From owner-urn-ietf@LISTS.NETSOL.COM Wed Aug 1 10:12:19 2001 Received: from lists.netsol.com (lists.netsol.com [216.168.224.214]) by ietf.org (8.9.1a/8.9.1a) with SMTP id KAA04385 for ; Wed, 1 Aug 2001 10:12:18 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.netsol.com (lists.netsol.com [216.168.224.214]) by lists.netsol.com (8.9.3/8.9.3) with ESMTP id KAA17013; Wed, 1 Aug 2001 10:04:32 -0400 (EDT) Received: from LISTS.NETSOL.COM by LISTS.NETSOL.COM (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8d) with spool id 6820 for URN-IETF@LISTS.NETSOL.COM; Wed, 1 Aug 2001 10:03:11 -0400 Received: from no-spam.it.helsinki.fi (NO-SPAM.it.helsinki.fi [128.214.205.34]) by lists.netsol.com (8.9.3/8.9.3) with ESMTP id KAA17005 for ; Wed, 1 Aug 2001 10:03:02 -0400 (EDT) Received: from helsinki.fi (kvp110.lib.helsinki.fi [128.214.91.92]) by no-spam.it.helsinki.fi (8.11.4/8.11.4-SPAMmers-sod-off) with ESMTP id f71DuY517493; Wed, 1 Aug 2001 16:56:34 +0300 (EEST) X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.76 [en] (Windows NT 5.0; U) X-Accept-Language: en MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="------------6FAA0FDB48845E0C79E6F4C7" Approved-By: Juha Hakala Message-ID: <3B680A92.6D26C5C3@helsinki.fi> Date: Wed, 1 Aug 2001 16:56:34 +0300 Reply-To: Juha Hakala From: Juha Hakala Subject: URN NID registration for SICI To: URN-IETF@LISTS.NETSOL.COM This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --------------6FAA0FDB48845E0C79E6F4C7 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Dear Internet drafts editor and others, Please find attached the first version of the URN Namespace ID registration for Serial Item and Contribution Identifier, SICI (which is the ANSI/NISO identifier for serial issues and articles). Although SICI is not universally used like ISBN or ISSN, it is becoming more popular in the Internet environment, where each serial article can be an independent entity which can be accessed directly. This of course makes identification on article level important. Identifying just the serial is no longer sufficient. The method proposed in the draft for resolving SICI-based URNs has been implemented in experimental system built in co-operation by EU project DIEPER and the ISSN International Centre. My colleagues in DIEPER and staff in ISSN IC have given me very valuable support and guidance in writing the draft. The draft is attached in two versions: Word2000 and plain text with line feeds. Best regards, Juha Hakala PS. For your information: The IESG has approved the URN NID registrations for ISBN and national bibliography numbers (NBNs). Thus there are already quite a few registered URN namespaces, including key systems - ISBN and ISSN - used by the publishers and libraries. -- **************************************************** Juha Hakala Helsinki University Library / Library Network Services tel +358 9 191 44293 fax +358 9 753 9514 internet: juha.hakala@helsinki.fi ***************************************************** --------------6FAA0FDB48845E0C79E6F4C7 Content-Type: application/msword; name="draft-ietf-hakala-sici-00.doc" Content-Disposition: inline; filename="draft-ietf-hakala-sici-00.doc" Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 0M8R4KGxGuEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAPgADAP7/CQAGAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACAAAAhwAAAAAA AAAAEAAAiQAAAAEAAAD+////AAAAAIUAAACGAAAA//////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 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AwoAAP////8GCQIAAAAAAMAAAAAAAABGGAAAAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBXb3JkIERvY3VtZW50AAoA AABNU1dvcmREb2MAEAAAAFdvcmQuRG9jdW1lbnQuOAD0ObJxAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA== --------------6FAA0FDB48845E0C79E6F4C7 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; name="draft-ietf-hakala-sici-00.txt" Content-Disposition: inline; filename="draft-ietf-hakala-sici-00.txt" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Network Working Group Juha Hakala Internet-Draft Helsinki University Library Category: Informational 1 August 2001 draft-ietf-hakala-sici-00.txt Expires: 1 February 2002 Using Serial Item and Contribution Identifiers as Uniform Resource Names Status of this Memo This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." To view the entire list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories, see http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. This Internet-Draft will expire on 1 February 2002. Abstract This document discusses how Serial Item and Contribution Identifiers (SICIs; persistent and unique identifiers for serial issues and contributions such as articles) can be supported within the URN framework and the syntax for URNs defined in RFC 2141 [Moats]. Much of the discussion below is based on the ideas expressed in RFC 2288 [Lynch]. Chapter 5 contains a URN namespace registration request modelled according to the template in RFC 2611 [Daigle et al.]. 1. Introduction As part of the validation process for the development of URNs the IETF working group agreed that it is important to demonstrate that the current URN syntax proposal can accommodate existing identifiers from well-established namespaces. One such infrastructure for assigning and managing names comes from the bibliographic community. Bibliographic identifiers function as names for objects that exist both in print and, increasingly, in electronic formats. RFC 2288 [Lynch et. al.] investigated the feasibility of using three identifiers (ISBN, ISSN and SICI) as URNs. SICI is an American national standard defined by NISO/ANSI Z39.56-1996 [NISO]. The need to develop a new version of the standard is at present being investigated by NISO. RFC 2288 does not - and it was not the aim of its authors - to analyse how SICI-based URNs can actually be resolved. This text will specify one solution to this question. There may be other, complementary resolution services. Generally, the difficulty of designing a URN resolution service is dependent on two factors: * Is the identifier dumb, or does it provide a hint on where to find a resolution service? * How many potential resolution services are there? ISBN (International Standard Book Number) is a good example of an intelligent identifier. Analysis of the ISBN will reveal not only the region where the ISBN has been assigned, but also the publisher who is responsible for the book. Resolution of ISBN-based URNs can be decentralised to national bibliography databases, maintained by the national libraries. If the ISBN was a dumb identifier, this would be impossible. International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) is a dumb identifier. It does not have a publisher identifier; serials published by a certain company get seemingly random ISSNs. Although ISSNs are allocated to regional agencies in blocks, which gives the system some "intelligence", a resolution service should not rely on these blocks, but use the global ISSN database. It contains a bibliographic description of every periodical that has received an ISSN. Thus, it is easy to resolve ISSN- based URNs even though the identifier itself does not help in localising the resolution service. SICI is based on ISSN (see below for a description of its syntax). Like ISSN, it is therefore a dumb identifier. But there is not, and will never be, a global SICI database, which would contain bibliographic information about every serial issue and/or article published in the world. Most articles will not be catalogued at all, and the existing bibliographic information about articles is dispersed into a large number of databases maintained by publishers, libraries and other information intermediaries. Although it might be technically possible to merge records from these databases into a union catalogue, in practice such an enterprise is not politically possible. As a "dumb" identifier with a large and ever growing number of potential resolution services SICI poses interesting challenges to the design of the URN resolution process. Generally, a combination of dumb identifier and multiple resolution services is a problem, since there is no simple way of finding out which resolution service is the correct one. A gateway service is needed for providing this valuable information. Below we propose that for SICI- based URNs, the global ISSN database will be capable of acting as a link between the user and the resolution service. The registration request for acquiring a Namespace Identifier (NID) "SICI" for Serial Item and Contribution Identifiers has been written by the National Library of Finland on behalf of the National Information Standards Organization (NISO). The request is included in chapter 5 of this text. The document at hand is part of a global co-operation of the national libraries to foster identification of electronic documents in general and utilisation of URNs in particular. This work is co-ordinated by a working group established by the Conference of Directors of National Libraries (CDNL). We have used the URN Namespace Identifier "SICI" for the Serial Item and Contribution Identifiers in examples below. 2. Identification vs. Resolution As a rule the SICIs identify finite, manageably-sized objects, but these objects may still be large enough so that resolution to a hierarchical system, such as all articles published in a serial issue, is appropriate. The materials identified by a SICI may exist only in printed or other physical form, not electronically. The best that a resolver service will be able to offer in this case is bibliographic data from the database providing resolution services, including information about where the physical resource is stored in the owner institution's holdings. 3. Serial Item and Contribution Identifier 3.1 Overview The Serial Item and Contribution Identifier (SICI) standard defines a variable length code that provides unique identification of serial items (e.g., issues) and the contributions (e.g., articles) contained in a serial title. SICI is specified in NISO/ANSI Z39.56-1996 [NISO2]. Like other NISO standards, the SICI document is available for free in the Web. SICI is based on ISSN (International Standard Serial Number), but augments it extensively. SICI is a combination of three segments, all of which are required: Item segment; the data elements needed to describe the serial item such as serial issue (ISSN, Chronology, Enumeration) Contribution segment, the data elements needed to identify contributions within an item (Location, Title Code) Control segment, the data elements needed to record those administrative elements that determine the validity, version, and format of the SICI code representation. RFC 2288 provides the following example: 0015-6914(19960101)157:1<62:KTSW>2.0.TX;2-F The first nine characters are the ISSN identifying the serial title. The second component, in parentheses, is the chronology information giving the date the particular serial issue was published. In this example that date was January 1, 1996. The third component, 157:1, is enumeration information (volume, number) for the particular issue of the serial. These three components comprise the "item segment" of a SICI code. By augmenting the ISSN with the chronology and/or enumeration information, specific issues of the serial can be identified. The next segment, <62:KTSW>, identifies a particular contribution within the issue. In this example we provide the starting page number and a title code constructed from the initial characters of the title. Identifiers assigned to a contribution can be used in the contribution segment if page numbers are inappropriate. The rest of the identifier is the control segment, which includes a check character. Interested readers are encouraged to consult the standard for an explanation of the fields in that segment. SICI can be seen as a logical extension of the ISSN to the items and individual contributions that make up a serial's hierarchical structure. The current version of the SICI does have some limitations; it does not allow identification of subsections of an article such as paragraphs or diagrams. If deemed necessary, the functionality needed for article subsection identification could be added to the standard. The current version of SICI guarantees uniqueness in most situations; however, the standard does not always differentiate between multiple variant formats in which an electronic article may be published. For instance, variants of a digitised article published in PDF and HTML formats will receive the same SICI, provided that the ISSN is the same. According to the rules of the ISSN centre, ISSN numbers can be applied retrospectively to old periodicals. If the original printed document has an ISSN, the same identifier is also valid for the digitised version. ISSN guidelines formulate this principle in the following way: A reproduction is a copy of an item and intended to function as a substitute for that item. The reproduction may be in a different medium from the original but it is not a different edition in itself. The ISSN assigned to the original is valid for the reproduction, a new ISSN is not assigned to the reproduction. ISSN numbers are assigned by regional agencies, which receive ISSN blocks from the ISSN International Centre. SICI usage is not dependent on such formal agencies; the aim is that once ISSN is known, SICI codes can be created, manually or by computer program, by publishers, libraries, document delivery services or even by individual users. Given the complexity of SICI codes, the recommended practice is to automate the SICI creation process. If an article is structured enough, all elements of SICI can be extracted from the document. A tool capable of this has been built by the E.U. project DIEPER; this tool, of course, only works properly if the document is structured in the way the DIEPER project recommends. Another, less challenging option is a SICI generator, which builds syntactically correct SICIs including the check character if the basic ingredients are typed in manually. 3.2 Encoding Considerations and Lexical Equivalence RFC 2288 contains the following simple and yet sufficient analysis of SICI encoding: The character set for SICIs is intended to be email-transport- transparent, so it does not present major problems. However, all printable excluded and reserved characters from the URN syntax are valid in the SICI character set and must be %-encoded. Example of a SICI for an issue of a journal: URN:SICI:1046-8188(199501)13:1%3C%3E1.0.TX;2-F For an article contained within that issue: URN:SICI:1046-8188(199501)13:1%3C69:FTTHBI%3E2.0.TX;2-4 Equivalence rules for SICIs are not appropriate for definition as part of the namespace and incorporation in areas such as cache management algorithms. It is best left to resolver systems which try to determine if two SICIs refer to the same content. Consequently, we do not propose any specific rules for equivalence testing through lexical manipulation. 3.3 Resolution of SICI-based URNs Since ISSN is a dumb code, SICI does not contain any explicit hint on where to find the URN resolution service or services. However, an efficient and global resolution service can be accomplished by using the ISSN register as a way station. In spring 2001, the ISSN register contained about one million bibliographic records describing serials, including thousands of electronic journals. There are several other databases, which contain hundreds of thousands of serial records, but the ISSN register has the best coverage. The first step in resolving a SICI-based URN is a query to the ISSN register. The SICI resolution service in the ISSN register will parse the SICI code in order to extract the ISSN from it. ISSN will then be used as a search key for retrieving the bibliographic record of the serial from the ISSN register. Currently the ISSN register already contains thousands of records describing electronic journals. These records contain the URL of the serial's home page. This URL is appropriate for resolving the URN based on the ISSN of the periodical. The mechanism for resolving such URNs via the ISSN register has been specified in RFC 3044 [Rozenfeld]. The ISSN International Centre has already built a demonstration URN resolution service for ISSN-based URNs into their present information system. In order to resolve SICI-based URNs, a new data element has to be added into the records in the ISSN register. This data element would contain the network address (URL) of the database, which holds the article required and/or bibliographic information about it. It must also be possible to specify volumes and if necessary issues which are included in the database within this data element. The data element should be repeatable, since the same article may be available from multiple sources. For instance, the publisher, Library of Congress (http://www.loc.gov/), JSTOR (http://www.jstor.org/) and a number of host services such as EBSCO (http://www.ebsco.com/home/) may all have a copy of the same resource. The SICI resolution service built into the ISSN register will check if database address information is available in the bibliographic record of the serial. Then it makes sure that the volume and/or issue needed is available via the service. If this is the case, the application will make the query, receive the result - article or bibliographic information about it - and pass it on to the user. The functionality described above was implemented in co-operation between the ISSN International Centre and the E.U. project DIEPER (http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dieper/). The SICI resolution service is an extension of the service built for resolving ISSN-based URNs. By March 2001 a demonstrator service via which several of the databases maintained by the project partners could be accessed was released for internal use within the project. The ISSN IC and project partners wish to maintain the service also after the formal end of the project. Discussions about adding the new data element into bibliographic records in the ISSN register are under way. Please note that the discussion herein applies to SICIs assigned to serial contributions. Since serial items (issues) have seldom been described or digitised as such, a search by serial item SICI will in practice be expanded into retrieval of all contributions (articles) within the serial item (issue) in question. If a resolution service for the resource at hand does not exist, or the user is not authorised to utilise it, he/she may get the bibliographic description of the serial from the ISSN register. 3.4 Additional considerations Electronic journals have rapidly become very popular in scientific publishing. The main reasons for this are the emergence of viable business models (e.g. licensing) and the birth of a reliable and efficient delivery mechanism (the Web). New content is being added via two different channels. A significant number of scientific journals is published in electronic form, usually alongside a printed version. On the other hand, old printed volumes are digitised and made available in electronic form. Digitisation is done by development projects such as DIEPER, established services such as JSTOR, or publishers - for instance Elsevier is digitising all printed journals the company has published. Reliable linking of articles to references and bibliographic data about the articles is an important issue. URLs are as of this writing the most common means used for linking, but their reliability is low; average lifetime for a URL is estimated to be two years. A more reliable linking mechanism than URLs is urgently needed. Commercial publishers are already using Digital Object Identifiers (DOI). As a commercial system DOI is not ideal for materials, which do not have a commercial potential any more (or yet). For such material the added value services planned into the DOI infrastructure would also be of limited value. URN is a non-commercial and technically advanced alternative for DOI resolution services. Due to the co-operation of the ISSN International Centre the service is truly global, and can accommodate an unlimited number of services located anywhere in the world. For instance, in order to establish URN-based links to articles digitised in JSTOR service, a number of steps are necessary. First, each article must be identified by SICI, and these SICIs must be indexed in the JSTOR database. Second, bibliographic records of JSTOR journals in the ISSN register must all be enriched with a link to the JSTOR search interface and volume/issue information. For instance, the bibliographic record describing the journal "Ecology" must contain the information that volumes 1-77 (1920-1996) are available via JSTOR. This information may be quite volatile, and maintenance of the ISSN register must therefore be frequent and efficient. Apart from modification of the data, some programming work is needed. Due to the work done in the DIEPER project, the ISSN register already has the functionality needed for resolving SICI-based URNs. Adding the required functionality into the JSTOR database may or may not be difficult depending on the system architecture; in DIEPER some partners were able to implement the required functionality quite easily. Since the Web browsers do not support URN resolution yet, the final step in enabling resolution of URN-based SICIs is installation of the browser plug-in developed by the ISSN International Centre. For various reasons, one article may be available in several locations. Every article copy may have a different set of users who are allowed access to it. For instance, a copy acquired by a national library via legal deposit may only be available within the library premises. Making the links context sensitive - provide only those links that "work" for a user is a challenge. OpenURL framework [Van de Sompel] provides a means for sensitive linking. As of this writing OpenURL is rapidly gaining popularity, and there are already a few integrated library systems which support it. The ISSN register may in the future support OpenURL usage; this would be very valuable when the same resource (article) is available from several sources, which have different user population. In their present form the URN resolution services provided via the ISSN register suit those services best, which are available in public domain, and are reasonably stable. Numerous digitisation projects such as DIEPER are currently making printed articles available in the Web in digital form. An additional benefit of coding the needed location and volume information into the ISSN register would be that this database then could also serve as a global registry of serial digitisation efforts. Such a register is badly needed to avoid duplicate work. Since the number of SICI resolution services will eventually be high, the capacity of the server on which the ISSN register runs and its network connection may become a bottleneck, especially if the articles were delivered via the ISSN server to the users. Setting up mirror sites would in this case be the most efficient means for load control and balancing. Technically the setting up of mirror sites is not difficult. The ISSN register contains approximately a million bibliographic records, and is therefore not a very large database. 4. Security Considerations This document proposes means of encoding and using Serial Item and Contribution Identifiers within the URN framework. This document does not discuss resolution except at a generic level; thus questions of secure or authenticated resolution mechanisms in the ISSN register or in actual resolution services are out of scope. This text does not address means of validating the integrity or authenticating the source or provenance of URNs that contain SICIs. Issues regarding intellectual property rights associated with objects identified by the various bibliographic identifiers are also beyond the scope of this document, as are questions about rights to the databases that might be used to construct resolvers. 5. Namespace registration URN Namespace ID Registration for the Serial Item and Contribution Identifier (SICI) Namespace ID: SICI SICI is a well-established acronym for Serial Item and Contribution Identifiers; giving this NID for any other system would cause a lot of confusion. This namespace ID has already been used in SICI-based URNs in the E.U. project DIEPER. Registration Information: Version: 1 Date: 2001-08-01 Declared registrant of the namespace: Name: Patricia Harris E-mail: pharris@niso.org Affiliation: National Information Standards Organisation Address: 4733 Bethesda Avenue, Suite 300, Bethesda, MD 20814 Declaration of syntactic structure: Each SICI contains three segments: Item segment; the data elements needed to describe the serial item such as serial issue (ISSN, Chronology, Enumeration) Contribution segment, the data elements needed to identify contributions within an item (Location, Title Code) Control segment, the data elements needed to record those administrative elements that determine the validity, version, and format of the SICI code representation. Example: 0015-6914(19960101)157:1<62:KTSW>2.0.TX;2-F SICI codes can be generated and parsed by computer programs. Relevant ancillary documentation: SICI is an American national standard defined by NISO/ANSI Z39.56-1996 [NISO2]. A new version of the standard is currently under development. Identifier uniqueness considerations: SICI codes will almost always be unique. Since SICI is based on ISSN, articles from different journals will definitely never get the same SICI. Since enumeration and chronology information must also be given, articles and other contributions published in different volumes and issues will also never get the same SICI. SICIs may not be unique if and only if: If two or more contributions are published on the same page(s) and if they have similar enough titles (the first letter of each word is the same). In a single issue of an electronic journal (which lacks page numbers) there are two or more contributions with titles similar enough. If there are several technical variants of an electronic serial contribution (multiple formats, multiple resolutions) the current version of SICI will not make any difference between these variants. In this case the intellectual content will usually be the same, but layout will differ from one version to another. The new version of the SICI standard will be enhanced in order to diminish the risk of non-unique SICIs. Identifier persistence considerations: Once assigned, SICI will never change. The same SICI will not be used again for other serial items and contributions. Process of identifier assignment: There will not be a national, regional or international agency governing the SICI assignment process. Publishers, libraries or other information intermediaries will create SICIs when needed. The most important prerequisite is that the journal must have an ISSN. Although SICI assignment is decentralised, the national ISSN agencies and the ISSN International Centre may support publishers and other interested parties in SICI implementation. SICI can - and should - be built via automated means. If the source document such as article is sufficiently structured, SICI can be generated without human involvement. Another option is a semi-automated process, in which a human user types in the relevant data elements, and the application takes care of building the code. Process for identifier resolution: Resolution will take place in two steps as defined in chapter 3.3. First the ISSN register is used for finding the location of the resolution service(s) for the serial and volume at hand. Using the linking information stored in the serial's bibliographic record, the correct resolution service is contacted, and the requested resource is delivered to the user. Rules for Lexical Equivalence: We do not propose any specific rules for equivalence testing through lexical manipulation. Conformance with URN Syntax: According to the RFC 2288: The character set for SICIs is intended to be email-transport- transparent, so it does not present major problems. However, all printable excluded and reserved characters from the URN syntax are valid in the SICI character set and must be %-encoded. Example of a SICI for an issue of a journal: URN:SICI:1046-8188(199501)13:1%3C%3E1.0.TX;2-F For an article contained within that issue: URN:SICI:1046-8188(199501)13:1%3C69:FTTHBI%3E2.0.TX;2-4 Validation mechanism: Validity of a SICI string can be checked by modulus 37 check digit. Scope: Global. 6. References [Daigle et al.]: Daigle, L., van Gulik, D., Iannella, R. & Faltstrom, P.: URN Namespace Definition Mechanisms, RFC2611, June 1999. [Lynch] Lynch, C., Using Existing Bibliographic Identifiers as Uniform Resource Names, RFC 2288, February 1998 [Moats] Moats, R., URN Syntax, RFC 2141, May 1997. [NISO] NISO/ANSI Z39.56-1996 Serial Item and Contribution Identifier. Electronic resource, available at http://www.techstreet.com/cgi- bin/pdf/free/152629/z39-56.pdf [Rozenfeld] Rozenfeld, S., Using The ISSN (International Serial Standard Number) as URN (Uniform Resource Names) within an ISSN-URN Namespace, RFC 3044, January 2001. [Van de Sompel] Van de Sompel, Herbert & Beit-Arie, Oren: Open Linking in the Scholarly Information Environment Using the OpenURL Framework. D- Lib Magazine, March 2001. Electronic resource, available at http://www.dlib.org/dlib/march01/vandesompel/03vandesompel.html 7. Authors' Address Juha Hakala Helsinki University Library - The National Library of Finland P.O. Box 26 FIN-00014 Helsinki University FINLAND E-mail: juha.hakala@helsinki.fi 8. Full Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2001). All Rights Reserved. This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than English. The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. This document and the information contained herein is provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. --------------6FAA0FDB48845E0C79E6F4C7-- From owner-urn-ietf@LISTS.NETSOL.COM Wed Aug 1 12:20:06 2001 Received: from lists.netsol.com (lists.netsol.com [216.168.224.214]) by ietf.org (8.9.1a/8.9.1a) with SMTP id MAA19896 for ; Wed, 1 Aug 2001 12:20:06 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.netsol.com (lists.netsol.com [216.168.224.214]) by lists.netsol.com (8.9.3/8.9.3) with ESMTP id MAA17706; Wed, 1 Aug 2001 12:19:26 -0400 (EDT) Received: from LISTS.NETSOL.COM by LISTS.NETSOL.COM (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8d) with spool id 6930 for URN-IETF@LISTS.NETSOL.COM; Wed, 1 Aug 2001 12:18:41 -0400 Received: from sun8.loc.gov (sun8.loc.gov [140.147.249.48]) by lists.netsol.com (8.9.3/8.9.3) with ESMTP id MAA17699 for ; Wed, 1 Aug 2001 12:18:39 -0400 (EDT) Received: from rs8.loc.gov (rden.loc.gov [140.147.23.4]) by sun8.loc.gov (8.8.8+Sun/8.8.8) with ESMTP id MAA07897 for ; Wed, 1 Aug 2001 12:12:53 -0400 (EDT) X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.7 [en] (Win95; U) X-Accept-Language: en,pdf MIME-Version: 1.0 References: <3B680A92.6D26C5C3@helsinki.fi> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Approved-By: Ray Denenberg Message-ID: <3B682AA2.836774C@rs8.loc.gov> Date: Wed, 1 Aug 2001 12:13:23 -0400 Reply-To: rden@LOC.GOV From: Ray Denenberg Organization: Library of Congress Subject: Re: URN NID registration for SICI To: URN-IETF@LISTS.NETSOL.COM Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit There used to be an informal but very informative page about both registered and pending URN NID assignments, at: http://www.isi.edu/in-notes/iana/assignments/urn-namespaces. Now this page has been removed and instead points to: http://www.iana.org/assignments/urn-namespaces and it lists only the registered namespaces, not the pending ones. Is there somewhere now that lists pending requests and their statuses? Juha notes that NBN and ISBN have been approved. Neither is listed, and I notice that the page was last updated only a few days ago. -- Juha Hakala wrote: > ....... > PS. For your information: The IESG has approved the URN NID > registrations for ISBN and national bibliography numbers (NBNs). Thus > there are already quite a few registered URN namespaces, including key > systems - ISBN and ISSN - used by the publishers and libraries. -- Ray Denenberg Library of Congress rden@loc.gov 202-707-5795 From owner-urn-ietf@LISTS.NETSOL.COM Wed Aug 1 12:58:33 2001 Received: from lists.netsol.com (lists.netsol.com [216.168.224.214]) by ietf.org (8.9.1a/8.9.1a) with SMTP id MAA22004 for ; Wed, 1 Aug 2001 12:58:33 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.netsol.com (lists.netsol.com [216.168.224.214]) by lists.netsol.com (8.9.3/8.9.3) with ESMTP id MAA18279; Wed, 1 Aug 2001 12:57:46 -0400 (EDT) Received: from LISTS.NETSOL.COM by LISTS.NETSOL.COM (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8d) with spool id 7055 for URN-IETF@LISTS.NETSOL.COM; Wed, 1 Aug 2001 12:56:54 -0400 Approved-By: michael@BAILEY.DSCGA.COM Received: from bailey.dscga.com (bailey.dscga.com [198.78.9.11]) by lists.netsol.com (8.9.3/8.9.3) with ESMTP id MAA18194 for ; Wed, 1 Aug 2001 12:42:52 -0400 (EDT) Received: (from michael@localhost) by bailey.dscga.com (8.9.1/) id MAA21310; Wed, 1 Aug 2001 12:33:08 -0400 (EDT) References: <3B680A92.6D26C5C3@helsinki.fi> <3B682AA2.836774C@rs8.loc.gov> Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii User-Agent: Mutt/1.1.2i Message-ID: <20010801123307.L19384@bailey.dscga.com> Date: Wed, 1 Aug 2001 12:33:08 -0400 Reply-To: Michael Mealling From: Michael Mealling Subject: Re: URN NID registration for SICI To: URN-IETF@LISTS.NETSOL.COM In-Reply-To: <3B682AA2.836774C@rs8.loc.gov>; from rden@loc.gov on Wed, Aug 01, 2001 at 12:13:23PM -0400 On Wed, Aug 01, 2001 at 12:13:23PM -0400, Ray Denenberg wrote: > There used to be an informal but very informative page about both registered > and pending URN NID assignments, at: > http://www.isi.edu/in-notes/iana/assignments/urn-namespaces. > > Now this page has been removed and instead points to: > http://www.iana.org/assignments/urn-namespaces > > and it lists only the registered namespaces, not the pending ones. Is > there somewhere now that lists pending requests and their statuses? > > Juha notes that NBN and ISBN have been approved. Neither is listed, and I > notice that the page was last updated only a few days ago. I think you are talking about this page: http://www.uri.net/urn-nid-status.html which is an informal list that I maintain so I can keep up on the process... and I show both documents are sitting with the RFC Editor which means the IESG has approved them and they're goin through the publication process. The RFC Editors queue page has them both in the EDIT state. EDIT state means "approved by IESG, awaiting processing and publishing". Getting nosy, I poked around in ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/authors to see what was pending (i.e. in AUTHORS 48 HOURS) and the only URN related doc was Norman's "A URN Namespace for Public Identifiers" (which I just updated the entry for on my page. Congrats John, Norm and Paul!) -MM -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Michael Mealling | mailto:michael@research.netsol.com Advanced Naming Research Manager | go:Michael Mealling Verisign Applied Research | urn:pin:1 From owner-urn-ietf@LISTS.NETSOL.COM Wed Aug 8 19:30:41 2001 Received: from lists.netsol.com (lists.netsol.com [216.168.224.214]) by ietf.org (8.9.1a/8.9.1a) with ESMTP id TAA23616 for ; Wed, 8 Aug 2001 19:30:41 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.netsol.com (lists.netsol.com [216.168.224.214]) by lists.netsol.com (8.9.3/8.9.3) with ESMTP id TAA22292; Wed, 8 Aug 2001 19:28:29 -0400 (EDT) Received: from LISTS.NETSOL.COM by LISTS.NETSOL.COM (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8d) with spool id 7857 for URN-IETF@LISTS.NETSOL.COM; Wed, 8 Aug 2001 19:27:08 -0400 Approved-By: michael@BAILEY.DSCGA.COM Received: from relay1.bt.net (relay1.bt.net [194.72.6.100]) by lists.netsol.com (8.9.3/8.9.3) with ESMTP id TAA22232 for ; Wed, 8 Aug 2001 19:07:58 -0400 (EDT) Received: from [217.33.137.171] (helo=larrypad) by relay1.bt.net with smtp (Exim 3.15 #1) id 15UcL3-00064c-00 for urn-ietf@lists.netsol.com; Thu, 09 Aug 2001 00:02:09 +0100 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Priority: 3 (Normal) X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook IMO, Build 9.0.2416 (9.0.2911.0) Importance: Normal X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V5.50.4133.2400 Message-ID: Date: Wed, 8 Aug 2001 16:01:18 -0700 Reply-To: Larry Masinter From: Larry Masinter Subject: durls and tibs: dated URLs as URNs To: URN-IETF@LISTS.NETSOL.COM Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit This still needs some work, but since it's been bouncing around as a meme for 3 years, I thought I would try writing it down. It's probably a bad idea, but if so maybe you can help me figure out why. (Is this the right list? uri@w3.org?) =============== INTERNET-DRAFT Larry Masinter draft-masinter-dated-url-00a.txt August 8, 2001 Expires February 2002 Two URN Namespaces based on dated URLs Status of this Memo This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet- Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt. The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. This document is not a product of any working group, but may be discussed on the mailing list . Abstract This document defines a persistent namespace of URNs based on prepending a date to an encoded URL. The result is a namespace that is as easy to obtain as a URL, but which offers total persistance. 1. Introduction Many people have wondered about how to create persistent identifiers without registration. Some people have noted that cool URLs shouldn't change. However, it isn't a good idea to design systems on the assumption that other bits of design are uniformly implemented. URLs are unique across all space, but not across all time. Domain names can change, as can other pieces of identifying information. Normally, library citations include date of publication so that the context of the naming can be determined. The first kind of URN takes the form: urn:durl:: where 'durl' means 'dated URL'; is a digit string corresponding to a date (and possibly time), and an is a URL where every "/" and "%" is encoded in hex (as %2f and %25 respectively). The meaning of a durl is "the resource that was identified by the (after hex decoding) at the very first instant of the date given". For example, urn:durl:2001:http:%2f%2flarry.masinter.net is a persistent identifier to 'http://larry.masinter.net' as of the very first moment of the year 2001. Note that a durl isn't a resource locator in any practical sense, because the time of location has passed. However, is an acceptable resource identifier, and fulfills all of the requirements for URNs. The second kind of URN is a parallel space. Many uses for URIs are for objects or concepts that are not actually networked resources. For this purpose, a second namespace is defined which designates the "thing identified by" the resource at the given URL at the given date. This URN namespace is described by 'tib', e.g., urn:tib:: So urn:durl:2001:http:%%2f%2fwww.ietf.org can be used to designate the Internet Engineering Task Force organization, at least as it was constituted at the first instant of 2001. 2. "durl" URN Specification Template Namespace ID: "durl" requested. Registration Information: Registration Version: 1 Registration Date: 2001-08-08 Declared registrant of the namespace: Larry Masinter, Declaration of syntactic structure: 3. Dates A is a date in the syntax of a subset of RFC 2550; date = year [ month [ day [ hour [ minute [ second [ fraction ]]]]]] year = 4digit month = 2digit day = 2digit hour = 2digit minute = 2digit second = 2digit fraction = *digit All dates and times MUST be relative to International Atomic Time (TAI) [NRAO]. 4. Good practice The meaning of a 'durl' is: The resource that was (or will be) located by the given URL at the very first instant of the given date and time. For this purpose (as with RFC 2550), a date precedes every other date for which it is a prefix. Using dates in the future, before web servers were available makes no sense and shouldn't be done. Using URLs that weren't resolvable at the given time isn't a good idea. 5. Community COnsiderations The assignment of identifiers in the 'durl' and 'tib' namespaces are completely open; anyone who can assign any sort of URI can assign such a URN. There are no accurate resolution servers for URNs in these namespaces; however, the principles of operation are simple. 'tib' URNs are not intended to be resolvable (ever), although resolution of the corresponding 'durl' would give a resource that would indicate the identity of the actual resource it identifies. Resolvers for 'durl' identifiers with dates in the past require some archiving service. Internet archives may be managed by anyone, and there are a number of search engines that maintain some set of archives. Clients without access to any resolution service can take the decoded of a durl and attempt resolution of *that* identifier. This will give an approximation whose reliability depends to some degree on the amount of time elapsed. 6. IANA considerations This document includes a URN NID registration that should be entered into the IANA registry of URN NIDs. 7. Security Considerations URLs don't contain enough information to supply the authority for deciding what was or wasn't at a given URL at a given date. 8. Acknowledgements Many thanks to the many discussions on the relationship of URLs, URNs, URIs and resource identifiers, as well as similar ideas, that have been floated over the last many years. 9. Copyright Copyright (C) The Internet Society, 1997. All Rights Reserved. This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than English. The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. This document and the information contained herein is provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE." 10. Author's addresses Larry Masinter Adobe Systems Incorporated 345 Park Ave San Jose, CA 95110 mailto: LMM@acm.org http://larry.masinter.net Tel: +1 408 536-3024 11. References [RFC 2141] R. Moats, "URN Syntax", May 1997. From owner-urn-ietf@LISTS.NETSOL.COM Wed Aug 8 20:34:25 2001 Received: from lists.netsol.com (lists.netsol.com [216.168.224.214]) by ietf.org (8.9.1a/8.9.1a) with ESMTP id UAA24307 for ; Wed, 8 Aug 2001 20:34:25 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.netsol.com (lists.netsol.com [216.168.224.214]) by lists.netsol.com (8.9.3/8.9.3) with ESMTP id UAA22826; Wed, 8 Aug 2001 20:33:06 -0400 (EDT) Received: from LISTS.NETSOL.COM by LISTS.NETSOL.COM (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8d) with spool id 7961 for URN-IETF@LISTS.NETSOL.COM; Wed, 8 Aug 2001 20:32:21 -0400 Received: from life.ai.mit.edu (life.ai.mit.edu [128.52.32.80]) by lists.netsol.com (8.9.3/8.9.3) with ESMTP id UAA22819 for ; Wed, 8 Aug 2001 20:32:20 -0400 (EDT) Received: from Phillspc (h00a0cc5364a4.ne.mediaone.net [66.31.37.144]) by life.ai.mit.edu (8.9.3/8.9.3/AI2.13/ai.master.life:2.21) with SMTP id UAA24846; Wed, 8 Aug 2001 20:26:33 -0400 (EDT) MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Priority: 3 (Normal) X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook CWS, Build 9.0.2416 (9.0.2911.0) X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V5.50.4133.2400 Importance: Normal Approved-By: Phillip Hallam-Baker Message-ID: <000701c12069$c929cfa0$4100a8c0@ne.mediaone.net> Date: Wed, 8 Aug 2001 20:25:24 -0400 Reply-To: Phillip Hallam-Baker From: Phillip Hallam-Baker Subject: Re: durls and tibs: dated URLs as URNs To: URN-IETF@LISTS.NETSOL.COM In-Reply-To: Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit I would like the tib to simply be a date, dns address and an opaque string. I don't want to have to specify a protocol prefix to identify a thing that is not going to be accesible by protocol. If there has to be a URL involved we will still have the problem of people insisting on being told the semantics of derefferencing the URL which is precisely what I don't want anyone to be able to do. I would like to be a bit more specific about the party that makes the authoritative statement about the binding of the identifier. Since DNS names have unique owners at given points in time, or at least are capable of being bound to unique machines it should be possible to be a bit more specific. This would help on the legal side. Instead of tib I would prefer ddi for dated DNS identifier. 'Thing identified' looks like an attempt to not use the words 'object' or 'resource'. Also there are a couple of typos, urn:durl:2001:http:%2f%2f should be urn:durl:2001:http%2e%2f%2f and urn:durl:2001:http:%%2f%2fwww.ietf.org should be urn:durl:2001:http%2e%2f%2fwww.ietf.org [or the text is wrong] I also have a need to be able to identify hierarchy within the identifier for my applications (XKMS, XTASS, SAML) so that I can make assertions about sets of related things. <...> States that the assertions with identifiers in the specified interval are Valid. <...> States that all assertions issued by the distrust center are Invalid. [BTW First, Last and Match ar of type string, not uriReference since they specify a restricted regular expression that defines an interval of URIs. Wildcards are only permitted at the end of the expression, the match is segmented across the hierarchical boundaries] With the tib and durl schemes I can't take advantage of any syntactic similarity to group identifiers which in my application is a non-negotiable requirement. Phill > -----Original Message----- > From: Larry Masinter [mailto:LMM@acm.org] > Sent: Wednesday, August 08, 2001 7:01 PM > To: URN-IETF@lists.netsol.com > Subject: durls and tibs: dated URLs as URNs > > > This still needs some work, but since it's been bouncing around > as a meme for 3 years, I thought I would try writing it down. > > It's probably a bad idea, but if so maybe you can help me figure > out why. (Is this the right list? uri@w3.org?) > > > > =============== > > INTERNET-DRAFT Larry Masinter > draft-masinter-dated-url-00a.txt August 8, 2001 > Expires February 2002 > > > Two URN Namespaces based on dated URLs > > Status of this Memo > > This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with all > provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026. > > Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task > Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other > groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. > > Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months > and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any > time. It is inappropriate to use Internet- Drafts as reference > material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." > > The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at > http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt. > > The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at > http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. > > This document is not a product of any working group, but may be > discussed on the mailing list . > > > Abstract > > This document defines a persistent namespace of URNs based on > prepending a date to an encoded URL. The result is a namespace that is > as easy to obtain as a URL, but which offers total persistance. > > 1. Introduction > > Many people have wondered about how to create persistent identifiers > without registration. Some people have noted that cool URLs shouldn't > change. However, it isn't a good idea to design systems on the > assumption that other bits of design are uniformly implemented. > > URLs are unique across all space, but not across all time. Domain > names can change, as can other pieces of identifying information. > Normally, library citations include date of publication so that the > context of the naming can be determined. > > The first kind of URN takes the form: > > urn:durl:: > > where 'durl' means 'dated URL'; is a digit string corresponding > to a date (and possibly time), and an is a URL where > every "/" and "%" is encoded in hex (as %2f and %25 respectively). > The meaning of a durl is "the resource that was identified by the > (after hex decoding) at the very first instant of the > date given". > > For example, urn:durl:2001:http:%2f%2flarry.masinter.net is a > persistent identifier to 'http://larry.masinter.net' as of the very > first moment of the year 2001. Note that a durl isn't a resource > locator in any practical sense, because the time of location has > passed. However, is an acceptable resource identifier, and fulfills > all of the requirements for URNs. > > The second kind of URN is a parallel space. Many uses for URIs are > for objects or concepts that are not actually networked resources. For > this purpose, a second namespace is defined which designates the > "thing identified by" the resource at the given URL at the given > date. This URN namespace is described by 'tib', e.g., > > urn:tib:: > > So urn:durl:2001:http:%%2f%2fwww.ietf.org can be used to designate the > Internet Engineering Task Force organization, at least as it was > constituted at the first instant of 2001. > > 2. "durl" URN Specification Template > > Namespace ID: > "durl" requested. > > Registration Information: > > Registration Version: 1 > Registration Date: 2001-08-08 > > > Declared registrant of the namespace: > Larry Masinter, > > Declaration of syntactic structure: > > > 3. Dates > > A is a date in the syntax of a subset of RFC 2550; > date = year [ month [ day [ hour [ minute [ second [ > fraction ]]]]]] > year = 4digit > month = 2digit > day = 2digit > hour = 2digit > minute = 2digit > second = 2digit > fraction = *digit > > All dates and times MUST be relative to International Atomic Time > (TAI) [NRAO]. > > 4. Good practice > > The meaning of a 'durl' is: > > The resource that was (or will be) located by the given > URL at the very first instant of the given date and time. > For this purpose (as with RFC 2550), a date precedes every > other date for which it is a prefix. > > Using dates in the future, before web servers were available > makes no sense and shouldn't be done. > > Using URLs that weren't resolvable at the given time > isn't a good idea. > > 5. Community COnsiderations > > The assignment of identifiers in the 'durl' and 'tib' namespaces are > completely open; anyone who can assign any sort of URI can assign > such a URN. > > There are no accurate resolution servers for URNs in these namespaces; > however, the principles of operation are simple. 'tib' URNs are not > intended to be resolvable (ever), although resolution of the > corresponding 'durl' would give a resource that would indicate the > identity of the actual resource it identifies. Resolvers for 'durl' > identifiers with dates in the past require some archiving > service. Internet archives may be managed by anyone, and there are a > number of search engines that maintain some set of archives. > > Clients without access to any resolution service can take the > decoded of a durl and attempt resolution of *that* > identifier. This will give an approximation whose reliability > depends to some degree on the amount of time elapsed. > > 6. IANA considerations > > This document includes a URN NID registration that should > be entered into the IANA registry of URN NIDs. > > > 7. Security Considerations > > URLs don't contain enough information to supply the > authority for deciding what was or wasn't at a given > URL at a given date. > > > 8. Acknowledgements > > Many thanks to the many discussions on the relationship of URLs, URNs, > URIs and resource identifiers, as well as similar ideas, that have > been floated over the last many years. > > 9. Copyright > > Copyright (C) The Internet Society, 1997. All Rights Reserved. > > This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to > others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it > or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published > and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any > kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph > are included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this > document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing > the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other > Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of > developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for > copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be > followed, or as required to translate it into languages other > than English. > > The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be > revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. > > This document and the information contained herein is provided on an > "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING > TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING > BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION > HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF > MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE." > > > 10. Author's addresses > > Larry Masinter > Adobe Systems Incorporated > 345 Park Ave > San Jose, CA 95110 > mailto: LMM@acm.org > http://larry.masinter.net > Tel: +1 408 536-3024 > > > 11. References > > [RFC 2141] R. Moats, "URN Syntax", May 1997. > From owner-urn-ietf@LISTS.NETSOL.COM Thu Aug 9 08:35:00 2001 Received: from lists.netsol.com (lists.netsol.com [216.168.224.214]) by ietf.org (8.9.1a/8.9.1a) with ESMTP id IAA21872 for ; Thu, 9 Aug 2001 08:34:59 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.netsol.com (lists.netsol.com [216.168.224.214]) by lists.netsol.com (8.9.3/8.9.3) with ESMTP id IAA25363; Thu, 9 Aug 2001 08:33:32 -0400 (EDT) Received: from LISTS.NETSOL.COM by LISTS.NETSOL.COM (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8d) with spool id 8220 for URN-IETF@LISTS.NETSOL.COM; Thu, 9 Aug 2001 08:30:53 -0400 Approved-By: michael@BAILEY.DSCGA.COM Received: from relay1.bt.net (relay1.bt.net [194.72.6.100]) by lists.netsol.com (8.9.3/8.9.3) with ESMTP id HAA25161 for ; Thu, 9 Aug 2001 07:07:38 -0400 (EDT) Received: from [217.33.146.106] (helo=larrypad) by relay1.bt.net with smtp (Exim 3.15 #1) id 15UnZU-0000Df-00; Thu, 09 Aug 2001 12:01:48 +0100 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Priority: 3 (Normal) X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook IMO, Build 9.0.2416 (9.0.2911.0) Importance: Normal X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V5.50.4133.2400 Message-ID: Date: Thu, 9 Aug 2001 04:00:58 -0700 Reply-To: Larry Masinter From: Larry Masinter Subject: Re: durls and tibs: dated URLs as URNs To: URN-IETF@LISTS.NETSOL.COM In-Reply-To: <000701c12069$c929cfa0$4100a8c0@ne.mediaone.net> Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit > I would like the tib to simply be a date, dns address and an opaque string. I'm uncomfortable with making references that never were or will be resolvable. In the case of 'tib', resolution is a matter of intent (which I intend to elaborate in the next revision); the thing identified by a tib is to be interpreted in the context of the intent of the corresponding URL at the corresponding moment. So urn:tib:2001:data:,the%20president%20of%20the%20United%20States could refer to George Bush. It is "resolvable" in the sense that it is possible to make a good guess about what the tib refers to. It may be uncertain, but it isn't unambiguous. If you only supply date, DNS and string, though, there can be disagreements because there is no constraint about assignment. You and I could both claim to assign completely different semantics to the date "20010809", dns name "ietf.org" and string "wonderful name space" and there would be no way to differentiate these ever. There's no particular advantage to those bits of data over just using random strings. > I don't want to have to specify a protocol prefix to > identify a thing that is not going to be accessible by protocol. The protocol prefix is an essential part of the resolution mechanism for both durl and tibs, albeit the resolution is only reliably available with a time machine. > If there has to be a URL involved we will still have the problem of people > insisting on being told the semantics of derefferencing the URL which is > precisely what I don't want anyone to be able to do. I'm not sure why you want to insist on crippling people's ability to ever know what you mean. In the case of durls and tibs, the semantics of dereferencing the URL is clear; it accesses now the resource that WAS the target (or description/identifier of the target) at the given date. > I would like to be a bit more specific about the party that makes the > authoritative statement about the binding of the identifier. Since DNS names > have unique owners at given points in time, or at least are capable of being > bound to unique machines it should be possible to be a bit more specific. > This would help on the legal side. I'm uncomfortable with the assertion that DNS names have unique owners at any given point in time; there are many cases of DNS name disputes, DNS names whose listed owners are service providers many steps removed from the actual location of intent. The URI system is much more flexible than DNS, in that it allows the kind of source of authority to migrate from DNS name to any other kind of URI scheme. (I'm going to avoid discussing the 'legal' side because of all of the differing interpretations of intent in various jurisdictions.) > Instead of tib I would prefer ddi for dated DNS identifier. 'Thing > identified' looks like an attempt to not use the words 'object' or > 'resource'. I think it's clear that we're solving different problems; I think I'm a little clearer about what problem I'm solving (creating a system of resource identifiers that have clear semantics that do not change over time). I also think that durls and tibs might be more useful in the context of RDF expressions and other uses which want to replace ASN.1 OIDs with URIs but cannot find appropriate URIs to use. > Also there are a couple of typos, urn:durl:2001:http:%2f%2f should be > urn:durl:2001:http%2e%2f%2f and urn:durl:2001:http:%%2f%2fwww.ietf.org > should be urn:durl:2001:http%2e%2f%2fwww.ietf.org [or the text is wrong] There is no need to escape the ":" in the URI. As far as URN syntax goes, I confess that it is a stretch to say that the date is the naming authority and the URL scheme is a delegated authority, but I don't think that model is out of the question. On the other hand, URNs don't allow "/" (although it might be useful). I did make a mistake in the text, in not being explicit that all of the characters of URNs (section 2 of RFC 2141) which occur within the referenced URL should all be escaped in the encoded-URL. > I also have a need to be able to identify hierarchy within the identifier > for my applications (XKMS, XTASS, SAML) so that I can make assertions about > sets of related things. Well, RFC 2141 is clear that URNs do not admit hierarchy. If you'd really solved the problems with hierarchy and URNs then one might consider trying to update RFC 2141, but I think that there are problems with your intended use of hierarchy (below). > <...> > Last="urn:ddi:xtass.xmltrustcenter.org/200108082202/AAAAFEAB" > Status="Valid" Terminal="True"> > > States that the assertions with identifiers in the specified interval are > Valid. You've gone substantially beyond hierarchies to also assume a sorting order. I suppose this is OK, although you'll have to be clearer. > <...> > Status="Invalid" Terminal="True"> > > States that all assertions issued by the distrust center are Invalid. You have an implicit universal quantifier, but you haven't stated the scope. "All assertions" over what time period? Are statements associated with that domain name in the year 2235 also invalid? My impression is that most of these kind of assertions and inferences based on them are valid only if there is a context that clearly bounds the context, but the main power of URIs are that they retain meaning when moved from one context to another. > With the tib and durl schemes I can't take advantage of any syntactic > similarity to group identifiers which in my application is a non-negotiable > requirement. I agree that durls and tibs don't satisfy your requirements. On the other hand, (a) there are requirements that durls and tibs satisfy that ddis do not. (b) I'm not sure the (implicit) requirements you've placed on ddis can be satisfied, e.g., that they can be used with regular expressions to make universally quantified assertions about sets of resources. Larry -- http://larry.masinter.net From owner-urn-ietf@LISTS.NETSOL.COM Thu Aug 9 10:46:50 2001 Received: from lists.netsol.com (lists.netsol.com [216.168.224.214]) by ietf.org (8.9.1a/8.9.1a) with ESMTP id KAA25691 for ; Thu, 9 Aug 2001 10:46:50 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.netsol.com (lists.netsol.com [216.168.224.214]) by lists.netsol.com (8.9.3/8.9.3) with ESMTP id KAA26023; Thu, 9 Aug 2001 10:43:57 -0400 (EDT) Received: from LISTS.NETSOL.COM by LISTS.NETSOL.COM (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8d) with spool id 8319 for URN-IETF@LISTS.NETSOL.COM; Thu, 9 Aug 2001 10:43:11 -0400 Received: from life.ai.mit.edu (life.ai.mit.edu [128.52.32.80]) by lists.netsol.com (8.9.3/8.9.3) with ESMTP id KAA26015 for ; Thu, 9 Aug 2001 10:43:09 -0400 (EDT) Received: from Phillspc (h00a0cc5364a4.ne.mediaone.net [66.31.37.144]) by life.ai.mit.edu (8.9.3/8.9.3/AI2.13/ai.master.life:2.21) with SMTP id KAA10877; Thu, 9 Aug 2001 10:37:22 -0400 (EDT) MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Priority: 3 (Normal) X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook CWS, Build 9.0.2416 (9.0.2911.0) X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V5.50.4133.2400 Importance: Normal Approved-By: Phillip Hallam-Baker Message-ID: <001001c120e0$a5359580$4100a8c0@ne.mediaone.net> Date: Thu, 9 Aug 2001 10:36:15 -0400 Reply-To: Phillip Hallam-Baker From: Phillip Hallam-Baker Subject: Re: durls and tibs: dated URLs as URNs To: URN-IETF@LISTS.NETSOL.COM In-Reply-To: Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit > If you only supply date, DNS and string, though, there can > be disagreements because there is no constraint about assignment. I very much doubt that people would be using unstable domain names for the purposes I am anticipating. > You and I could both claim to assign completely different > semantics to the date "20010809", dns name "ietf.org" and > string "wonderful name space" and there would be no way to > differentiate these ever. There's no particular advantage > to those bits of data over just using random strings. But a court can resolve the issue with little difficulty. The owner of the domain name www.citibank.com is not going to be in much dispute. The rule book of the exchange and membership agreements are going to address the issue in any case. Furthermore the courts will have less difficulty resolving my proposal after the fact than yours. > The protocol prefix is an essential part of the resolution > mechanism for both durl and tibs, albeit the resolution is > only reliably available with a time machine. Quite. > > If there has to be a URL involved we will still have the > problem of people > > insisting on being told the semantics of derefferencing the > URL which is > > precisely what I don't want anyone to be able to do. > > I'm not sure why you want to insist on crippling people's > ability to ever know what you mean. Because these are names and not locators. The meaning arises from the usage. > > Also there are a couple of typos, urn:durl:2001:http:%2f%2f > should be > > urn:durl:2001:http%2e%2f%2f and > urn:durl:2001:http:%%2f%2fwww.ietf.org > > should be urn:durl:2001:http%2e%2f%2fwww.ietf.org [or the > text is wrong] > > There is no need to escape the ":" in the URI. As far as URN syntax > goes, I confess that it is a stretch to say that the date is > the naming > authority and the URL scheme is a delegated authority, but I > don't think > that model is out of the question. On the other hand, URNs don't allow > "/" (although it might be useful). The text says to escape the colon. The double %% is wrong in any case. > Well, RFC 2141 is clear that URNs do not admit hierarchy. If > you'd really solved the problems with hierarchy and URNs then > one might consider trying to update RFC 2141, but I think that > there are problems with your intended use of hierarchy (below). The only 'problems' were people. There is no ambiguity. The intention was to prevent people doing entirely resonable things with the identifiers. If you have slashes they indicate a hierarchical structure. If that causes problems for your scheme don't use them. The statement in 2141 is a SHOULD NOT, the rationale is ideological. The authors admit that they don't think they understand the reasoning, so let them give way to folk who can. I'll bet that nobody can state one bad thing that would happen if the words SHOULD NOT were replaced by MAY. Other than the fact that people could use fragments for the intended use. Even in your intended application the ideology breaks your use. If I have a page http://www.cnn.com/index then your construction would be urn:durl:2001:http:%2f%2fwww.cnn.com%2findex this would break all the internal links to no purpose. If you object 'well the semantics of the links are captured', this looks to me to be a reasonable thing to expect to happen if you give a document two different identifiers. If I have an identifier for the document on the date then it is reasonable to also demand that relative URIs refer to the respective documents on the respective dates. If you want a cannonical form for the durl of a document then specify a time interval rather than an instant. The time interval would be the time the document was first published to the time when it was replaced. The ideological attempt to prevent URLs containing hierarchy has simply caused that function to be transfered from the slash to the colon. What I am considering doing is rewriting the XTASS draft to stipulate that if you have a URN scheme you consider colons to be segment identifiers in recgonition of this 'achievement'. > You've gone substantially beyond hierarchies to also assume a > sorting order. I suppose this is OK, although you'll have to > be clearer. The paper is explicit on the point, the post is merely descriptive. > > <...> > > > Status="Invalid" Terminal="True"> > > > > States that all assertions issued by the distrust center > are Invalid. > > You have an implicit universal quantifier, but you haven't stated > the scope. "All assertions" over what time period? Are statements > associated with that domain name in the year 2235 also invalid? No, because the assertion itself has a validity interval. > My impression is that most of these kind of assertions and inferences > based on them are valid only if there is a context that clearly > bounds the context, but the main power of URIs are that they retain > meaning when moved from one context to another. Its a Wittgenstein type name, the meaning is defined by the use. There is no meaning outside the context. Phill From owner-urn-ietf@LISTS.NETSOL.COM Fri Aug 17 23:02:38 2001 Received: from lists.netsol.com (lists.netsol.com [216.168.224.214]) by ietf.org (8.9.1a/8.9.1a) with ESMTP id XAA20390 for ; Fri, 17 Aug 2001 23:02:38 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.netsol.com (lists.netsol.com [216.168.224.214]) by lists.netsol.com (8.9.3/8.9.3) with ESMTP id XAA28663; Fri, 17 Aug 2001 23:02:50 -0400 (EDT) Received: from LISTS.NETSOL.COM by LISTS.NETSOL.COM (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8d) with spool id 9405 for URN-IETF@LISTS.NETSOL.COM; Fri, 17 Aug 2001 23:01:34 -0400 Approved-By: michael@BAILEY.DSCGA.COM Received: from adobe.com ([192.150.11.2]) by lists.netsol.com (8.9.3/8.9.3) with ESMTP id RAA27499 for ; Fri, 17 Aug 2001 17:37:01 -0400 (EDT) Received: from inner-relay-1.corp.adobe.com ([153.32.1.51]) by adobe.com (1.0.0/8.11.4) with ESMTP id f7HLUMh19818 for ; Fri, 17 Aug 2001 14:30:22 -0700 (PDT) Received: from mailsj-v1.corp.adobe.com (mailsj-dev.corp.adobe.com [153.32.1.192]) by inner-relay-1.corp.adobe.com (8.11.4/8.11.4) with ESMTP id f7HLUl222996 for ; Fri, 17 Aug 2001 14:30:47 -0700 (PDT) Received: from larrypad ([153.32.67.96]) by mailsj-v1.corp.adobe.com (Netscape Messaging Server 4.15 v1 Jul 11 2001 16:32:57) with SMTP id GI8EEW00.FNU; Fri, 17 Aug 2001 14:30:32 -0700 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Priority: 3 (Normal) X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook IMO, Build 9.0.2416 (9.0.2911.0) X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V5.50.4133.2400 Importance: Normal Message-ID: Date: Fri, 17 Aug 2001 14:29:41 -0700 Reply-To: Larry Masinter From: Larry Masinter Subject: Re: durls and tibs: dated URLs as URNs To: URN-IETF@LISTS.NETSOL.COM In-Reply-To: <000701c12069$c929cfa0$4100a8c0@ne.mediaone.net> Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit I don't think there was closure on the discussion about durls and tibs. I've been struggling to make a better case for my discomfort with the common notion of using a URN as an unbounded abstract "name" where the only source of authority is "the owner of the domain name at the time of assignment". Let's suppose we had a "host" URL scheme: host:[ ] and then tib::host:[ ] would be the way that you could have a tib with the properties you wanted. > > I would like the tib to simply be a date, dns address and an opaque string. > I don't want to have to specify a protocol prefix to identify a thing that > is not going to be accesible by protocol. > > If there has to be a URL involved we will still have the problem of people > insisting on being told the semantics of derefferencing the URL which is > precisely what I don't want anyone to be able to do. I've gone back and forth about renaming "tib" to "tdb": "thing described by", that is, dereferencing the URL in a tib does give you something, it gives you the description of the concept identified. Now, getting the description in some unspecified format (HTML, text, someone who might answer email) isn't actually useful in protocol implementation, but it is useful in determining semantics. > I would like to be a bit more specific about the party that makes the > authoritative statement about the binding of the identifier. Since DNS names > have unique owners at given points in time, or at least are capable of being > bound to unique machines it should be possible to be a bit more specific. > This would help on the legal side. With tib/tdb, you don't need to get into the world of individuals and responsibility, community web sites that are mantained by groups, etc. DNS names don't really have "owners"; there's some registration process that's managed by a domain administrator in many cases, but it's often hard to decide "who". So I'd rather avoid all of that and come up with an extrinsic reference rather than an intrinsic one, "tdb" is a reader-relative reference rather than a writer-relative reference. > Instead of tib I would prefer ddi for dated DNS identifier. 'Thing > identified' looks like an attempt to not use the words 'object' or > 'resource'. Well, "tib" and "tdb" were somewhat tongue-in-cheek. I kind of like durl since it's short. Dated URL-based Identifier, "durlbi". From owner-urn-ietf@LISTS.NETSOL.COM Tue Aug 21 09:46:28 2001 Received: from lists.netsol.com (lists.netsol.com [216.168.224.214]) by ietf.org (8.9.1a/8.9.1a) with ESMTP id JAA12821 for ; Tue, 21 Aug 2001 09:46:27 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.netsol.com (lists.netsol.com [216.168.224.214]) by lists.netsol.com (8.9.3/8.9.3) with ESMTP id JAA11488; Tue, 21 Aug 2001 09:47:21 -0400 (EDT) Received: from LISTS.NETSOL.COM by LISTS.NETSOL.COM (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8d) with spool id 9888 for URN-IETF@LISTS.NETSOL.COM; Tue, 21 Aug 2001 09:46:11 -0400 Approved-By: michael@BAILEY.DSCGA.COM Received: from bailey.dscga.com (bailey.dscga.com [198.78.9.11]) by lists.netsol.com (8.9.3/8.9.3) with ESMTP id JAA11419 for ; Tue, 21 Aug 2001 09:34:46 -0400 (EDT) Received: (from michael@localhost) by bailey.dscga.com (8.9.1/) id JAA20988 for urn-ietf@lists.netsol.com; Tue, 21 Aug 2001 09:25:03 -0400 (EDT) Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii User-Agent: Mutt/1.1.2i Message-ID: <20010821092503.A17352@bailey.dscga.com> Date: Tue, 21 Aug 2001 09:25:03 -0400 Reply-To: Michael Mealling From: Michael Mealling Subject: an extension/update to the 'ietf' NID... To: URN-IETF@LISTS.NETSOL.COM Hi all, Some of you may have seen a draft from me a while back that was for the 'iana' URN NID. I've since updated it and moved it under the already existing 'ietf' NID as an extension. While this isn't really a huge issue for the URN Working Group, it is the first time we've had an 'update' to an existing namespace. I am looking for feedback on how this new extension works for internal IETF standards usage. See http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-mealling-iana-urn-01.txt -MM -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Michael Mealling | Vote Libertarian! | urn:pin:1 michael@neonym.net | | http://www.neonym.net From owner-urn-ietf@LISTS.NETSOL.COM Fri Aug 24 13:58:40 2001 Received: from lists.netsol.com (lists.netsol.com [216.168.224.214]) by ietf.org (8.9.1a/8.9.1a) with ESMTP id NAA11009 for ; Fri, 24 Aug 2001 13:58:40 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.netsol.com (lists.netsol.com [216.168.224.214]) by lists.netsol.com (8.9.3/8.9.3) with ESMTP id NAA23920; Fri, 24 Aug 2001 13:56:16 -0400 (EDT) Received: from LISTS.NETSOL.COM by LISTS.NETSOL.COM (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8d) with spool id 10294 for URN-IETF@LISTS.NETSOL.COM; Fri, 24 Aug 2001 13:55:02 -0400 Received: from adobe.com (smtp-relay-1.adobe.com [192.150.11.1]) by lists.netsol.com (8.9.3/8.9.3) with ESMTP id NAA23909 for ; Fri, 24 Aug 2001 13:55:00 -0400 (EDT) Received: from inner-relay-1.corp.adobe.com ([153.32.1.51]) by adobe.com (1.0.0/8.11.4) with ESMTP id f7OHnAF04849 for ; Fri, 24 Aug 2001 10:49:10 -0700 (PDT) Received: from mailsj-v1.corp.adobe.com (mailsj-dev.corp.adobe.com [153.32.1.192]) by inner-relay-1.corp.adobe.com (8.11.4/8.11.4) with ESMTP id f7OHmh220534 for ; Fri, 24 Aug 2001 10:48:43 -0700 (PDT) Received: from larrypad ([153.32.7.122]) by mailsj-v1.corp.adobe.com (Netscape Messaging Server 4.15 v1 Jul 11 2001 16:32:57) with SMTP id GIL2SQ00.K6Z; Fri, 24 Aug 2001 10:48:26 -0700 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Priority: 3 (Normal) X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook IMO, Build 9.0.2416 (9.0.2911.0) X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V5.50.4133.2400 Importance: Normal Approved-By: "Larry Masinter - LMM@acm.org" Message-ID: Date: Fri, 24 Aug 2001 10:47:36 -0700 Reply-To: "Larry Masinter - LMM@acm.org" From: "Larry Masinter - LMM@acm.org" Subject: FW: I-D ACTION:draft-masinter-dated-uri-00.txt To: URN-IETF@LISTS.NETSOL.COM Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit I wrote this up for discussion purposes, as a response to some of the discussion about URNs, URIs, and the difference between abstractions and resources that describe them. The discussions have been on many mailing lists (in the "to" list). However, in the interest of reducing the number of duplicate messages, I suggest not cc'ing all of these lists in subsequent discussions. -----Original Message----- From: nsyracus@cnri.reston.va.us On Behalf Of Internet-Drafts@ietf.org Sent: Friday, August 24, 2001 3:43 AM To: IETF-Announce: Subject: I-D ACTION:draft-masinter-dated-uri-00.txt A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories. Title : 'duri' and 'tdb': URN Namespaces based on dated URIs Author(s) : L. Masinter Filename : draft-masinter-dated-uri-00.txt Pages : Date : 22-Aug-01 This document defines two persistent namespaces of URNs based on prepending a date to an (encoded) URI. The results are namespaces in which names are readily assigned but which offer the persistence of reference that is required by URNs. The first namespace (duri) is used to refer to URI-identified resources themselves, while the second namespace (tdb) is used to refer to abstractions that are not themselves networked resources but are 'described by' them. This idea and things like it have been discussed for several years, but recent discussion about use of URIs and URNs for identifiers in XML-based constructs has inspired writing this up more completely. A URL for this Internet-Draft is: http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-masinter-dated-uri-00.txt Internet-Drafts are also available by anonymous FTP. Login with the username "anonymous" and a password of your e-mail address. After logging in, type "cd internet-drafts" and then "get draft-masinter-dated-uri-00.txt". A list of Internet-Drafts directories can be found in http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html or ftp://ftp.ietf.org/ietf/1shadow-sites.txt Internet-Drafts can also be obtained by e-mail. Send a message to: mailserv@ietf.org. In the body type: "FILE /internet-drafts/draft-masinter-dated-uri-00.txt". NOTE: The mail server at ietf.org can return the document in MIME-encoded form by using the "mpack" utility. To use this feature, insert the command "ENCODING mime" before the "FILE" command. To decode the response(s), you will need "munpack" or a MIME-compliant mail reader. Different MIME-compliant mail readers exhibit different behavior, especially when dealing with "multipart" MIME messages (i.e. documents which have been split up into multiple messages), so check your local documentation on how to manipulate these messages. From owner-urn-ietf@LISTS.NETSOL.COM Tue Aug 28 08:08:41 2001 Received: from lists.netsol.com (lists.netsol.com [216.168.224.214]) by ietf.org (8.9.1a/8.9.1a) with ESMTP id IAA06097 for ; Tue, 28 Aug 2001 08:08:39 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.netsol.com (lists.netsol.com [216.168.224.214]) by lists.netsol.com (8.9.3/8.9.3) with ESMTP id IAA10614; Tue, 28 Aug 2001 08:05:42 -0400 (EDT) Received: from LISTS.NETSOL.COM by LISTS.NETSOL.COM (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8d) with spool id 10818 for URN-IETF@LISTS.NETSOL.COM; Tue, 28 Aug 2001 08:03:14 -0400 Received: from no-spam.it.helsinki.fi (NO-SPAM.it.helsinki.fi [128.214.205.34]) by lists.netsol.com (8.9.3/8.9.3) with ESMTP id IAA10597 for ; Tue, 28 Aug 2001 08:03:09 -0400 (EDT) Received: from helsinki.fi (kvp110.lib.helsinki.fi [128.214.91.92]) by no-spam.it.helsinki.fi (8.11.4/8.11.4-SPAMmers-sod-off) with ESMTP id f7SBvGd29711; Tue, 28 Aug 2001 14:57:17 +0300 (EEST) X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.76 [en] (Windows NT 5.0; U) X-Accept-Language: en MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="------------9403216CFAFE0C3F10387A0A" Approved-By: Juha Hakala Message-ID: <3B8B871C.8FC5CC30@helsinki.fi> Date: Tue, 28 Aug 2001 14:57:16 +0300 Reply-To: Juha Hakala From: Juha Hakala Subject: URN NID registration for SICI (2nd try) To: URN-IETF@LISTS.NETSOL.COM This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --------------9403216CFAFE0C3F10387A0A Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Dear Internet drafts editor and others, Please find attached the first version of the URN Namespace ID registration for Serial Item and Contribution Identifier, SICI (which is the ANSI/NISO identifier for serial issues and articles). I sent the registration request for the first time 1 August, but at that time was not successful, because Internet draft submissions were cut off then due to the IETF meeting. The attached document is quite similar to the one I sent earlier. I have corrected two erroneous statements about the DOI system, which Norman Paskin pointed out to me (Norman, thank you for your help; in case there are still some problems in the text please let me know). There are no other changes. Although SICI is not universally used like ISBN or ISSN, it is becoming more popular in the Internet environment, where each serial article can be an independent entity which can be accessed directly. This of course makes identification on article level important. Identifying just the serial is no longer sufficient. The method proposed in the draft for resolving SICI-based URNs has been implemented in experimental system built in co-operation by EU project DIEPER and the ISSN International Centre. My colleagues in DIEPER and staff in ISSN IC have given me very valuable support and guidance in writing the draft. The draft is attached in two versions: Word2000 and plain text with line feeds. Best regards, Juha Hakala -- **************************************************** Juha Hakala Director, Information Technology Helsinki University Library tel +358 9 191 44293 fax +358 9 753 9514 internet: juha.hakala@helsinki.fi ***************************************************** --------------9403216CFAFE0C3F10387A0A Content-Type: application/msword; name="draft-ietf-hakala-sici-00.doc" Content-Disposition: inline; filename="draft-ietf-hakala-sici-00.doc" Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 0M8R4KGxGuEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAPgADAP7/CQAGAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABAAAAeAAAAAAA AAAAEAAAegAAAAEAAAD+////AAAAAHcAAAD///////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 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28 August 2001 draft-ietf-hakala-sici-00.txt Expires: 28 February 2002 Using Serial Item and Contribution Identifiers as Uniform Resource Names Status of this Memo This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." To view the entire list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories, see http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. This Internet-Draft will expire on 28 February 2002. Abstract This document discusses how Serial Item and Contribution Identifiers (SICIs; persistent and unique identifiers for serial issues and contributions such as articles) can be supported within the URN framework and the syntax for URNs defined in RFC 2141 [Moats]. Much of the discussion below is based on the ideas expressed in RFC 2288 [Lynch]. Chapter 5 contains a URN namespace registration request modelled according to the template in RFC 2611 [Daigle et al.]. 1. Introduction As part of the validation process for the development of URNs the IETF working group agreed that it is important to demonstrate that the current URN syntax proposal can accommodate existing identifiers from well-established namespaces. One such infrastructure for assigning and managing names comes from the bibliographic community. Bibliographic identifiers function as names for objects that exist both in print and, increasingly, in electronic formats. RFC 2288 [Lynch et. al.] investigated the feasibility of using three identifiers (ISBN, ISSN and SICI) as URNs. SICI is an American national standard defined by NISO/ANSI Z39.56-1996 [NISO]. The need to develop a new version of the standard is at present being investigated by NISO. RFC 2288 does not – and it was not the aim of its authors – to analyse how SICI-based URNs can actually be resolved. This text will specify one solution to this question. There may be other, complementary resolution services. Generally, the difficulty of designing a URN resolution service is dependent on two factors: * Is the identifier dumb, or does it provide a hint on where to find a resolution service? * How many potential resolution services are there? ISBN (International Standard Book Number) is a good example of an intelligent identifier. Analysis of the ISBN will reveal not only the region where the ISBN has been assigned, but also the publisher who is responsible for the book. Resolution of ISBN-based URNs can be decentralised to national bibliography databases, maintained by the national libraries. If the ISBN was a dumb identifier, this would be impossible. International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) is a dumb identifier. It does not have a publisher identifier; serials published by a certain company get seemingly random ISSNs. Although ISSNs are allocated to regional agencies in blocks, which gives the system some "intelligence", a resolution service should not rely on these blocks, but use the global ISSN database. It contains a bibliographic description of every periodical that has received an ISSN. Thus, it is easy to resolve ISSN- based URNs even though the identifier itself does not help in localising the resolution service. SICI is based on ISSN (see below for a description of its syntax). Like ISSN, it is therefore a dumb identifier. But there is not, and will never be, a global SICI database, which would contain bibliographic information about every serial issue and/or article published in the world. Most articles will not be catalogued at all, and the existing bibliographic information about articles is dispersed into a large number of databases maintained by publishers, libraries and other information intermediaries. Although it might be technically possible to merge records from these databases into a union catalogue, in practice such an enterprise is not politically possible. As a "dumb" identifier with a large and ever growing number of potential resolution services SICI poses interesting challenges to the design of the URN resolution process. Generally, a combination of dumb identifier and multiple resolution services is a problem, since there is no simple way of finding out which resolution service is the correct one. A gateway service is needed for providing this valuable information. Below we propose that for SICI- based URNs, the global ISSN database will be capable of acting as a link between the user and the resolution service. The registration request for acquiring a Namespace Identifier (NID) "SICI" for Serial Item and Contribution Identifiers has been written by the National Library of Finland on behalf of the National Information Standards Organization (NISO). The request is included in chapter 5 of this text. The document at hand is part of a global co-operation of the national libraries to foster identification of electronic documents in general and utilisation of URNs in particular. This work is co-ordinated by a working group established by the Conference of Directors of National Libraries (CDNL). We have used the URN Namespace Identifier "SICI" for the Serial Item and Contribution Identifiers in examples below. 2. Identification vs. Resolution As a rule the SICIs identify finite, manageably-sized objects, but these objects may still be large enough so that resolution to a hierarchical system, such as all articles published in a serial issue, is appropriate. The materials identified by a SICI may exist only in printed or other physical form, not electronically. The best that a resolver service will be able to offer in this case is bibliographic data from the database providing resolution services, including information about where the physical resource is stored in the owner institution's holdings. 3. Serial Item and Contribution Identifier 3.1 Overview The Serial Item and Contribution Identifier (SICI) standard defines a variable length code that provides unique identification of serial items (e.g., issues) and the contributions (e.g., articles) contained in a serial title. SICI is specified in NISO/ANSI Z39.56-1996 [NISO2]. Like other NISO standards, the SICI document is available for free in the Web. SICI is based on ISSN (International Standard Serial Number), but augments it extensively. SICI is a combination of three segments, all of which are required: Item segment; the data elements needed to describe the serial item such as serial issue (ISSN, Chronology, Enumeration) Contribution segment, the data elements needed to identify contributions within an item (Location, Title Code) Control segment, the data elements needed to record those administrative elements that determine the validity, version, and format of the SICI code representation. RFC 2288 provides the following example: 0015-6914(19960101)157:1<62:KTSW>2.0.TX;2-F The first nine characters are the ISSN identifying the serial title. The second component, in parentheses, is the chronology information giving the date the particular serial issue was published. In this example that date was January 1, 1996. The third component, 157:1, is enumeration information (volume, number) for the particular issue of the serial. These three components comprise the "item segment" of a SICI code. By augmenting the ISSN with the chronology and/or enumeration information, specific issues of the serial can be identified. The next segment, <62:KTSW>, identifies a particular contribution within the issue. In this example we provide the starting page number and a title code constructed from the initial characters of the title. Identifiers assigned to a contribution can be used in the contribution segment if page numbers are inappropriate. The rest of the identifier is the control segment, which includes a check character. Interested readers are encouraged to consult the standard for an explanation of the fields in that segment. SICI can be seen as a logical extension of the ISSN to the items and individual contributions that make up a serial's hierarchical structure. The current version of the SICI does have some limitations; it does not allow identification of subsections of an article such as paragraphs or diagrams. If deemed necessary, the functionality needed for article subsection identification could be added to the standard. The current version of SICI guarantees uniqueness in most situations; however, the standard does not always differentiate between multiple variant formats in which an electronic article may be published. For instance, variants of a digitised article published in PDF and HTML formats will receive the same SICI, provided that the ISSN is the same. According to the rules of the ISSN centre, ISSN numbers can be applied retrospectively to old periodicals. If the original printed document has an ISSN, the same identifier is also valid for the digitised version. ISSN guidelines formulate this principle in the following way: A reproduction is a copy of an item and intended to function as a substitute for that item. The reproduction may be in a different medium from the original but it is not a different edition in itself. The ISSN assigned to the original is valid for the reproduction, a new ISSN is not assigned to the reproduction. ISSN numbers are assigned by regional agencies, which receive ISSN blocks from the ISSN International Centre. SICI usage is not dependent on such formal agencies; the aim is that once ISSN is known, SICI codes can be created, manually or by computer program, by publishers, libraries, document delivery services or even by individual users. Given the complexity of SICI codes, the recommended practice is to automate the SICI creation process. If an article is structured enough, all elements of SICI can be extracted from the document. A tool capable of this has been built by the E.U. project DIEPER; this tool, of course, only works properly if the document is structured in the way the DIEPER project recommends. Another, less challenging option is a SICI generator, which builds syntactically correct SICIs including the check character if the basic ingredients are typed in manually. 3.2 Encoding Considerations and Lexical Equivalence RFC 2288 contains the following simple and yet sufficient analysis of SICI encoding: The character set for SICIs is intended to be email-transport- transparent, so it does not present major problems. However, all printable excluded and reserved characters from the URN syntax are valid in the SICI character set and must be %-encoded. Example of a SICI for an issue of a journal: URN:SICI:1046-8188(199501)13:1%3C%3E1.0.TX;2-F For an article contained within that issue: URN:SICI:1046-8188(199501)13:1%3C69:FTTHBI%3E2.0.TX;2-4 Equivalence rules for SICIs are not appropriate for definition as part of the namespace and incorporation in areas such as cache management algorithms. It is best left to resolver systems which try to determine if two SICIs refer to the same content. Consequently, we do not propose any specific rules for equivalence testing through lexical manipulation. 3.3 Resolution of SICI-based URNs Since ISSN is a dumb code, SICI does not contain any explicit hint on where to find the URN resolution service or services. However, an efficient and global resolution service can be accomplished by using the ISSN register as a way station. In spring 2001, the ISSN register contained about one million bibliographic records describing serials, including thousands of electronic journals. There are several other databases, which contain hundreds of thousands of serial records, but the ISSN register has the best coverage. The first step in resolving a SICI-based URN is a query to the ISSN register. The SICI resolution service in the ISSN register will parse the SICI code in order to extract the ISSN from it. ISSN will then be used as a search key for retrieving the bibliographic record of the serial from the ISSN register. Currently the ISSN register already contains thousands of records describing electronic journals. These records contain the URL of the serial's home page. This URL is appropriate for resolving the URN based on the ISSN of the periodical. The mechanism for resolving such URNs via the ISSN register has been specified in RFC 3044 [Rozenfeld]. The ISSN International Centre has already built a demonstration URN resolution service for ISSN-based URNs into their present information system. In order to resolve SICI-based URNs, a new data element has to be added into the records in the ISSN register. This data element would contain the network address (URL) of the database, which holds the article required and/or bibliographic information about it. It must also be possible to specify volumes and if necessary issues which are included in the database within this data element. The data element should be repeatable, since the same article may be available from multiple sources. For instance, the publisher, Library of Congress (http://www.loc.gov/), JSTOR (http://www.jstor.org/) and a number of host services such as EBSCO (http://www.ebsco.com/home/) may all have a copy of the same resource. The SICI resolution service built into the ISSN register will check if database address information is available in the bibliographic record of the serial. Then it makes sure that the volume and/or issue needed is available via the service. If this is the case, the application will make the query, receive the result – article or bibliographic information about it - and pass it on to the user. The functionality described above was implemented in co-operation between the ISSN International Centre and the E.U. project DIEPER (http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dieper/). The SICI resolution service is an extension of the service built for resolving ISSN-based URNs. By March 2001 a demonstrator service via which several of the databases maintained by the project partners could be accessed was released for internal use within the project. The ISSN IC and project partners wish to maintain the service also after the formal end of the project. Discussions about adding the new data element into bibliographic records in the ISSN register are under way. Please note that the discussion herein applies to SICIs assigned to serial contributions. Since serial items (issues) have seldom been described or digitised as such, a search by serial item SICI will in practice be expanded into retrieval of all contributions (articles) within the serial item (issue) in question. If a resolution service for the resource at hand does not exist, or the user is not authorised to utilise it, he/she may get the bibliographic description of the serial from the ISSN register. 3.4 Additional considerations Electronic journals have rapidly become very popular in scientific publishing. The main reasons for this are the emergence of viable business models (e.g. licensing) and the birth of a reliable and efficient delivery mechanism (the Web). New content is being added via two different channels. A significant number of scientific journals is published in electronic form, usually alongside a printed version. On the other hand, old printed volumes are digitised and made available in electronic form. Digitisation is done by development projects such as DIEPER, established services such as JSTOR, or publishers - for instance Elsevier is digitising all printed journals the company has published. Reliable linking of articles to references and bibliographic data about the articles is an important issue. URLs are as of this writing the most common means used for linking, but their reliability is low; average lifetime for a URL is estimated to be two years. A more reliable linking mechanism than URLs is urgently needed. Many scientific publishers are already using Digital Object Identifiers (DOI) for their materials. DOI resolution service is based on Handle system, which is "a comprehensive system for assigning, managing, and resolving persistent identifiers, known as "handles," for digital objects and other resources on the Internet" (see http://www.handle.net/introduction.html). Handles can be used as Uniform Resource Names(URNs). URN is both an identifier and a non-commercial and technically advanced resolution service. Due to the co-operation of the ISSN International Centre the URN resolution service for articles outlined in this Internet standard is global, and can accommodate an unlimited number of article services located anywhere in the world. For instance, in order to establish URN-based links to articles digitised in JSTOR service, a number of steps are necessary. First, each article must be identified by SICI, and these SICIs must be indexed in the JSTOR database. Second, bibliographic records of JSTOR journals in the ISSN register must all be enriched with a link to the JSTOR search interface and volume/issue information. For instance, the bibliographic record describing the journal "Ecology" must contain the information that volumes 1-77 (1920-1996) are available via JSTOR. This information may be quite volatile, and maintenance of the ISSN register must therefore be frequent and efficient. Apart from modification of the data, some programming work is needed. Due to the work done in the DIEPER project, the ISSN register already has the functionality needed for resolving SICI-based URNs. Adding the required functionality into the JSTOR database may or may not be difficult depending on the system architecture; in DIEPER some partners were able to implement the required functionality quite easily. Since the Web browsers do not support URN resolution yet, the final step in enabling resolution of URN-based SICIs is installation of the browser plug-in developed by the ISSN International Centre. For various reasons, one article may be available in several locations. Every article copy may have a different set of users who are allowed access to it. For instance, a copy acquired by a national library via legal deposit may only be available within the library premises. Making the links context sensitive – provide only those links that "work" for a user is a challenge. OpenURL framework [Van de Sompel] provides a means for sensitive linking. As of this writing OpenURL is rapidly gaining popularity, and there are already a few integrated library systems which support it. The ISSN register may in the future support OpenURL usage; this would be very valuable when the same resource (article) is available from several sources, which have different user population. In their present form the URN resolution services provided via the ISSN register suit those services best, which are available in public domain, and are reasonably stable. Numerous digitisation projects such as DIEPER are currently making printed articles available in the Web in digital form. An additional benefit of coding the needed location and volume information into the ISSN register would be that this database then could also serve as a global registry of serial digitisation efforts. Such a register is badly needed to avoid duplicate work. Since the number of SICI resolution services will eventually be high, the capacity of the server on which the ISSN register runs and its network connection may become a bottleneck, especially if the articles were delivered via the ISSN server to the users. Setting up mirror sites would in this case be the most efficient means for load control and balancing. Technically the setting up of mirror sites is not difficult. The ISSN register contains approximately a million bibliographic records, and is therefore not a very large database. 4. Security Considerations This document proposes means of encoding and using Serial Item and Contribution Identifiers within the URN framework. This document does not discuss resolution except at a generic level; thus questions of secure or authenticated resolution mechanisms in the ISSN register or in actual resolution services are out of scope. This text does not address means of validating the integrity or authenticating the source or provenance of URNs that contain SICIs. Issues regarding intellectual property rights associated with objects identified by the various bibliographic identifiers are also beyond the scope of this document, as are questions about rights to the databases that might be used to construct resolvers. 5. Namespace registration URN Namespace ID Registration for the Serial Item and Contribution Identifier (SICI) Namespace ID: SICI SICI is a well-established acronym for Serial Item and Contribution Identifiers; giving this NID for any other system would cause a lot of confusion. This namespace ID has already been used in SICI-based URNs in the E.U. project DIEPER. Registration Information: Version: 1 Date: 2001-08-28 Declared registrant of the namespace: Name: Patricia Harris E-mail: pharris@niso.org Affiliation: National Information Standards Organisation Address: 4733 Bethesda Avenue, Suite 300, Bethesda, MD 20814 Declaration of syntactic structure: Each SICI contains three segments: Item segment; the data elements needed to describe the serial item such as serial issue (ISSN, Chronology, Enumeration) Contribution segment, the data elements needed to identify contributions within an item (Location, Title Code) Control segment, the data elements needed to record those administrative elements that determine the validity, version, and format of the SICI code representation. Example: 0015-6914(19960101)157:1<62:KTSW>2.0.TX;2-F SICI codes can be generated and parsed by computer programs. Relevant ancillary documentation: SICI is an American national standard defined by NISO/ANSI Z39.56-1996 [NISO2]. A new version of the standard is currently under development. Identifier uniqueness considerations: SICI codes will almost always be unique. Since SICI is based on ISSN, articles from different journals will definitely never get the same SICI. Since enumeration and chronology information must also be given, articles and other contributions published in different volumes and issues will also never get the same SICI. SICIs may not be unique if and only if: If two or more contributions are published on the same page(s) and if they have similar enough titles (the first letter of each word is the same). In a single issue of an electronic journal (which lacks page numbers) there are two or more contributions with titles similar enough. If there are several technical variants of an electronic serial contribution (multiple formats, multiple resolutions) the current version of SICI will not make any difference between these variants. In this case the intellectual content will usually be the same, but layout will differ from one version to another. The new version of the SICI standard will be enhanced in order to diminish the risk of non-unique SICIs. Identifier persistence considerations: Once assigned, SICI will never change. The same SICI will not be used again for other serial items and contributions. Process of identifier assignment: There will not be a national, regional or international agency governing the SICI assignment process. Publishers, libraries or other information intermediaries will create SICIs when needed. The most important prerequisite is that the journal must have an ISSN. Although SICI assignment is decentralised, the national ISSN agencies and the ISSN International Centre may support publishers and other interested parties in SICI implementation. SICI can - and should - be built via automated means. If the source document such as article is sufficiently structured, SICI can be generated without human involvement. Another option is a semi-automated process, in which a human user types in the relevant data elements, and the application takes care of building the code. Process for identifier resolution: Resolution will take place in two steps as defined in chapter 3.3. First the ISSN register is used for finding the location of the resolution service(s) for the serial and volume at hand. Using the linking information stored in the serial's bibliographic record, the correct resolution service is contacted, and the requested resource is delivered to the user. Rules for Lexical Equivalence: We do not propose any specific rules for equivalence testing through lexical manipulation. Conformance with URN Syntax: According to the RFC 2288: The character set for SICIs is intended to be email-transport- transparent, so it does not present major problems. However, all printable excluded and reserved characters from the URN syntax are valid in the SICI character set and must be %-encoded. Example of a SICI for an issue of a journal: URN:SICI:1046-8188(199501)13:1%3C%3E1.0.TX;2-F For an article contained within that issue: URN:SICI:1046-8188(199501)13:1%3C69:FTTHBI%3E2.0.TX;2-4 Validation mechanism: Validity of a SICI string can be checked by modulus 37 check digit. Scope: Global. 6. References [Daigle et al.]: Daigle, L., van Gulik, D., Iannella, R. & Faltstrom, P.: URN Namespace Definition Mechanisms, RFC2611, June 1999. [Lynch] Lynch, C., Using Existing Bibliographic Identifiers as Uniform Resource Names, RFC 2288, February 1998 [Moats] Moats, R., URN Syntax, RFC 2141, May 1997. [NISO] NISO/ANSI Z39.56-1996 Serial Item and Contribution Identifier. Electronic resource, available at http://www.techstreet.com/cgi- bin/pdf/free/152629/z39-56.pdf [Rozenfeld] Rozenfeld, S., Using The ISSN (International Serial Standard Number) as URN (Uniform Resource Names) within an ISSN-URN Namespace, RFC 3044, January 2001. [Van de Sompel] Van de Sompel, Herbert & Beit-Arie, Oren: Open Linking in the Scholarly Information Environment Using the OpenURL Framework. D- Lib Magazine, March 2001. Electronic resource, available at http://www.dlib.org/dlib/march01/vandesompel/03vandesompel.html 7. Authors' Address Juha Hakala Helsinki University Library - The National Library of Finland P.O. Box 26 FIN-00014 Helsinki University FINLAND E-mail: juha.hakala@helsinki.fi 8. Full Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2001). All Rights Reserved. This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than English. The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. This document and the information contained herein is provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. DIEPER (niin kuin kaikkialla muualla tekstissä…) --------------9403216CFAFE0C3F10387A0A-- From owner-urn-ietf@LISTS.NETSOL.COM Thu Aug 30 09:17:23 2001 Received: from lists.netsol.com (lists.netsol.com [216.168.224.214]) by ietf.org (8.9.1a/8.9.1a) with ESMTP id JAA15576 for ; Thu, 30 Aug 2001 09:17:23 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.netsol.com (lists.netsol.com [216.168.224.214]) by lists.netsol.com (8.9.3/8.9.3) with ESMTP id JAA19915; Thu, 30 Aug 2001 09:10:27 -0400 (EDT) Received: from LISTS.NETSOL.COM by LISTS.NETSOL.COM (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8d) with spool id 11134 for URN-IETF@LISTS.NETSOL.COM; Thu, 30 Aug 2001 09:08:42 -0400 Approved-By: michael@BAILEY.DSCGA.COM Received: from ietf.org (odin.ietf.org [132.151.1.176]) by lists.netsol.com (8.9.3/8.9.3) with ESMTP id HAA19568 for ; Thu, 30 Aug 2001 07:21:10 -0400 (EDT) Received: from CNRI.Reston.VA.US (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by ietf.org (8.9.1a/8.9.1a) with ESMTP id HAA09841; Thu, 30 Aug 2001 07:14:01 -0400 (EDT) Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: Multipart/Mixed; Boundary="NextPart" Message-ID: <200108301114.HAA09841@ietf.org> Date: Thu, 30 Aug 2001 07:14:00 -0400 Reply-To: Internet-Drafts@ietf.org Comments: RFC822 error: Incorrect or incomplete address field found and ignored. From: Internet-Drafts@ietf.org Subject: I-D ACTION:draft-ietf-urn-dns-ddds-database-06.txt To: URN-IETF@LISTS.NETSOL.COM --NextPart A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories. This draft is a work item of the Uniform Resource Names Working Group of the IETF. Title : A DDDS Database Using The Domain Name System Author(s) : M. Mealling Filename : draft-ietf-urn-dns-ddds-database-06.txt Pages : 20 Date : 29-Aug-01 This document describes a Dynamic Delegation Discovery System Database using the Domain Name System as a distributed database of Rules. The Keys are domain-names and the Rules are encoded using the NAPTR Resource Record. Since this document officially obsoletes RFC 2168, it is the official specification for the NAPTR DNS Resource Record. A URL for this Internet-Draft is: http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-urn-dns-ddds-database-06.txt Internet-Drafts are also available by anonymous FTP. Login with the username "anonymous" and a password of your e-mail address. After logging in, type "cd internet-drafts" and then "get draft-ietf-urn-dns-ddds-database-06.txt". A list of Internet-Drafts directories can be found in http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html or ftp://ftp.ietf.org/ietf/1shadow-sites.txt Internet-Drafts can also be obtained by e-mail. Send a message to: mailserv@ietf.org. In the body type: "FILE /internet-drafts/draft-ietf-urn-dns-ddds-database-06.txt". NOTE: The mail server at ietf.org can return the document in MIME-encoded form by using the "mpack" utility. To use this feature, insert the command "ENCODING mime" before the "FILE" command. To decode the response(s), you will need "munpack" or a MIME-compliant mail reader. Different MIME-compliant mail readers exhibit different behavior, especially when dealing with "multipart" MIME messages (i.e. documents which have been split up into multiple messages), so check your local documentation on how to manipulate these messages. Below is the data which will enable a MIME compliant mail reader implementation to automatically retrieve the ASCII version of the Internet-Draft. --NextPart Content-Type: Multipart/Alternative; Boundary="OtherAccess" --OtherAccess Content-Type: Message/External-body; access-type="mail-server"; server="mailserv@ietf.org" Content-Type: text/plain Content-ID: <20010829112420.I-D@ietf.org> ENCODING mime FILE /internet-drafts/draft-ietf-urn-dns-ddds-database-06.txt --OtherAccess Content-Type: Message/External-body; name="draft-ietf-urn-dns-ddds-database-06.txt"; site="ftp.ietf.org"; access-type="anon-ftp"; directory="internet-drafts" Content-Type: text/plain Content-ID: <20010829112420.I-D@ietf.org> --OtherAccess-- --NextPart-- From owner-urn-ietf@LISTS.NETSOL.COM Thu Aug 30 09:20:03 2001 Received: from lists.netsol.com (lists.netsol.com [216.168.224.214]) by ietf.org (8.9.1a/8.9.1a) with ESMTP id JAA15731 for ; Thu, 30 Aug 2001 09:20:03 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.netsol.com (lists.netsol.com [216.168.224.214]) by lists.netsol.com (8.9.3/8.9.3) with ESMTP id JAA19980; Thu, 30 Aug 2001 09:17:47 -0400 (EDT) Received: from LISTS.NETSOL.COM by LISTS.NETSOL.COM (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8d) with spool id 11138 for URN-IETF@LISTS.NETSOL.COM; Thu, 30 Aug 2001 09:17:04 -0400 Approved-By: michael@BAILEY.DSCGA.COM Received: from ietf.org (odin.ietf.org [132.151.1.176]) by lists.netsol.com (8.9.3/8.9.3) with ESMTP id HAA19581 for ; Thu, 30 Aug 2001 07:21:28 -0400 (EDT) Received: from CNRI.Reston.VA.US (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by ietf.org (8.9.1a/8.9.1a) with ESMTP id HAA09870; Thu, 30 Aug 2001 07:14:06 -0400 (EDT) Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: Multipart/Mixed; Boundary="NextPart" Message-ID: <200108301114.HAA09870@ietf.org> Date: Thu, 30 Aug 2001 07:14:06 -0400 Reply-To: Internet-Drafts@ietf.org Comments: RFC822 error: Incorrect or incomplete address field found and ignored. From: Internet-Drafts@ietf.org Subject: I-D ACTION:draft-ietf-urn-uri-res-ddds-04.txt To: URN-IETF@LISTS.NETSOL.COM --NextPart A New Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories. This draft is a work item of the Uniform Resource Names Working Group of the IETF. Title : URI Resolution using the Dynamic Delegation Discovery System Author(s) : M. Mealling Filename : draft-ietf-urn-uri-res-ddds-04.txt Pages : 25 Date : 29-Aug-01 A specification for taking a URI and locating an authoritative server for information about that URI. The method used to locate that authoritative server is the Dynamic Delegation Discovery System. This document, along with RFC YYYY[10] and RFC ZZZZ[9], obsoletes RFC 2168[12], RFC 2915[16] and updates RFC 2276[8]. A URL for this Internet-Draft is: http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-urn-uri-res-ddds-04.txt Internet-Drafts are also available by anonymous FTP. Login with the username "anonymous" and a password of your e-mail address. After logging in, type "cd internet-drafts" and then "get draft-ietf-urn-uri-res-ddds-04.txt". A list of Internet-Drafts directories can be found in http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html or ftp://ftp.ietf.org/ietf/1shadow-sites.txt Internet-Drafts can also be obtained by e-mail. Send a message to: mailserv@ietf.org. In the body type: "FILE /internet-drafts/draft-ietf-urn-uri-res-ddds-04.txt". NOTE: The mail server at ietf.org can return the document in MIME-encoded form by using the "mpack" utility. To use this feature, insert the command "ENCODING mime" before the "FILE" command. To decode the response(s), you will need "munpack" or a MIME-compliant mail reader. Different MIME-compliant mail readers exhibit different behavior, especially when dealing with "multipart" MIME messages (i.e. documents which have been split up into multiple messages), so check your local documentation on how to manipulate these messages. Below is the data which will enable a MIME compliant mail reader implementation to automatically retrieve the ASCII version of the Internet-Draft. --NextPart Content-Type: Multipart/Alternative; Boundary="OtherAccess" --OtherAccess Content-Type: Message/External-body; access-type="mail-server"; server="mailserv@ietf.org" Content-Type: text/plain Content-ID: <20010829112429.I-D@ietf.org> ENCODING mime FILE /internet-drafts/draft-ietf-urn-uri-res-ddds-04.txt --OtherAccess Content-Type: Message/External-body; name="draft-ietf-urn-uri-res-ddds-04.txt"; site="ftp.ietf.org"; access-type="anon-ftp"; directory="internet-drafts" Content-Type: text/plain Content-ID: <20010829112429.I-D@ietf.org> --OtherAccess-- --NextPart-- From owner-urn-ietf@LISTS.NETSOL.COM Thu Aug 30 09:35:14 2001 Received: from lists.netsol.com (lists.netsol.com [216.168.224.214]) by ietf.org (8.9.1a/8.9.1a) with ESMTP id JAA16459 for ; Thu, 30 Aug 2001 09:35:14 -0400 (EDT) Received: from lists.netsol.com (lists.netsol.com [216.168.224.214]) by lists.netsol.com (8.9.3/8.9.3) with ESMTP id JAA20295; Thu, 30 Aug 2001 09:32:42 -0400 (EDT) Received: from LISTS.NETSOL.COM by LISTS.NETSOL.COM (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8d) with spool id 11185 for URN-IETF@LISTS.NETSOL.COM; Thu, 30 Aug 2001 09:31:58 -0400 Approved-By: michael@BAILEY.DSCGA.COM Received: from bailey.dscga.com (bailey.dscga.com [198.78.9.11]) by lists.netsol.com (8.9.3/8.9.3) with ESMTP id JAA19981 for ; Thu, 30 Aug 2001 09:18:00 -0400 (EDT) Received: (from michael@localhost) by bailey.dscga.com (8.9.1/) id JAA16725 for urn-ietf@lists.netsol.com; Thu, 30 Aug 2001 09:08:13 -0400 (EDT) Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii User-Agent: Mutt/1.1.2i Message-ID: <20010830090813.F14430@bailey.dscga.com> Date: Thu, 30 Aug 2001 09:08:13 -0400 Reply-To: Michael Mealling From: Michael Mealling Subject: recent drafts that were updated.... To: URN-IETF@LISTS.NETSOL.COM The two drafts you just saw go by contained some edits requested by the IESG that clarified how DNS servers and clients handle additional information processing. Nothing of substance has changed.... I _hope_ these are the last edits.... -MM -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Michael Mealling | Vote Libertarian! | urn:pin:1 michael@neonym.net | | http://www.neonym.net