity:  -            |  Resolution:  fixed
 Keywords:               |
-------------------------+---------------------------------------------
Changes (by melinda.shore@…):

 * status:  new => closed
 * resolution:   => fixed


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Subject: Re: [Trans] [Public Notary Transparency Wiki] #164: Incorporate new protocol mechanisms into TLS Client section
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#164: Incorporate new protocol mechanisms into TLS Client section
-------------------------+----------------------
 Reporter:  rlb@…        |       Owner:  eranm@…
     Type:  defect       |      Status:  closed
 Priority:  major        |   Milestone:  review
Component:  rfc6962-bis  |     Version:
 Severity:  -            |  Resolution:  fixed
 Keywords:               |
-------------------------+----------------------
Changes (by melinda.shore@…):

 * status:  assigned => closed
 * resolution:   => fixed


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#174: Remove use of `digitally-signed`?
-------------------------+----------------------
 Reporter:  rlb@…        |       Owner:  eranm@…
     Type:  defect       |      Status:  closed
 Priority:  major        |   Milestone:  review
Component:  rfc6962-bis  |     Version:
 Severity:  -            |  Resolution:  fixed
 Keywords:               |
-------------------------+----------------------
Changes (by melinda.shore@…):

 * status:  assigned => closed
 * resolution:   => fixed


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#175: Clarify guarantees around MMD, STH age
-------------------------+----------------------
 Reporter:  rlb@…        |       Owner:  eranm@…
     Type:  defect       |      Status:  closed
 Priority:  major        |   Milestone:  review
Component:  rfc6962-bis  |     Version:
 Severity:  -            |  Resolution:  fixed
 Keywords:               |
-------------------------+----------------------
Changes (by melinda.shore@…):

 * status:  assigned => closed
 * resolution:   => fixed


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#178: Add description of how to validate an SCT
-------------------------+----------------------
 Reporter:  rlb@…        |       Owner:  eranm@…
     Type:  defect       |      Status:  closed
 Priority:  major        |   Milestone:  review
Component:  rfc6962-bis  |     Version:
 Severity:  -            |  Resolution:  fixed
 Keywords:               |
-------------------------+----------------------
Changes (by melinda.shore@…):

 * status:  assigned => closed
 * resolution:   => fixed


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#189: Permit logs to use EdDSA
-----------------------------+---------------------------------------------
 Reporter:  rob.stradling@…  |       Owner:  draft-ietf-trans-rfc6962-bis@…
     Type:  enhancement      |      Status:  closed
 Priority:  major            |   Milestone:  review
Component:  rfc6962-bis      |     Version:
 Severity:  -                |  Resolution:  fixed
 Keywords:                   |
-----------------------------+---------------------------------------------
Changes (by melinda.shore@…):

 * status:  new => closed
 * resolution:   => fixed


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Subject: Re: [Trans] [Public Notary Transparency Wiki] #176: Remove `X509ChainEntry` and `PrecertChainEntryV2`
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#176: Remove `X509ChainEntry` and `PrecertChainEntryV2`
-------------------------+-----------------------
 Reporter:  rlb@…        |       Owner:  eranm@…
     Type:  defect       |      Status:  assigned
 Priority:  major        |   Milestone:  review
Component:  rfc6962-bis  |     Version:
 Severity:  -            |  Resolution:
 Keywords:               |
-------------------------+-----------------------
Changes (by rob.stradling@…):

 * milestone:   => review


Comment:

 Fixed at https://github.com/google/certificate-transparency-
 rfcs/commit/8e390389668944420af38056ba66783170b58a71

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Subject: Re: [Trans] [Public Notary Transparency Wiki] #190: Simplify data structures in 6962-bis
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#190: Simplify data structures in 6962-bis
-------------------------+----------------------
 Reporter:  eranm@…      |       Owner:  eranm@…
     Type:  defect       |      Status:  new
 Priority:  major        |   Milestone:
Component:  rfc6962-bis  |     Version:
 Severity:  -            |  Resolution:
 Keywords:               |
-------------------------+----------------------

Comment (by rob.stradling@…):

 PR 256 has been merged (see also #176).

 Eran wrote...
 "See if there are any additional data structures that can be
 removed/simplified or renamed to reflect their true meaning."
 ...so let's leave this ticket open for now.

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#176: Remove `X509ChainEntry` and `PrecertChainEntryV2`
-------------------------+----------------------
 Reporter:  rlb@…        |       Owner:  eranm@…
     Type:  defect       |      Status:  closed
 Priority:  major        |   Milestone:  review
Component:  rfc6962-bis  |     Version:
 Severity:  -            |  Resolution:  fixed
 Keywords:               |
-------------------------+----------------------
Changes (by melinda.shore@…):

 * status:  assigned => closed
 * resolution:   => fixed


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Dear Paul Wouters,

The session(s) that you have requested have been scheduled.
Below is the scheduled session information followed by
the original request. 

trans Session 1 (1:30:00)
    Wednesday, Afternoon Session II 1520-1650
    Room Name: Berlin/Brussels size: 100
    ---------------------------------------------
    


Request Information:


---------------------------------------------------------
Working Group Name: Public Notary Transparency
Area Name: Security Area
Session Requester: Paul Wouters

Number of Sessions: 1
Length of Session(s):  1.5 Hours
Number of Attendees: 50
Conflicts to Avoid: 
 First Priority: ipsecme tls dnsop
 Second Priority: curdle



People who must be present:
  Eric Rescorla
  Melinda Shore
  Paul Wouters

Resources Requested:

Special Requests:
  
---------------------------------------------------------


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Subject: Re: [Trans] [Public Notary Transparency Wiki] #160: New get-sths API for fetching all STHs in a given time range
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#160: New get-sths API for fetching all STHs in a given time range
-----------------------------+------------------------------
 Reporter:  rob.stradling@…  |       Owner:  rob.stradling@…
     Type:  enhancement      |      Status:  assigned
 Priority:  minor            |   Milestone:
Component:  to-be-decided    |     Version:
 Severity:  -                |  Resolution:
 Keywords:                   |
-----------------------------+------------------------------
Changes (by eranm@…):

 * component:  rfc6962-bis => to-be-decided


Comment:

 Changing component to TBD because there was no consensus around adding
 that, and some consensus around not having it:
 https://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/trans/current/msg02962.html

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Subject: Re: [Trans] [Public Notary Transparency Wiki] #79: Precertificate signature must be over something other than just the TBSCertificate
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#79: Precertificate signature must be over something other than just the
TBSCertificate
-----------------------------+------------------------------
 Reporter:  rob.stradling@…  |       Owner:  rob.stradling@…
     Type:  defect           |      Status:  reopened
 Priority:  blocker          |   Milestone:  review
Component:  rfc6962-bis      |     Version:
 Severity:  -                |  Resolution:
 Keywords:                   |
-----------------------------+------------------------------
Changes (by rob.stradling@…):

 * milestone:   => review


Comment:

 Fixed by https://github.com/google/certificate-transparency-
 rfcs/commit/7cba1cc2bfd35cbef7c3e32d6e56ef82759af81a

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Subject: Re: [Trans] [Public Notary Transparency Wiki] #184: Remove unnecessary restrictions on clients
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#184: Remove unnecessary restrictions on clients
-------------------------+---------------------------------------------
 Reporter:  rlb@…        |       Owner:  draft-ietf-trans-rfc6962-bis@…
     Type:  defect       |      Status:  new
 Priority:  minor        |   Milestone:  review
Component:  rfc6962-bis  |     Version:
 Severity:  -            |  Resolution:
 Keywords:               |
-------------------------+---------------------------------------------
Changes (by eranm@…):

 * milestone:   => review


Comment:

 This was addressed in https://github.com/google/certificate-transparency-
 rfcs/pull/266 (which was merged after Rob's review:
 https://github.com/google/certificate-transparency-
 rfcs/commit/e987be68bbb6a9f787e2e51b1e7c67aa60449e00)

 As discussed in-person with Richard, section 8.2.8. was removed and the
 language around compliance was changed to make it clear it is a client
 policy and clients may require SCTs, inclusion proofs or a combination of
 both.

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Subject: Re: [Trans] [Public Notary Transparency Wiki] #190: Simplify data structures in 6962-bis
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#190: Simplify data structures in 6962-bis
-------------------------+----------------------
 Reporter:  eranm@…      |       Owner:  eranm@…
     Type:  defect       |      Status:  new
 Priority:  major        |   Milestone:  review
Component:  rfc6962-bis  |     Version:
 Severity:  -            |  Resolution:
 Keywords:               |
-------------------------+----------------------
Changes (by eranm@…):

 * milestone:   => review


Comment:

 I think this could be now closed.
 We've removed what can be removed, made it clear that implementations can
 store data the way they see fit as long as the submission structure can be
 recreated and IMHO the names of the remaining data structures have
 sensible names.

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Subject: Re: [Trans] [Public Notary Transparency Wiki] #162: Bound the set of artifacts a log is expected to produce
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#162: Bound the set of artifacts a log is expected to produce
-------------------------+-----------------------
 Reporter:  rlb@…        |       Owner:  eranm@…
     Type:  defect       |      Status:  assigned
 Priority:  major        |   Milestone:  review
Component:  rfc6962-bis  |     Version:
 Severity:  -            |  Resolution:
 Keywords:               |
-------------------------+-----------------------
Changes (by eranm@…):

 * milestone:   => review


Comment:

 The 2nd suggestion was implemented by Rob in https://github.com/google
 /certificate-transparency-rfcs/pull/267

 I think this is enough to defer handling the bigger idea of a "Strict CT"
 variant in a separate document.

 Setting milestone to review for the chairs to either close this issue or
 move it to the 'to-be-decided' component.

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Subject: [Trans] [Public Notary Transparency  Wiki] Batch modify: #79, #162, #190, #184
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Batch modification to #79, #162, #190, #184 by melinda.shore@gmail.com:


Action: resolve

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Date: Fri, 30 Jun 2017 15:15:03 -0700
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Subject: [Trans] I-D Action: draft-ietf-trans-rfc6962-bis-25.txt
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A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories.
This draft is a work item of the Public Notary Transparency of the IETF.

        Title           : Certificate Transparency Version 2.0
        Authors         : Ben Laurie
                          Adam Langley
                          Emilia Kasper
                          Eran Messeri
                          Rob Stradling
	Filename        : draft-ietf-trans-rfc6962-bis-25.txt
	Pages           : 54
	Date            : 2017-06-30

Abstract:
   This document describes version 2.0 of the Certificate Transparency
   (CT) protocol for publicly logging the existence of Transport Layer
   Security (TLS) server certificates as they are issued or observed, in
   a manner that allows anyone to audit certification authority (CA)
   activity and notice the issuance of suspect certificates as well as
   to audit the certificate logs themselves.  The intent is that
   eventually clients would refuse to honor certificates that do not
   appear in a log, effectively forcing CAs to add all issued
   certificates to the logs.

   Logs are network services that implement the protocol operations for
   submissions and queries that are defined in this document.


The IETF datatracker status page for this draft is:
https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-trans-rfc6962-bis/

There are also htmlized versions available at:
https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-trans-rfc6962-bis-25
https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-trans-rfc6962-bis-25

A diff from the previous version is available at:
https://www.ietf.org/rfcdiff?url2=draft-ietf-trans-rfc6962-bis-25


Please note that it may take a couple of minutes from the time of submission
until the htmlized version and diff are available at tools.ietf.org.

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ftp://ftp.ietf.org/internet-drafts/

