# 11.11. ReStructured Text for those who know Markdown

You can think of RST as “Markdown, but much better”. Meaning:

1. RST is basically just as simple as Markdown

2. But RST is both more precise, and has more available formatting constructs (without getting crazy complicated)

The full Sphinx / RST documentation is available here: https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/index.html

If you’re familiar with Markdown, the following sections contain some tips to get you started in RST.

## 11.11.1. Whitespace and indenting

- MD: Whitespace and indenting generally doesn’t matter in most cases. It does matter with bullets and sub bullets, but the rules get pretty weird, and vary between different Markdown renderers.

- RST: Indenting matters. A lot. Just like Python. In general, you indent all RST text to keep it within the same level. For example, all this text would be a single paragraph

  Blank lines also matter. A lot. You use blank lines to delimit sections within an indenting level. For example, the blank line before this paragraph denotes a paragraph break.

  Note

  RST was created by the Python community. Hence, whitespace is quite important.

  - Indenting matters

  - Blank lines between content matter

Using a blank line and outdenting indicates the end of the previous item. For example, this paragraph is not part of the MD/RST bulleted list.

## 11.11.2. Fixed width font

- MD: Use single quotes:

      `hello world`

- RST: Use a pair of single quotes:

      ``hello world``

## 11.11.3. Italics

- MD: `*hello world*` or `_hello world_`

- RST: `*hello world*`

## 11.11.4. Boldface

- MD: `**hello world**`

- RST: Same as MD

## 11.11.5. Chapter and section delimiters

- MD: Either use one or more pound signs (#, ##, ###) to the left of the line of text, or underline the line of text with pound signs

- RST: Have a single line of text, underlined by non-ASCII characters.

  - The length of the underlying must be at least as long as the line of text

  - Which non-ASCII character is used for the underlying does not matter, but the order in which they are used denotes chapters / sections / subsections / etc.

    In these OpenPMIx docs, the sequence of underline characters we use are:

        Chapter 1: hello world
        ======================

        Section 1: hello world
        ----------------------

        Subsection 1: hello world
        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

        Subsubsection 1: hello world
        ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

    Meaning: underlines made of `=` denotes chapters, underlines made of `-` denotes sections, underlines made of `^` denotes subsections, and underlines made of `+` denote subsubsections.

## 11.11.6. Multi-line code/fixed-width font

- MD: Use three single quotes to delimit blocks of text. Optionally include a token keyword to denote the syntax highlighting to use inside that block.

      ```c
      int main() { printf("Hello world\n"); return 0 }
      ```

- RST: Use `.. code-block:: KEYWORD` to start a section of code.

      .. code-block:: c

         int main() { printf("Hello world\n"); return 0 }

  - KEYWORD indicates which syntax highlighting to use (e.g., `c`, `c++` `make`, `sh`, `ini`, `Fortran`, `diff`, `python`, `java`, `rst`, … etc.).

  - KEYWORD can be omitted if no specific highlighting is to be used.

  - There MUST be a blank line after the `code-block` line.

  - The lines in the block must be indented to the same column as the first `c` in `code-block`. For example:

        .. code-block:: sh

           shell$ tar xf pmix-<version>.tar.bz2
           shell$ cd pmix-<version>
           shell$ ./configure --prefix=<path> |& tee config.out

    Note that the code block will be rendered at the same level as where the first `.` of `.. code-block::` starts. In this case, the example code block will be rendered in the bulleted item.

Whereas this parargraph and code block will be outside of the above bulleted list:

    shell$ tar xf pmix-<version>.tar.bz2
    shell$ cd pmix-<version>
    shell$ ./configure --prefix=<path> |& tee config.out

    # Fun note: the code-block can contain blank lines.

The code-block is terminated by a blank line and then outdent back to the same level as the first `.` in `.. code-block::`.

## 11.11.7. Un-numbered bullets

- MD: Start lines with `*` or `-`

- RST: Start lines with `*`. You can wrap lines at the same indenting level to make paragraphs in the same bullet.

  Having a blank line and then more text at the same indenting level makes another paragraph in the same bullet. You even put other directives in this same indenting level.

  - For example, you can start a sub bullet.

    This text is the next paragraph in the same sub bullet.

        This is a verbatim code block within this same sub bullet.
        More about code-blocks below.

    This is the next paragraph (after the code block) in the same sub bullet.

  - If you start a new bullet, that terminates the previous bullet.

  - You MUST put blank lines between bullets!

## 11.11.8. Numbered bullets:

- MD: Start lines with `#`

- RST: Start lines with `#.`

  Important

  Yes, the trailing `.` is important

  For example:

      #. Item number 1
      #. The second item
      #. A third item

  All the same rules for indentation apply as described above.

## 11.11.9. Comments

- MD: Enclose content in `<!--` and `-->` (i.e., HTML comments, but they are included in the output)

- RST: Start a line with two periods and a space.

  For example, the following block is a comment, and will not be included in the output:

      .. Hello world.  This is a comment.  This whole block is a
         comment.  You can leave it here in the final document, and it
         will not be included in the rendered output.

         Your comment can even include blank lines.  You terminate a
         comment -- just like most other things in RST -- by a blank
         line and then outdenting back out to the same column as the
         first ".".

      This line is no longer part of the comment.

## 11.11.10. Including files

- MD: You cannot include files in Markdown.

- RST: Use the `.. include:: FILENAME` directive. For example:

      .. include:: features-extensions.rst
      .. include:: features-java.rst

  Those directives include those 2 files right here in this RST file.

  Important

  Chapter/section/subsection delimiters will be continued in those files as part of rendering this file.

## 11.11.11. Hyperlinks to URLs

- MD:

      [this is the link text](https://example.com/)

- RST:

      `this is the link text <https://example.com/>`_

  Important

  Yes, the trailing underscore in RST is important. It’s a little weird, but you’ll cope.

## 11.11.12. Hyperlinks to anchors

- MD: I forget offhand how to make anchors and links to them in MD.

- RST: Use the `:ref:` directive.

  Make an anchor like this:

      .. _ANCHOR_NAME:

  It must start with and underscore and end with a colon.

  I’ve typically used anchor names that either begin with `label-` or end in `-label` to make it blatantly obvious that it’s a label. For example:

      .. _building-and-installing-section-label:

  Then you can use the `:ref:` directive:

      be sure to see :ref:`the VPATH build section
      <building-and-installing-section-label>`.

## 11.11.13. Hyperlinks to other (RST) pages

- MD:

      [link text](page_name)

- RST: Use the `:doc:` directive.

  General format:

      :doc:`link text <PAGE_PATH>`

  For example:

      You should read :doc:`the Developer's Guide </developers>`.

  The page path is relative to the `docs` dir in the OpenPMIx git tree.

## 11.11.14. Macros

- MD: There are no macros in Markdown.

- RST: We have defined a few OpenPMIx-specific macros in RST. You can insert these macros anywhere in RST content text.

  - `|ompi_ver|` is the full OpenPMIx version number, including alpha/beta/rc/greek denotation. For example `5.0.0rc1`.

  - `|ompi_series|` is the major/minor OpenPMIx version, e.g., `5.0.x`.

    Important

    Think twice about hard-coding the OpenPMIx version number or series when referring to the current version or series. It can be appropriate to hard-code an “x.y.0” version to denote a generational epoch, but in most other cases, you probably want to use one of the macros.

  - `|mdash|` is a unicode long dash, an “em” dash. Use it instead of `--`.

  - `|rarrow|` is a unicode right arrow. Use it instead of `->` or `-->`.

## 11.11.15. Brightly-colored boxes

- MD: There are no brightly-colored boxes in MD.

- RST: You can use various directives to make brightly-colored “note” boxes (Called admonitions) in RST. For example:

  Important

  a green box with a “!” icon

  Standard indenting rules apply for the content in the box. You can have multiple lines and multiple paragraphs, for example.

  Yippee.

  - You can even have bullets.

        You can even have code blocks inside the bullet inside the
        caution box.

  - All the standard indenting rules apply.

  Hint

  a green box with a “!” icon

  Note

  a blue box with a “!” icon

  Caution

  an orange box with a “!” icon

  Attention

  an orange box with a “!” icon

  Warning

  an orange box with a “!” icon

  Error

  a red box with a “!” icon

  Danger

  a red box with a “!” icon

  Custom title

  You can name this box whatever you want:

      .. admonition:: Custom title
         :class: tip

         Content of your box here.

  Custom text for this custom admonition. Note that the `:class: <type>` will change the coloring to the color for the basic admonition of that type. E.g., `:class: tip` makes the box be green.